{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T06:40:24Z","timestamp":1780555224808,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":120,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Comput. Surv."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Artificial Intelligence (AI) has the potential to impact a diverse range of domains. For instance, AI for the education domain has received increasing interest with various applications, including predicting performance, curating learning materials, and automated assessment and feedback. Despite the developments, some imbalances appear in the literature; for example, traditional classrooms and non-scientific academic subjects received little attention. This survey provides a systematic review of the current trends in AI research for education, specifically addressing applications within secondary education (ages 11+) through to higher education (HE), and offers a detailed compilation of datasets and methods, facilitating a deeper understanding of the field and encouraging further investigation. It includes a thorough review of the datasets available to encourage and enable future research, development, and collaboration, as well as the establishment of performance benchmarks. Furthermore, this survey provides an overview of issues and problems arising from recent developments, which may aid policymakers in their decision-making and addressing ethical concerns and standards. For example, many AI in Education (AIEd) platforms are not grounded in educational theory. We also present several guidelines to aid future developments in AIEd, guiding long-term impactful projects and investments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3768312","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,15]],"date-time":"2025-09-15T11:46:49Z","timestamp":1757936809000},"page":"1-28","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Artificial Intelligence in Educational Technology: A Systematic Review of Datasets and Applications"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"58","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6689-7944","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luke","family":"Topham","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science and Mathematics, Liverpool John Moores University","place":["Liverpool, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3258-0436","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter","family":"Atherton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Education, Liverpool John Moores University","place":["Liverpool, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-4965-9664","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tom","family":"Reynolds","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"EdenFiftyOne","place":["Liverpool, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7318-8137","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yasir","family":"Hussain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science and Mathematics, Liverpool John Moores University","place":["Liverpool, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8413-0045","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abir","family":"Hussain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Sharjah","place":["Sharjah, United Arab Emirates"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5460-5679","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hoshang","family":"Kolivand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science and Mathematics, Liverpool John Moores University","place":["Liverpool, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7511-3873","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wasiq","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science and Mathematics, Liverpool John Moores University","place":["Liverpool, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_1_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/itor.13522"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_3_2","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2021 International Conference on Computational Intelligence and Computing Applications.","author":"Alam Ashraf","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ashraf Alam. 2021. Possibilities and apprehensions in the landscape of artificial intelligence in education. In Proceedings of the 2021 International Conference on Computational Intelligence and Computing Applications.IEEE, 1\u20138."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21125\/edulearn.2024.0042"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-023-04393-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2018.05.095"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_7_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Algorithmic bias in education","author":"Baker Ryan S.","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ryan S. Baker and Aaron Hawn. 2022. Algorithmic bias in education. International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education 32, 4 (2022), 1\u201341.","journal-title":"International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MC.2018.2890190"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_1_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-023-04425-6","article-title":"Artificial hallucination: GPT on LSD?","volume":"27","author":"Beutel Gernot","year":"2023","unstructured":"Gernot Beutel, Eline Geerits, and Jan T. Kielstein. 2023. Artificial hallucination: GPT on LSD? Critical Care 27, 1 (2023), 148.","journal-title":"Critical Care"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_10_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Educational Data Mining","author":"Bhat Shravya","year":"2022","unstructured":"Shravya Bhat, Huy A. Nguyen, Steven Moore, John Stamper, Majd Sakr, and Eric Nyberg. 