{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T15:02:45Z","timestamp":1781708565363,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":189,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781654400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/legalcode"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"U.S. National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2303043, 2303042, and 2303612"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2303043, 2303042, and 2303612"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Trans. Softw. Eng. Methodol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Open Source Software (OSS) community managers face significant challenges in retaining contributors, as they must monitor activity and engagement while navigating complex dynamics of collaboration. Current tools designed for managing contributor retention (e.g., dashboards) fall short by providing retrospective rather than predictive insights to identify potential disengagement early. Without understanding how to anticipate and prevent disengagement, new solutions risk burdening community managers rather than supporting retention management. Following the Design Science Research paradigm, we employed a mixed-methods approach for problem identification and solution design to address contributor retention. To identify the challenges hindering retention management in OSS, we conducted semi-structured interviews, a multi-vocal literature review, and community surveys. Then through an iterative build-evaluate cycle, we developed and refined strategies for diagnosing retention risks and informing engagement efforts. We operationalized these strategies into a web-based prototype, incorporating feedback from 100+ OSS practitioners, and conducted an\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in situ<\/jats:italic>\n                    evaluation across two OSS communities. Our study offers (1) empirical insights into the challenges of contributor retention management in OSS, (2) actionable strategies that support OSS community managers\u2019 retention efforts, and (3) a practical framework for future research in developing or validating theories about OSS sustainability.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3769012","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,22]],"date-time":"2025-09-22T12:03:17Z","timestamp":1758542597000},"page":"1-38","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Addressing OSS Community Managers\u2019 Challenges in Contributor Retention"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"35","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9163-6853","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zixuan","family":"Feng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-3858-0905","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katie","family":"Kimura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7302-6082","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bianca","family":"Trinkenreich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0612-5790","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Igor","family":"Steinmacher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Informatics, Computing, and Cyber Systems, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1399-7535","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco Aurelio","family":"Gerosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Informatics, Computing, and Cyber Systems, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1859-1692","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anita","family":"Sarma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","unstructured":"DevStats. 2024. CNCF DevStats. Retrieved from https:\/\/devstats.cncf.io\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","unstructured":"FSE. 2025. Foundations of Software Engineering (FSE). In Proceedings of the 33rd ACM Joint European Software Engineering Conference and Symposium on the Foundations of Software Engineering (ESEC\/FSE 2025). Retrieved June 8 2024 from https:\/\/conf.researchr.org\/home\/fse-2025"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","unstructured":"ICSE. 2025. International Conference on Software Engineering. In Proceedings of the 47th International Conference on Software Engineering (ICSE 2025). Retrieved June 8 2024 from https:\/\/conf.researchr.org\/home\/icse-2025"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3524842.3527941"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE 28th Annual Software Technology Conference (STC \u201917)","author":"Alfayez Reem","year":"2017","unstructured":"Reem Alfayez, Pooyan Behnamghader, Kamonphop Srisopha, and Barry Boehm. 2017. How does contributors involvement influence open source systems. In Proceedings of the IEEE 28th Annual Software Technology Conference (STC \u201917). IEEE, 1\u20138."},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.91.1.221","article-title":"Information privacy in organizations: Empowering creative and extrarole performance","volume":"91","author":"Alge Bradley J.","year":"2006","unstructured":"Bradley J. Alge, Gary A. Ballinger, Subrahmaniam Tangirala, and James L. Oakley. 