{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T13:03:40Z","timestamp":1780664620847,"version":"3.54.1"},"publisher-location":"New York, NY, USA","reference-count":59,"publisher":"ACM","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,26]],"date-time":"2026-04-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777161600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/legalcode"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,27]]},"DOI":"10.1145\/3767295.3769388","type":"proceedings-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]],"date-time":"2026-04-24T20:20:04Z","timestamp":1777062004000},"page":"2276-2291","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["ColdCode: Cold Data Encoding for Enhanced Reliability and Lifetime in 3D NAND Flash"],"prefix":"10.1145","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4579-4268","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qiao","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Mohamed bin Zayed University of Artificial Intelligence, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1961-143X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shangyu","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mohamed bin Zayed University of Artificial Intelligence, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-8642-8440","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zheng","family":"Wan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xiamen University, Xiamen, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9663-0079","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yufei","family":"Cui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"McGill University, Montreal, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6299-4683","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jie","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Peking University, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6431-9868","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chun Jason","family":"Xue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mohamed bin Zayed University of Artificial Intelligence, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_1_1","unstructured":"2018. Alibaba Block Traces. https:\/\/github.com\/alibaba\/block-traces."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_2_1","volume-title":"2016 International Conference on Information and Digital Technologies (IDT). IEEE, 1\u20134.","author":"Ahrens Tobias","year":"2016","unstructured":"Tobias Ahrens, Mohammed Rajab, and J\u00fcrgen Freudenberger. 2016. Compression of short data blocks to improve the reliability of nonvolatile flash memories. In 2016 International Conference on Information and Digital Technologies (IDT). IEEE, 1\u20134."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_3_1","first-page":"262","article-title":"Method to distribute user data and error correction data over different page types by leveraging error rate variations","volume":"9","author":"Cai Yu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Yu Cai, Ning Chen, Yunxiang Wu, Erich F Haratsch, Earl T Cohen, and Timothy L Canepa. 2016. Method to distribute user data and error correction data over different page types by leveraging error rate variations. US Patent 9,262,268.","journal-title":"US Patent"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2017.2713127"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/HPCA.2017.61"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_6_1","volume-title":"Automation & Test in Europe Conference & Exhibition (DATE). 521\u2013526","author":"Cai Yu","year":"2012","unstructured":"Yu Cai, Erich F Haratsch, Onur Mutlu, and Ken Mai. 2012. Error patterns in MLC NAND flash memory: Measurement, characterization, and analysis. In 2012 Design, Automation & Test in Europe Conference & Exhibition (DATE). 521\u2013526."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MICRO.2018.00046"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/HPCA57654.2024.00056"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_9_1","unstructured":"Criteo Dataset. 2014. https:\/\/ailab.criteo.com\/ressources\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_10_1","unstructured":"Kaggle Datasets. 2017. Amazon Reviews for Sentiment Analysis. https:\/\/www.kaggle.com\/datasets\/bittlingmayer\/amazonreviews."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_11_1","unstructured":"Kaggle Datasets. 2017. NIPS Papers. https:\/\/www.kaggle.com\/datasets\/benhamner\/nips-papers."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_12_1","unstructured":"Kaggle Datasets. 2018. Wikipedia Sentences. https:\/\/www.kaggle.com\/datasets\/mikeortman\/wikipedia-sentences."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sse.2013.12.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVLSI.2016.2642055"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2744769.2744843"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISSCC42613.2021.9366003"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_17_1","volume-title":"20th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies (FAST 22)","author":"Hong Duwon","year":"2022","unstructured":"Duwon Hong, Myungsuk Kim, Geonhee Cho, Dusol Lee, and Jihong Kim. 2022. GuardedErase: Extending SSD Lifetimes by Protecting Weak Wordlines. In 20th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies (FAST 22). 