2022. Towards automated generation and evaluation of questions in educational domains. In Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Educational Data Mining."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.47408\/jldhe.vi30.1137"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2021.100027"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_13_2","first-page":"532","volume-title":"Proceedings of the EDM","author":"Chang Haw-Shiuan","year":"2015","unstructured":"Haw-Shiuan Chang, Hwai-Jung Hsu, Kuan-Ta Chen, et\u00a0al. 2015. Modeling exercise relationships in E-learning: A unified approach. In Proceedings of the EDM. 532\u2013535."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2018.08.233"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_1_15_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Influences of integrating dynamic assessment into a speech recognition learning design to support students\u2019 English speaking skills, learning anxiety and cognitive load","volume":"25","author":"Chen Chih-Hung","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chih-Hung Chen, Chorng-Shiuh Koong, and Chien Liao. 2022. Influences of integrating dynamic assessment into a speech recognition learning design to support students\u2019 English speaking skills, learning anxiety and cognitive load. Educational Technology and Society 25, 1 (2022), 1\u201314.","journal-title":"Educational Technology and Society"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2988510"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2020.100002"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_1_18_2","first-page":"205","article-title":"Twenty years of personalized language learning","volume":"24","author":"Chen Xieling","year":"2021","unstructured":"Xieling Chen, Di Zou, Haoran Xie, and Gary Cheng. 2021. Twenty years of personalized language learning. Educational Technology and Society 24, 1 (2021), 205\u2013222.","journal-title":"Educational Technology and Society"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10796-022-10291-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-52240-7_13"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2018.06.032"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/jaiscr-2017-0004"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/widm.1391"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14703297.2023.2190148"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_3_1_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1007\/s11528-017-0210-4","article-title":"Knowledge based artificial augmentation intelligence technology: Next step in academic instructional tools for distance learning","volume":"61","author":"Crowe Dale","year":"2017","unstructured":"Dale Crowe, Martin LaPierre, and Mansureh Kebritchi. 2017. Knowledge based artificial augmentation intelligence technology: Next step in academic instructional tools for distance learning. TechTrends 61, 5 (2017), 494\u2013506.","journal-title":"TechTrends"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-52237-7_11","volume-title":"Artificial Intelligence in Education: 21st International Conference, AIED 2020, Ifrane, Morocco, July 6\u201310, 2020, Proceedings, Part I 21","author":"Bonifro Francesca Del","year":"2020","unstructured":"Francesca Del Bonifro, Maurizio Gabbrielli, Giuseppe Lisanti, and Stefano Pio Zingaro. 2020. Student dropout prediction. In Artificial Intelligence in Education: 21st International Conference, AIED 2020, Ifrane, Morocco, July 6\u201310, 2020, Proceedings, Part I 21. Springer, 129\u2013140."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105537","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dib.2020.105537","article-title":"Dataset of academic performance evolution for engineering students","volume":"30","author":"Delahoz-Dominguez Enrique","year":"2020","unstructured":"Enrique Delahoz-Dominguez, Rohemi Zuluaga, and Tomas Fontalvo-Herrera. 2020. Dataset of academic performance evolution for engineering students. Data in Brief 30 (2020), 105537.","journal-title":"Data in Brief"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_28_2","unstructured":"Jacob Devlin Ming-Wei Chang Kenton Lee and Kristina Toutanova. 2018. Bert: Pre-training of deep bidirectional transformers for language understanding. Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies 1 (2019) 4171\u20134186."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2022.100110"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3561048"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijinfomgt.2023.102642"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jrt.2023.100060"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40979-023-00140-5"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_1_34_2","article-title":"Can GPT-3 pass a writer\u2019s turing test?","volume":"5","author":"Elkins Katherine","year":"2020","unstructured":"Katherine Elkins and Jon Chun. 2020. Can GPT-3 pass a writer\u2019s turing test? Journal of Cultural Analytics 5, 2 (2020), 1\u201316.","journal-title":"Journal of Cultural Analytics"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11257-009-9063-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11023-020-09548-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103708","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2019.103708","article-title":"Effectiveness of flip teaching on engineering students\u2019 performance in the physics lab","volume":"144","author":"G\u00f3mez-Tejedor Jos\u00e9 A","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jos\u00e9 A G\u00f3mez-Tejedor, Ana Vidaurre, Isabel Tort-Ausina, Jos\u00e9 Molina-Mateo, Mar\u00eda-Antonia Serrano, Jos\u00e9 M Meseguer-Due\u00f1as, Rosa M Mart\u00ednez Sala, Susana Quiles, and Jaime Riera. 