2006. Information privacy in organizations: Empowering creative and extrarole performance. The Journal of Applied Psychology 91, 1 (2006), 221.","journal-title":"The Journal of Applied Psychology"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","unstructured":"Amazon. 2024. OSS Dashboard. Retrieved June 8 2024 from https:\/\/github.com\/amzn\/oss-dashboard"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1007\/s00766-016-0258-2","article-title":"Empirical research in requirements engineering: Trends and opportunities","volume":"23","author":"Ambreen Talat","year":"2018","unstructured":"Talat Ambreen, Naveed Ikram, Muhammad Usman, and Mahmood Niazi. 2018. Empirical research in requirements engineering: Trends and opportunities. Requirements Engineering 23 (2018), 63\u201395.","journal-title":"Requirements Engineering"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/spe.2872"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","first-page":"454","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2019 IEEE\/ACM 41st International Conference on Software Engineering (ICSE \u201919)","author":"Arya Deeksha","year":"2019","unstructured":"Deeksha Arya, Wenting Wang, Jin L. C. Guo, and Jinghui Cheng. 2019. Analysis and detection of information types of open source software issue discussions. In Proceedings of the 2019 IEEE\/ACM 41st International Conference on Software Engineering (ICSE \u201919). IEEE, 454\u2013464."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","unstructured":"Matt Asay. 2020. Will the Solo Open Source Developer Survive the Pandemic? Retrieved March 1 2024 from https:\/\/www.infoworld.com\/article\/3543796\/will-the-solo-open-source-developer-survive-the-pandemic.html"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","first-page":"54","article-title":"Efficient way of web development using python and flask","volume":"6","author":"Aslam Fankar Armash","year":"2015","unstructured":"Fankar Armash Aslam, Hawa Nabeel Mohammed, and Prashant S. Lokhande. 2015. Efficient way of web development using python and flask. International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Science 6, 2 (2015), 54\u201357.","journal-title":"International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Science"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the ACM\/IEEE International Symposium on Empirical Software Engineering and Measurement (ESEM \u201919)","author":"Avelino Guilherme","year":"2019","unstructured":"Guilherme Avelino, Eleni Constantinou, Marco Tulio Valente, and Alexander Serebrenik. 2019. On the abandonment and survival of open source projects: An empirical investigation. In Proceedings of the ACM\/IEEE International Symposium on Empirical Software Engineering and Measurement (ESEM \u201919). IEEE, 1\u201312."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSE.2019.2918536"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSE.2019.00100"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","volume-title":"Retaining and Managing Episodic Contributors in Free\/Libre\/Open Source Software Communities","author":"Barcomb Ann Susan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ann Susan Barcomb. 2019. Retaining and Managing Episodic Contributors in Free\/Libre\/Open Source Software Communities. Ph.D. Dissertation. University of Limerick."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijinfomgt.2017.09.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","unstructured":"H. W. Bekah. 2024. The Silent Crisis in Open Source: When Maintainers Walk Away. Retrieved from https:\/\/dev.to\/opensauced\/the-silent-crisis-in-open-source-when-maintainers-walk-away-1m81"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2016.2599217"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-02235-7_2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1191\/1478088706qp063oa"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","volume-title":"Thematic Analysis: A Practical Guide","author":"Braun Virginia","year":"2021","unstructured":"Virginia Braun and Victoria Clarke. 2021. Thematic Analysis: A Practical Guide. SAGE Publications, London, UK."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10664-021-10012-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3276","DOI":"10.1109\/HICSS.2014.406","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2014 47th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences","author":"Carillo Kevin Daniel Andr\u00e9","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kevin Daniel Andr\u00e9 Carillo, Sid Huff, and Brenda Chawner. 2014. It\u2019s not only about writing code: An investigation of the notion of citizenship behaviors in the context of Free\/Libre\/Open Source Software communities. In Proceedings of the 2014 47th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences. IEEE, 3276\u20133285."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Elian Carsenat. 