133\u2013146."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_18_1","volume-title":"20th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies (FAST 22)","author":"Jaffer Shehbaz","year":"2022","unstructured":"Shehbaz Jaffer, Kaveh Mahdaviani, and Bianca Schroeder. 2022. Improving the Reliability of Next Generation SSDs using WOM-v Codes. In 20th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies (FAST 22). 117\u2013132."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3126511"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LCA.2017.2750658"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_21_1","volume-title":"Design Tradeoffs for SSD Reliability. In 17th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies (FAST 19)","author":"Kim Bryan S.","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bryan S. Kim, Jongmoo Choi, and Sang Lyul Min. 2019. Design Tradeoffs for SSD Reliability. In 17th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies (FAST 19). Boston, MA, 281\u2013294."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_22_1","volume-title":"13th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies (FAST 15)","author":"Lee Changman","year":"2015","unstructured":"Changman Lee, Dongho Sim, Jooyoung Hwang, and Sangyeun Cho. 2015. {F2FS}: A new file system for flash storage. In 13th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies (FAST 15). 273\u2013286."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVLSI.2019.2912228"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_24_1","unstructured":"Leveldb. 2014. https:\/\/github.com\/google\/leveldb."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MICRO50266.2020.00048"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3465332.3470877"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_27_1","volume-title":"20th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies (FAST 22)","author":"Liang Yu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yu Liang, Riwei Pan, Tianyu Ren, Yufei Cui, Rachata Ausavarungnirun, Xianzhang Chen, Changlong Li, Tei-Wei Kuo, and Chun Jason Xue. 2022. {CacheSifter}: Sifting cache files for boosted mobile performance and lifetime. In 20th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies (FAST 22). 445\u2013459."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3491230"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MSST.2015.7208284"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/HPCA.2018.00050"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3224432"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_32_1","volume-title":"Operational Characteristics of SSDs in Enterprise Storage Systems: A Large-Scale Field Study. In 20th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies (FAST 22)","author":"Maneas Stathis","year":"2022","unstructured":"Stathis Maneas, Kaveh Mahdaviani, Tim Emami, and Bianca Schroeder. 2022. Operational Characteristics of SSDs in Enterprise Storage Systems: A Large-Scale Field Study. In 20th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies (FAST 22). 165\u2013180."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_33_1","unstructured":"Vidyabhushan Mohan Sriram Sankar Sudhanva Gurumurthi and W Redmond. 2012. reFresh SSDs: Enabling high endurance low cost flash in datacenters. Univ. of Virginia Tech. Rep. CS-2012-05 (2012)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1416944.1416949"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2699866"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IRPS.2019.8720454"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3445814.3446719"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISSCC42614.2022.9731691"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCOMM.2015.2453413"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2733373.2806390"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_41_1","volume-title":"Understanding and Optimizing Hybrid SSD with High-Density and Low-Cost Flash Memory. In 2021 IEEE 39th International Conference on Computer Design (ICCD). 236\u2013243","author":"Shi Liang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Liang Shi, Longfei Luo, Yina Lv, Shicheng Li, Changlong Li, and Edwin Hsing-Mean Sha. 2021. Understanding and Optimizing Hybrid SSD with High-Density and Low-Cost Flash Memory. In 2021 IEEE 39th International Conference on Computer Design (ICCD). 236\u2013243."