2020. Effectiveness of flip teaching on engineering students\u2019 performance in the physics lab. Computers and Education 144 (2020), 103708.","journal-title":"Computers and Education"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/educsci13070692"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_39_2","unstructured":"Zhen Guo Peiqi Wang Yanwei Wang and Shangdi Yu. 2023. Dr. llama: Improving small language models on pubmedqa via generative data augmentation. arXiv:2305.07804. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2305.07804"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3346\/jkms.2023.38.e319"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.9781\/ijimai.2018.02.004"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_3_1_42_2","first-page":"3158","article-title":"Gengobot: A chatbot-based grammar application on mobile instant messaging as language learning medium","volume":"14","author":"Haristiani NURIA","year":"2019","unstructured":"NURIA Haristiani, A. A. Danuwijaya, M. M. Rifai, and H. Sarila. 2019. Gengobot: A chatbot-based grammar application on mobile instant messaging as language learning medium. Journal of Engineering Science and Technology 14, 6 (2019), 3158\u20133173.","journal-title":"Journal of Engineering Science and Technology"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_1_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.17509\/ijost.v5i3.28687","article-title":"Combining chatbot and social media: Enhancing personal learning environment (PLE) in language learning","volume":"5","author":"Haristiani Nuria","year":"2020","unstructured":"Nuria Haristiani and Mumu Muhamad Rifa\u2019i. 2020. Combining chatbot and social media: Enhancing personal learning environment (PLE) in language learning. Indonesian Journal of Science and Technology 5, 3 (2020), 487\u2013506.","journal-title":"Indonesian Journal of Science and Technology"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/app10113894"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11528-023-00926-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_46_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Ethics of AI in education: Towards a community-wide framework","author":"Holmes Wayne","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wayne Holmes, Kaska Porayska-Pomsta, Ken Holstein, Emma Sutherland, Toby Baker, Simon Buckingham Shum, Olga C. Santos, Mercedes T. Rodrigo, Mutlu Cukurova, Ig Ibert Bittencourt, et\u00a0al. 2022. Ethics of AI in education: Towards a community-wide framework. International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education 32, 3 (2022), 1\u201323.","journal-title":"International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_47_2","first-page":"297","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2022 International Conference on Advanced Learning Technologies","author":"Hong Yvonne","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yvonne Hong, Andy Nguyen, Belle Dang, and Bich-Phuong Thi Nguyen. 2022. Data ethics framework for artificial intelligence in education (AIED). In Proceedings of the 2022 International Conference on Advanced Learning Technologies. IEEE, 297\u2013301."},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_1_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.11591\/ijeecs.v9.i2.pp447-459","article-title":"Educational data mining and analysis of students\u2019 academic performance using WEKA","volume":"9","author":"Hussain Sadiq","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sadiq Hussain, Neama Abdulaziz Dahan, Fadl Mutaher Ba-Alwib, and Najoua Ribata. 2018. Educational data mining and analysis of students\u2019 academic performance using WEKA. Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 9, 2 (2018), 447\u2013459.","journal-title":"Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_49_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the AI for Accelerated Materials Design NeurIPS 2022 Workshop","author":"Jablonka Kevin Maik","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kevin Maik Jablonka, Philippe Schwaller, and Berend Smit. 2022. Is GPT-3 all you need for machine learning for chemistry?. In Proceedings of the AI for Accelerated Materials Design NeurIPS 2022 Workshop."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.30935\/ojcmt\/13572"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40979-024-00149-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lindif.2023.102274"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105090","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dib.2019.105090","article-title":"WET: Word embedding-topic distribution vectors for MOOC video lectures dataset","volume":"28","author":"Kastrati Zenun","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zenun Kastrati, Arianit Kurti, and Ali Shariq Imran. 2020. WET: Word embedding-topic distribution vectors for MOOC video lectures dataset. Data in Brief 28 (2020), 105090.","journal-title":"Data in Brief"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_54_2","unstructured":"Wasiq Khan Luke K. Topham Peter Atherton Raghad Al-Shabandar Hoshang Kolivand Iftikhar Khan and Abir Hussain. 2024. Auto-assessment of assessment: A conceptual framework towards fulfilling the policy gaps in academic assessment practices. arXiv:2411.08892. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2411.08892"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_55_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Leading teachers\u2019 perspective on teacher-AI collaboration in education","author":"Kim Jinhee","year":"2023","unstructured":"Jinhee Kim. 2023. Leading teachers\u2019 perspective on teacher-AI collaboration in education. Education and Information Technologies 29, 7 (2023), 1\u201332.","journal-title":"Education and Information Technologies"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3115\/v1\/W14-4111"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_57_2","first-page":"43","article-title":"A data repository for the EDM community: The PSLC DataShop","volume":"43","author":"Koedinger Kenneth R.","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kenneth R. Koedinger, Ryan S. J. d. Baker, Kyle Cunningham, Alida Skogsholm, Brett Leber, and John Stamper. 2010. A data repository for the EDM community: The PSLC DataShop. Handbook of educational data mining 43 (2010), 43\u201356.","journal-title":"Handbook of educational data mining"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103970","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2020.103970","article-title":"Robot tutor and pupils\u2019 educational ability: Teaching the times tables","volume":"157","author":"Konijn Elly A.","year":"2020","unstructured":"Elly A. Konijn and Johan F. Hoorn. 2020. Robot tutor and pupils\u2019 educational ability: Teaching the times tables. Computers and Education 157 (2020), 103970.","journal-title":"Computers and Education"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1145\/3159450.3159602","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 49th ACM Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education","author":"Krusche Stephan","year":"2018","unstructured":"Stephan Krusche and Andreas Seitz. 2018. Artemis: An automatic assessment management system for interactive learning. In Proceedings of the 49th ACM Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education. 284\u2013289."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pdig.0000198"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sdata.2017.171"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101250","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stueduc.2023.101250","article-title":"Supporting students\u2019 generation of feedback in large-scale online course with artificial intelligence-enabled evaluation","volume":"77","author":"Lee Alwyn Vwen Yen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Alwyn Vwen Yen Lee. 2023. Supporting students\u2019 generation of feedback in large-scale online course with artificial intelligence-enabled evaluation. Studies in Educational Evaluation 77 (2023), 101250.","journal-title":"Studies in Educational Evaluation"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17516234.2024.2386085"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijme.2023.100790"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TLT.2023.3302573"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_66_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TLT.2023.3333439"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_1_67_2","first-page":"250","article-title":"A review of using machine learning approaches for precision education","volume":"24","author":"Luan Hui","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hui Luan and Chin-Chung Tsai. 2021. A review of using machine learning approaches for precision education. Educational Technology and Society 24, 1 (2021), 250\u2013266.","journal-title":"Educational Technology and Society"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_68_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bjet.12861"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_69_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3501709.3544280"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_70_2","unstructured":"Nahema Marchal Rachel Xu Rasmi Elasmar Iason Gabriel Beth Goldberg and William Isaac. 2024. Generative AI Misuse: A Taxonomy of Tactics and Insights from Real-World Data. Arxiv preprint arXiv:2406.13843."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_71_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3351095.3372867"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_1_72_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1177\/00317217221123642","article-title":"Why teachers are leaving and what we can do about it","volume":"104","author":"Marshall David T.","year":"2022","unstructured":"David T. Marshall, Tim Pressley, Natalie M. Neugebauer, and David M. Shannon. 2022. Why teachers are leaving and what we can do about it. Phi Delta Kappan 104, 1 (2022), 6\u201311.","journal-title":"Phi Delta Kappan"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_73_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2025.100121"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_74_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2022.100050"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_75_2","first-page":"12810","volume-title":"Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence","author":"Minn Sein","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sein Minn, Jill-J\u00eann Vie, Koh Takeuchi, Hisashi Kashima, and Feida Zhu. 2022. Interpretable knowledge tracing: Simple and efficient student modeling with causal relations. In Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence. 12810\u201312818."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_76_2","first-page":"24950","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 40th International Conference on Machine Learning.","author":"Mitchell Eric","year":"2023","unstructured":"Eric Mitchell, Yoonho Lee, Alexander Khazatsky, Christopher D. Manning, and Chelsea Finn. 2023. DetectGPT: Zero-shot machine-generated text detection using probability curvature. In Proceedings of the 40th International Conference on Machine Learning.. JMLR.org, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA, 24950\u201324962."