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Such uncertainties can result in large gaps among optimal, expected, and actual utilization of massive vulnerable and heterogeneous edge nodes. To address these uncertainties, we propose Oceanus, a cost-effective traffic scheduling system for large-scale edge CDN systems. Oceanus decouples the bandwidth planning problem and performs on multiple timescales. In addition, Oceanus coordinates bandwidth planning with flow scheduling through the bidirectional feedback scheme. Oceanus further utilizes nodes with minimal marginal cost to reduce additional bandwidth cost. Extensive experiments in a trace-driven testbed and real-world deployment confirm the effectiveness of Oceanus. Compared to the state-of-the-art scheduling method, Oceanus achieves 79.4% (vs. 51.5%) of optimum cost reduction and reduces 21.4% (vs. 8.1%) bandwidth costs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3768983","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,25]],"date-time":"2025-11-25T17:09:56Z","timestamp":1764090596000},"page":"1-25","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Oceanus: Scheduling Traffic Flows to Achieve Cost-Efficiency under Uncertainties in Large-Scale Edge CDNs"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"3","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-0796-6233","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chuanqing","family":"Lin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6158-1345","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gerui","family":"Lv","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-6311-7317","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fuhua","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Alibaba Cloud, Beijing, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-3823-9387","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hanlin","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Alibaba Cloud, Beijing, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-6656-9725","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Junwei","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Alibaba Cloud, Beijing, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-2602-2624","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaodong","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Alibaba Cloud, Beijing, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-2885-1370","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jingyu","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Alibaba Cloud, Beijing, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-7866-120X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yu","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5526-4984","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qinghua","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China and Purple Mountain Laboratories, Nanjing, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9959-1124","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhenyu","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China and Purple Mountain Laboratories, Nanjing, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4964-1135","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gaogang","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China and CNIC, CAS, Beijing, China"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,25]]},"reference":[{"volume-title":"THE GLOBAL INTERNET PHENOMENA REPORT MARCH","year":"2024","key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","unstructured":"[n.d.]. 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