2019. Inferring gender from names in any region language or alphabet. ResearchGate Preprint. DOI: 10.13140\/RG.2.2.11516.90247","DOI":"10.13140\/RG.2.2.11516.90247"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_2","unstructured":"Chameleon. 2025. Welcome Emails: How to Leverage Your Product\u2019s Most Opened Message. Retrieved January 27 2025 from https:\/\/www.chameleon.io\/blog\/saas-welcome-emails"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_2","first-page":"11","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2019 IEEE\/ACM 12th International Workshop on Cooperative and Human Aspects of Software Engineering (CHASE \u201919)","author":"Cheng Jinghui","year":"2019","unstructured":"Jinghui Cheng and Jin L. C. Guo. 2019. Activity-based analysis of open source software contributors: Roles and dynamics. In Proceedings of the 2019 IEEE\/ACM 12th International Workshop on Cooperative and Human Aspects of Software Engineering (CHASE \u201919). IEEE, 11\u201318."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_2","unstructured":"Cloud Native Computing Foundation. 2024. CNCF DevStats. Retrieved June 1 2024 from https:\/\/devstats.cncf.io\/"},{"issue":"10","key":"e_1_3_3_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.4780121009","article-title":"Cox regression models for quality adjusted survival analysis","volume":"12","author":"Cole Bernard F.","year":"1993","unstructured":"Bernard F. Cole, Richard D. Gelber, and Aron Goldhirsch. 1993. Cox regression models for quality adjusted survival analysis. Statistics in Medicine 12, 10 (1993), 975\u2013987.","journal-title":"Statistics in Medicine"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_31_2","unstructured":"CHAOSS Community. 2022. CHAOSS. Retrieved September 17 2022 from https:\/\/github.com\/chaoss"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_3_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1080\/10447310709336957","article-title":"Conducting in situ evaluations for and with ubiquitous computing technologies","volume":"22","author":"Consolvo Sunny","year":"2007","unstructured":"Sunny Consolvo, Beverly Harrison, Ian Smith, Mike Y. Chen, Katherine Everitt, Jon Froehlich, and James A. Landay. 2007. Conducting in situ evaluations for and with ubiquitous computing technologies. International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction 22, 1\u20132 (2007), 103\u2013118.","journal-title":"International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_33_2","volume-title":"Qualitative Inquiry and Research Design: Choosing among Five Approaches","author":"Creswell John W.","year":"2016","unstructured":"John W. Creswell and Cheryl N. Poth. 2016. Qualitative Inquiry and Research Design: Choosing among Five Approaches. Sage Publications."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1109\/AGILE.2011.24","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2011 AGILE Conference","author":"Da Silva Tiago Silva","year":"2011","unstructured":"Tiago Silva Da Silva, Angela Martin, Frank Maurer, and Milene Silveira. 2011. User-centered design and agile methods: A systematic review. In Proceedings of the 2011 AGILE Conference. IEEE, 77\u201386."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2145204.2145396"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_36_2","unstructured":"Jamieson Davis. 2023. Linux Kernel Faces Reduction in Long-Term Support Due to Maintenance Challenges. Retrieved August 1 2024 from https:\/\/www.linuxjournal.com\/content\/linux-kernel-reduction-longterm-support"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_3_37_2","first-page":"41","article-title":"Talent management: Designing strategies","volume":"6","author":"Dawn Suman Kumar","year":"2013","unstructured":"Suman Kumar Dawn and Suparna Biswas. 2013. Talent management: Designing strategies. ASBM Journal of Management 6, 2 (2013), 41\u201351.","journal-title":"ASBM Journal of Management"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_38_2","unstructured":"Diksha P. Gupta. 2013. Linux Maintainer Greg K-H Talks About What Keeps Him Busy! Retrieved March 1 2024 from https:\/\/www.opensourceforu.com\/2013\/12\/linux-maintainer-greg-k-h-talks-keeps-busy\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_39_2","unstructured":"Longjam Dineshwori. 2019. GitHub Launches Initiative to Help OSS Contributors and Maintainers. Retrieved March 1 2024 from https:\/\/www.opensourceforu.com\/2019\/01\/github-launches-initiative-to-help-oss-contributors-and-maintainers\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_40_2","unstructured":"Justin Dorfman. 2024. When Open Source Turns Sour: A Brush with Mistaken Identity. Retrieved August 1 2024 from https:\/\/opensource.net\/when-open-source-mistaken-identity-scandal\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-84800-044-5_11"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.infsof.2021.106616"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2630","DOI":"10.1007\/s10664-020-09818-7","article-title":"How software engineering research aligns with design science: A review","volume":"25","author":"Engstr\u00f6m Emelie","year":"2020","unstructured":"Emelie Engstr\u00f6m, Margaret-Anne Storey, Per Runeson, Martin H\u00f6st, and Maria Teresa Baldassarre. 