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_77_2","first-page":"127","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Radical Solutions for Artificial Intelligence and Digital Transformation in Education: Utilising Disruptive Technology for a Better Society","author":"Mohammed Ahmed Taiye","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ahmed Taiye Mohammed, Johanna Velander, and Marcelo Milrad. 2024. A retrospective analysis of artificial intelligence in education (AIEd) studies: Perspectives, learning theories, challenges, and emerging opportunities. In Proceedings of the Radical Solutions for Artificial Intelligence and Digital Transformation in Education: Utilising Disruptive Technology for a Better Society. Springer, 127\u2013141."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_78_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijsu.2010.02.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_79_2","first-page":"000197","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2018 IEEE 16th International Symposium on Intelligent Systems and Informatics","author":"Moln\u00e1r Gy\u00f6rgy","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gy\u00f6rgy Moln\u00e1r and Zolt\u00e1n Sz\u00fcts. 2018. The role of chatbots in formal education. In Proceedings of the 2018 IEEE 16th International Symposium on Intelligent Systems and Informatics. IEEE, 000197\u2013000202."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_80_2","first-page":"243","volume-title":"Proceedings of the European Conference on Technology Enhanced Learning","author":"Moore Steven","year":"2022","unstructured":"Steven Moore, Huy A. Nguyen, Norman Bier, Tanvi Domadia, and John Stamper. 2022. Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3. In Proceedings of the European Conference on Technology Enhanced Learning. Springer, 243\u2013257."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_81_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Neelesh Mungoli. 2023. Exploring the advancements and implications of artificial intelligence. (February 2023). DOI:10.11648\/j.ajai.20220601.03","DOI":"10.11648\/j.ajai.20220601.03"},{"issue":"12","key":"e_1_3_1_82_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"858","DOI":"10.3390\/educsci12120858","article-title":"Teachers\u2019 and students\u2019 views of using an AI-aided educational platform for supporting teaching and learning at Chinese schools","volume":"12","author":"Niu Shuanghong Jenny","year":"2022","unstructured":"Shuanghong Jenny Niu, Jiutong Luo, Hannele Niemi, Xiaoqing Li, and Yu Lu. 2022. Teachers\u2019 and students\u2019 views of using an AI-aided educational platform for supporting teaching and learning at Chinese schools. Education Sciences 12, 12 (2022), 858.","journal-title":"Education Sciences"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_83_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Can chat GPT be utilized in scientific and undergraduate studies?","author":"Oguz Faruk Enes","year":"2023","unstructured":"Faruk Enes Oguz, Mahmut Nedim Ekersular, Kubilay Muhammed Sunnetci, and Ahmet Alkan. 2023. Can chat GPT be utilized in scientific and undergraduate studies? Annals of Biomedical Engineering 52, 5 (2023), 1\u20133.","journal-title":"Annals of Biomedical Engineering"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_84_2","article-title":"New AI Classifier for Indicating AI-written Text","year":"2024","unstructured":"OpenAI. 2024. New AI Classifier for Indicating AI-written Text. Retrieved from https:\/\/openai.com\/index\/new-ai-classifier-for-indicating-ai-written-text\/","journal-title":"Retrieved from https:\/\/openai.com\/index\/new-ai-classifier-for-indicating-ai-written-text\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_85_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2021.100020"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_1_86_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/s41239-022-00372-4","article-title":"Integration of artificial intelligence performance prediction and learning analytics to improve student learning in online engineering course","volume":"20","author":"Ouyang Fan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Fan Ouyang, Mian Wu, Luyi Zheng, Liyin Zhang, and Pengcheng Jiao. 2023. Integration of artificial intelligence performance prediction and learning analytics to improve student learning in online engineering course. International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education 20, 1 (2023), 4.","journal-title":"International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_87_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-022-10925-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_88_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1145\/2460296.2460320","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Learning Analytics and Knowledge","author":"Pardos Zachary A.","year":"2013","unstructured":"Zachary A. Pardos, Ryan S. J. D. Baker, Maria O. C. Z. San Pedro, Sujith M. Gowda, and Supreeth M. Gowda. 2013. Affective states and state tests: Investigating how affect throughout the school year predicts end of year learning outcomes. In Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Learning Analytics and Knowledge. 117\u2013124."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_89_2","first-page":"385","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2019 21st International Conference on Advanced Communication Technology","author":"Park WooHyun","year":"2019","unstructured":"WooHyun Park, Dojin Park, ByungJune Ahn, SeokHun Kang, HaengYeong Kim, RaeHyeon Kim, and JaeHeum Na. 2019. Interactive AI for linguistic education built on VR environment using user generated contents. In Proceedings of the 2019 21st International Conference on Advanced Communication Technology. IEEE, 385\u2013389."