{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,27]],"date-time":"2026-04-27T16:36:50Z","timestamp":1777307810901,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"CoNEXT4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,25]],"date-time":"2025-11-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764028800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1,"URL":"http:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2232463, 2346555, and 2431961"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2232463, 2346555, and 2431961"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. ACM Netw."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,24]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    While various spectrum sharing approaches aim to remedy the spectrum crunch and improve spectral utilization, they typically support only radios that are certified for and physically locked down to a single frequency band and power configuration. This limits their utility and re-usability as they do not support flexible license changes post-production, but there is generally no alternative\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">dynamic<\/jats:italic>\n                    technical license enforcement mechanism suitable for more flexible SDRs (Software-Defined Radios). This limits the utility of SDRs: SDR operators must use unlicensed bands, or obtain special permission from the FCC via a manual process. Further, they are subject to fines if they operate outside these bounds and\/or interfere with other spectrum users.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    In response, we present SpectraCert--a dynamic, PKI-based (Public Key Infrastructure) system that enables safe, multi-faceted spectrum sharing while simultaneously enforcing license-holder rights directly within flexible transmitting radios. Entities receive specific frequency transmission rights from government authorities or other Spectrum-Authorized Entities (SAEs) through a\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">spectracert<\/jats:italic>\n                    : a certificate that specifies allowed frequencies and all required transmission conditions, such as allowed times, geographic areas, maximum transmit powers, expirations and more. Child spectracerts are derived from other spectracerts and have increasingly limited transmission rights, and\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">trusted modules<\/jats:italic>\n                    (TMs) within radios validate spectracert authenticity to ensure the rights defined by each parental spectracert are legal and not revoked. TMs only allow transmission according to validated spectracerts and control radio configurations. Spectracerts can also be used to verify SAE attestations of spectrum interference or occupancy reports. We implement a prototype of the SpectraCert system that automatically revokes or replaces spectracerts across SAE hierarchies when license updates occur, describe an integration with the OpenZMS spectrum management system, and evaluate how SpectraCert uniquely protects license rights while simultaneously allowing for more diverse, accessible spectrum sharing methods.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3768980","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,25]],"date-time":"2025-11-25T17:09:56Z","timestamp":1764090596000},"page":"1-18","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["SpectraCert: A Hierarchical System for Dynamic Spectrum License Enforcement"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"3","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1806-4294","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ryan W.","family":"West","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0363-3930","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dustin","family":"Maas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Utah, Salt Lake City, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8793-8736","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David M.","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Utah, Salt Lake City, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5148-8278","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kobus","family":"Van der Merwe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Utah, Salt Lake City, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","volume-title":"Emerging Mid-Band Radar Spectrum Sharing Feasibility Assessment Report","year":"2023","unstructured":"\"EMBRSS: Emerging Mid-Band Radar Spectrum Sharing Feasibility Assessment Report,\" 2023. [Online]. Available: https:\/\/dodcio.defense.gov\/Portals\/0\/Documents\/Library\/DoD-EMBRSS-FeasabilityAssessmentRedacted.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","volume-title":"the U. S. 3550-3700 MHz CBRS,\"","author":"Commercial Operation Requirements","year":"2024","unstructured":"\"Requirements for Commercial Operation, in the U. S. 3550-3700 MHz CBRS,\" 2024. [Online]. Available: https:\/\/winnf.memberclicks.net\/assets\/CBRS\/WINNF-TS-0112.