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSSC.2020.2992904"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_43_1","volume-title":"TCSE: A Target Cell States Elimination Coding Strategy for Highly Reliable Data Storage based on 3D NAND Flash Memory","author":"Wei Debao","year":"2022","unstructured":"Debao Wei, Zhelong Piao, Hua Feng, Liyan Qiao, Cong Hu, and Xiyuan Peng. 2022. TCSE: A Target Cell States Elimination Coding Strategy for Highly Reliable Data Storage based on 3D NAND Flash Memory. IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems (2022)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVLSI.2016.2537846"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3446771"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_46_1","volume-title":"CDS: Coupled Data Storage to Enhance Read Performance of 3D TLC NAND Flash Memory","author":"Wu Wan-Ling","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wan-Ling Wu, Jen-Wei Hsieh, and Hao-Yu Ku. 2023. CDS: Coupled Data Storage to Enhance Read Performance of 3D TLC NAND Flash Memory. IEEE Trans. Comput. (2023)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3162616"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3423137"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3620665.3640372"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_50_1","unstructured":"YEESTOR. 2023. Ys9083xt\/ys9081xt ssd platform. https:\/\/www.yeestor.com\/products\/detail\/i-42.html."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_51_1","volume-title":"Efficient Bad Block Management with Cluster Similarity. In 2022 IEEE International Symposium on High-Performance Computer Architecture (HPCA). 503\u2013513","author":"Yen Jui-Nan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Jui-Nan Yen, Yao-Ching Hsieh, Cheng-Yu Chen, Tseng-Yi Chen, Chia-Lin Yang, Hsiang-Yun Cheng, and Yixin Luo. 2022. Efficient Bad Block Management with Cluster Similarity. In 2022 IEEE International Symposium on High-Performance Computer Architecture (HPCA). 503\u2013513."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_52_1","first-page":"549","article-title":"A Management Scheme of Multi-Level Retention-Time Queues for Improving the Endurance of Flash-Memory Storage Devices","volume":"69","author":"Kuang-Hui Yu David","year":"2019","unstructured":"David Kuang-Hui Yu and Jen-Wei Hsieh. 2019. A Management Scheme of Multi-Level Retention-Time Queues for Improving the Endurance of Flash-Memory Storage Devices. IEEE Trans. Comput. 69, 4 (2019), 549\u2013562.","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Comput."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_53_1","volume-title":"Differential Evolution Algorithm with Asymmetric Coding for Solving the Reliability Problem of 3D-TLC CT Flash Memory Storage Systems","author":"Kuang-Hui Yu David","year":"2021","unstructured":"David Kuang-Hui Yu and Jen-Wei Hsieh. 2021. Differential Evolution Algorithm with Asymmetric Coding for Solving the Reliability Problem of 3D-TLC CT Flash Memory Storage Systems. IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems (2021)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_54_1","volume-title":"CRRC: Coordinating Retention Errors, Read Disturb Errors and Huffman Coding on TLC NAND Flash Memory","author":"Yu Ta-Ching","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ta-Ching Yu, Chin-Hsien Wu, and Yan-Qi Liao. 2022. CRRC: Coordinating Retention Errors, Read Disturb Errors and Huffman Coding on TLC NAND Flash Memory. IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing (2022)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_55_1","volume-title":"2020 ACM\/IEEE 47th Annual International Symposium on Computer Architecture (ISCA). 1064\u20131075","author":"Zhang Jie","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jie Zhang and Myoungsoo Jung. 2020. Zng: Architecting gpu multiprocessors with new flash for scalable data analysis. In 2020 ACM\/IEEE 47th Annual International Symposium on Computer Architecture (ISCA). 1064\u20131075."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TED.2020.3030867"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCAD.2018.2818693"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_58_1","volume-title":"2020 USENIX Annual Technical Conference (ATC 20)","author":"Zhang Yu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yu Zhang, Ping Huang, Ke Zhou, Hua Wang, Jianying Hu, Yongguang Ji, and Bin Cheng. 2020. {OSCA}: An {Online-Model} Based Cache Allocation Scheme in Cloud Block Storage Systems. In 2020 USENIX Annual Technical Conference (ATC 20). 785\u2013798."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yutong Zhao Wei Tong Jingning Liu Dan Feng and Hongwei Qin. 2019. CeSR: A Cell State Remapping Strategy to Reduce Raw Bit Error Rate of MLC NAND Flash.. In MSST. 161\u2013171.","DOI":"10.1109\/MSST.2019.000-6"}],"event":{"name":"EUROSYS '26: 21st European Conference on Computer Systems","location":"McEwan Hall\/The University of Edinburgh Edinburgh Scotland UK","acronym":"EUROSYS '26","sponsor":["SIGOPS ACM Special Interest Group on Operating Systems"]},"container-title":["Proceedings of the 21st European Conference on Computer Systems"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3767295.3769388","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T12:10:00Z","timestamp":1780661400000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3767295.3769388"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,26]]},"references-count":59,"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3767295.3769388","10.1145\/3767295"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3767295.3769388","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,26]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-04-26","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}