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_90_2","unstructured":"European Parliament. 2022. Artificial Intelligence in Education Culture and the Audiovisual Sector. (2022). Retrieved from https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/doceo\/document\/TA-9-2021-0238_EN.html"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_91_2","first-page":"1115","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2021 5th International Conference on Intelligent Computing and Control Systems","author":"Pei Ying","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ying Pei and Gang Li. 2021. Massive AI based cloud environment for smart online education with data mining. In Proceedings of the 2021 5th International Conference on Intelligent Computing and Control Systems. IEEE, 1115\u20131118."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_92_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-23207-8_13","volume-title":"Artificial Intelligence in Education: 20th International Conference, AIED 2019, Chicago, IL, USA, June 25-29, 2019, Proceedings, Part II 20","author":"Pereira Filipe D.","year":"2019","unstructured":"Filipe D. Pereira, Elaine Oliveira, Alexandra Cristea, David Fernandes, Luciano Silva, Gene Aguiar, Ahmed Alamri, and Mohammad Alshehri. 2019. Early dropout prediction for programming courses supported by online judges. In Artificial Intelligence in Education: 20th International Conference, AIED 2019, Chicago, IL, USA, June 25-29, 2019, Proceedings, Part II 20. Springer, 67\u201372."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_93_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mike Perkins Leon Furze Jasper Roe and Jason MacVaugh. 2024. The artificial intelligence assessment scale (AIAS): A framework for ethical integration of generative AI in educational assessment. Journal of University Teaching and Learning Practice 21 6 (2024) 49\u201366. DOI:10.53761\/q3azde36","DOI":"10.53761\/q3azde36"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_94_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10805-023-09492-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_95_2","article-title":"Deep knowledge tracing","volume":"28","author":"Piech Chris","year":"2015","unstructured":"Chris Piech, Jonathan Bassen, Jonathan Huang, Surya Ganguli, Mehran Sahami, Leonidas J. Guibas, and Jascha Sohl-Dickstein. 2015. Deep knowledge tracing. Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 28 (2015).","journal-title":"Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_96_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2478\/jolace-2019-0025"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_97_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40593-016-0110-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_98_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.3115\/v1\/W14-4107","volume-title":"Proceedings of the EMNLP 2014 Workshop on Analysis of Large Scale Social Interaction in MOOCs","author":"Rose Carolyn","year":"2014","unstructured":"Carolyn Rose and George Siemens. 2014. Shared task on prediction of dropout over time in massively open online courses. In Proceedings of the EMNLP 2014 Workshop on Analysis of Large Scale Social Interaction in MOOCs. 39\u201341."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_99_2","volume-title":"Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach","author":"Russell Stuart J.","year":"2016","unstructured":"Stuart J. Russell and Peter Norvig. 2016. Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach. Pearson."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_100_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2024.03.018"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_101_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00146-020-01033-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_102_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3318396.3318419"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_1_103_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1007\/s10143-023-01998-2","article-title":"The role of an open artificial intelligence platform in modern neurosurgical education: A preliminary study","volume":"46","author":"Sevgi Umut Tan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Umut Tan Sevgi, G\u00f6kberk Erol, Y\u00fccel Do\u011fruel, Osman Fikret S\u00f6nmez, Richard Shane Tubbs, and Abuzer G\u00fcngor. 2023. The role of an open artificial intelligence platform in modern neurosurgical education: A preliminary study. Neurosurgical Review 46, 1 (2023), 86.","journal-title":"Neurosurgical Review"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_104_2","unstructured":"Carlton Shepherd. 2025. Generative AI Misuse Potential in Cyber Security Education: A Case Study of a UK Degree Program. arXiv preprint arXiv:2501.12883."},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_1_105_2","article-title":"Emergent AI, social robots and the law: Security, privacy and policy issues","volume":"26","author":"Subramanian Ramesh","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ramesh Subramanian. 