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","volume-title":"including spectrum in the 3900-3980 mhz band and portions of the 26, 28 and 38 ghz bands","author":"Canada Government","year":"2022","unstructured":"Government of Canada, \"Consultation on a non-competitive local licensing framework, including spectrum in the 3900-3980 mhz band and portions of the 26, 28 and 38 ghz bands,\" Aug. 2022, sPB-003-22. Accessed: 2025-06-04. [Online]. Available: https:\/\/ised-isde.canada.ca\/site\/spectrum-management-telecommunications\/en\/learn-more\/key-documents\/consultations\/consultation-non-competitive-local-licensing-framework-including-spectrum-3900-3980-mhz-band-and"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","volume-title":"Spectrum sharing using licensed shared access: the concept and its workflow for lte-advanced networks,\" IEEE Wireless Communications","author":"Matinmikko M.","unstructured":"M. Matinmikko, H. Okkonen, M. Palola, S. Yrjola, P. Ahokangas, and M. Mustonen, \"Spectrum sharing using licensed shared access: the concept and its workflow for lte-advanced networks,\" IEEE Wireless Communications, vol. 21, no. 2, pp. 72-79, April 2014."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.70220\/v3hl8v8w"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","volume-title":"Toward Automated Enforcement, of Radio Interference. [Online]. Available: https:\/\/papers.ssrn.com\/abstract=3749751","author":"Bustamante P.","year":"2020","unstructured":"P. Bustamante, D. Das, J. S. Rose, M. Gomez, M. B. H. Weiss, J.-M. Park, and T. Znati. (2020) Toward Automated Enforcement, of Radio Interference. [Online]. Available: https:\/\/papers.ssrn.com\/abstract=3749751"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","volume-title":"'20)","author":"J. Breen","year":"2020","unstructured":"J. Breen et al., \"POWDER: Platform, for Open Wireless Data-driven Experimental Research,\" in 14th International Workshop, on Wireless Network Testbeds, Experimental, Evaluation & Characterization (WiNTECH, '20), 2020."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D. Johnson D. Maas S. Tadik A. Orange L. Stoller K. Webb M. B. I. Awan J. Bills M. Gomez A. Sarbhai G. Durgin S. Kasera N. Patwari D. Schurig and J. V. der Merwe \"Building Radio Dynamic Zones with OpenZMS \" IEEE Transactions on Cognitive Communications and Networking pp. 1-1 2025.","DOI":"10.1109\/TCCN.2025.3562855"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","first-page":"69","volume-title":"Prototyping, a Radio Dynamic Zone, using the POWDER, platform,\" in 2024 IEEE International Symposium, on Dynamic Spectrum Access Networks (DySPAN, )","author":"Johnson D.","year":"2024","unstructured":"D. Johnson, D. Maas, S. Tadik, A. Orange, L. Stoller, K. Webb, M. B. I. Awan, J. Bills, M. Gomez, A. Sarbhai, G. Durgin, S. Kasera, N. Patwari, D. Schurig, and J. Van der Merwe, \"Powder-RDZ: Prototyping, a Radio Dynamic Zone, using the POWDER, platform,\" in 2024 IEEE International Symposium, on Dynamic Spectrum Access Networks (DySPAN, ), 2024, pp. 69-78. [Online]. Available: https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/10632848"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","first-page":"270","volume":"102","author":"Park J.-M.","year":"2014","unstructured":"J.-M. Park, J. 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Rao, \"Evolution of SIM Cards, - What's Next?\" in 2018 International Conference, on Advances, in Computing, Communications, and Informatics (ICACCI, ), pp. 1963-1967. [Online]. Available: https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/8554774\/citations?tabFilter=papers#citations"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Dynamic Spectrum (DySPAN, )","author":"Bahrak B.","unstructured":"B. Bahrak, A. Deshpande, M. Whitaker, and J.-M. Park, \"BRESAP: A Policy Reasoner, for Processing Spectrum Access Policies Represented, by Binary Decision Diagrams,\" in 2010 IEEE Symposium, on New Frontiers, in Dynamic Spectrum (DySPAN, ), pp. 1-12. [Online]. Available: https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/5457867"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","first-page":"341","volume-title":"Wireless Networks. IEEE","author":"Park J.","year":"2019","unstructured":"J. (Jerry) Park, V. Kumar, and T. 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Wang, \"The openairinterface 5g new radio implementation: Current status and roadmap,\" in WSA 2019; 23rd International ITG Workshop on Smart Antennas, 2019."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","volume-title":"Jun.","author":"Systems Software Radio","year":"2025","unstructured":"Software Radio Systems, \"srsran\/srsRAN_Project: Open source O-RAN 5G CU\/DU solution from Software Radio Systems (SRS), \" https:\/\/github.com\/srsran\/srsRAN_Project, Jun. 2025."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","volume-title":"20th IEEE International Symposium on Dynamic Spectrum Access Networks.","author":"West R. W.","unstructured":"R. W. West, M. B. I. Awan, M. Gomez, V. Gopalakrishnan, D. Maas, A. Sivakumar, J. Van der Merwe, and I. 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