2017. Emergent AI, social robots and the law: Security, privacy and policy issues. Subramanian, Ramesh (2017)\u201c Emergent AI, Social Robots and the Law: Security, Privacy and Policy Issues,\u201d Journal of International, Technology and Information Management 26, 3 (2017), 81\u2013105.","journal-title":"Subramanian, Ramesh (2017)\u201c Emergent AI, Social Robots and the Law: Security, Privacy and Policy Issues,\u201d Journal of International, Technology and Information Management"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_106_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/coin.12351"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_1_107_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1007\/s44163-022-00031-7","article-title":"Data mining of scientific research on artificial intelligence in teaching and administration in higher education institutions: A bibliometrics analysis and recommendation for future research","volume":"2","author":"Ullrich Andr\u00e9","year":"2022","unstructured":"Andr\u00e9 Ullrich, Gergana Vladova, Felix Eigelshoven, and Andr\u00e9 Renz. 2022. Data mining of scientific research on artificial intelligence in teaching and administration in higher education institutions: A bibliometrics analysis and recommendation for future research. Discover Artificial Intelligence 2, 1 (2022), 16.","journal-title":"Discover Artificial Intelligence"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_108_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-24258-3_26"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_109_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1609\/aaai.v33i01.3301750"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_110_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15678\/EBER.2023.110201"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_111_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2024.100326"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_112_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104055","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2020.104055","article-title":"Rural teachers\u2019 sharing of digital educational resources: From motivation to behavior","volume":"161","author":"Wang Jingxian","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jingxian Wang, Dineke E. H. Tigelaar, and Wilfried Admiraal. 2021. Rural teachers\u2019 sharing of digital educational resources: From motivation to behavior. Computers and Education 161 (2021), 104055.","journal-title":"Computers and Education"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_113_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Educational Data Mining","author":"Wang Tianqi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Tianqi Wang, Fenglong Ma, and Jing Gao. 2019. Deep hierarchical knowledge tracing. In Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Educational Data Mining."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_114_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6608","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2022.findings-emnlp.492","volume-title":"Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: EMNLP 2022","author":"Wang Yueqian","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yueqian Wang, Chang Liu, Kai Chen, Xi Wang, and Dongyan Zhao. 2022. SMASH: Improving small language models\u2019 Few-SHot ability with prompt-based distillation. In Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: EMNLP 2022. 6608\u20136619."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_115_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40979-023-00146-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_116_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/feduc.2023.1331607"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_117_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103599","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2019.103599","article-title":"Trends and development in technology-enhanced adaptive\/personalized learning: A systematic review of journal publications from 2007 to 2017","volume":"140","author":"Xie Haoran","year":"2019","unstructured":"Haoran Xie, Hui-Chun Chu, Gwo-Jen Hwang, and Chun-Chieh Wang. 2019. Trends and development in technology-enhanced adaptive\/personalized learning: A systematic review of journal publications from 2007 to 2017. Computers and Education 140 (2019), 103599.","journal-title":"Computers and Education"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_118_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-32236-6_51"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_119_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3514262.3514289"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_3_1_120_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.5325\/jgeneeduc.63.4.0237","article-title":"With a MOOC MOOC here and a MOOC MOOC there, here a MOOC, there a MOOC, everywhere a MOOC MOOC","volume":"63","author":"Zemsky Robert","year":"2014","unstructured":"Robert Zemsky. 2014. With a MOOC MOOC here and a MOOC MOOC there, here a MOOC, there a MOOC, everywhere a MOOC MOOC. The Journal of General Education 63, 4 (2014), 237\u2013243.","journal-title":"The Journal of General Education"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_121_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2021.100025"}],"container-title":["ACM Computing Surveys"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3768312","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,6]],"date-time":"2025-10-06T13:56:53Z","timestamp":1759759013000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3768312"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,6]]},"references-count":120,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3768312"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3768312","relation":{},"ISSN":["0360-0300","1557-7341"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0360-0300","type":"print"},{"value":"1557-7341","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-05-13","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-09-09","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-10-06","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}