2020. How software engineering research aligns with design science: A review. Empirical Software Engineering 25 (2020), 2630\u20132660.","journal-title":"Empirical Software Engineering"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.4780140108"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_45_2","unstructured":"Fedora People. 2024. Fedora People. Website. Retrieved June 11 2024 from https:\/\/fedorapeople.org"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_46_2","unstructured":"Feedly. 2024. Feedly. Website. Retrieved June 11 2024 from https:\/\/feedly.com"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3611643.3617848"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5281\/zenodo.14902992"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3540250.3549167"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_50_2","first-page":"150","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2023 IEEE\/ACM 16th International Conference on Cooperative and Human Aspects of Software Engineering (CHASE23)","author":"Feng Zixuan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zixuan Feng, Mariam Guizani, Marco A. Gerosa, and Anita Sarma. 2023. The state of diversity and inclusion in Apache: A pulse check. In Proceedings of the 2023 IEEE\/ACM 16th International Conference on Cooperative and Human Aspects of Software Engineering (CHASE \u201923). IEEE, 150\u2013160."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.infsof.2024.107470"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zixuan Feng Igor Steinmacher Marco Gerosa Tyler Menezes Alexander Serebrenik Reed Milewicz and Anita Sarma. 2025. The multifaceted nature of mentoring in OSS: Strategies qualities and ideal outcomes. arXiv:2501.05600. Retrieved from http:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2501.05600","DOI":"10.1109\/CHASE66643.2025.00031"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_53_2","first-page":"520","volume-title":"Companion Proceedings of the 36th ICSE","author":"Ferrario Maria Angela","year":"2014","unstructured":"Maria Angela Ferrario, Will Simm, Peter Newman, Stephen Forshaw, and Jon Whittle. 2014. Software engineering for \u2018social good\u2019: Integrating action research, participatory design, and agile development. In Companion Proceedings of the 36th ICSE, 520\u2013523."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_54_2","volume-title":"Information Dashboard Design: The Effective Visual Communication of Data","author":"Few Stephen","year":"2006","unstructured":"Stephen Few. 2006. Information Dashboard Design: The Effective Visual Communication of Data. O\u2019Reilly Media, Inc."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_55_2","first-page":"178","article-title":"Triangulation in qualitative research","volume":"3","author":"Flick Uwe","year":"2004","unstructured":"Uwe Flick. 2004. Triangulation in qualitative research. A Companion to Qualitative Research 3 (2004), 178\u2013183.","journal-title":"A Companion to Qualitative Research"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Jane H. Forman and Laura J. Damschroder. 2007. Qualitative content analysis. In Empirical Methods for Bioethics: A Primer (Advances in Bioethics Vol. 11). Liva Jacoby and Laura A. Siminoff (Eds.) Emerald\/Elsevier Amsterdam & Boston 39\u201362. DOI: 10.1016\/S1479-3709(2007)11","DOI":"10.1016\/S1479-3709(2007)11"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_57_2","unstructured":"Dawn Foster. 2023. Measuring Open Source Project Health. Retrieved March 1 2024 from https:\/\/opensource.net\/measure-open-source-project-health\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_58_2","unstructured":"Linux Foundation. 2021. Linux Foundation Research Reveals New Open Source Diversity Equity and Inclusion Trends. Retrieved March 1 2024 from https:\/\/www.linux.com\/news\/linux-foundation-research-reveals-new-open-source-diversity-equity-and-inclusion-trends\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_59_2","first-page":"1033","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2021 IEEE\/ACM 43rd International Conference on Software Engineering (ICSE \u201921)","author":"Foundjem Armstrong","year":"2021","unstructured":"Armstrong Foundjem, Ellis Eghan, and Bram Adams. 2021. Onboarding vs. diversity, productivity and quality\u2014Empirical study of the OpenStack ecosystem. In Proceedings of the 2021 IEEE\/ACM 43rd International Conference on Software Engineering (ICSE \u201921). IEEE, 1033\u20131045."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_60_2","unstructured":"Free Software Foundation. 2023. Nominee Discussion Forum Guidelines for Communicating with Kindness. Retrieved March 1 2024 from https:\/\/www.fsf.org\/about\/nominee-discussion-forum-guidelines-for-communicating-with-kindness"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0191-8869(86)90014-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"864","DOI":"10.3850\/9783981537079_1018","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2016 Design, Automation and Test in Europe Conference and Exhibition (DATE16)","author":"Fursin Grigori","year":"2016","unstructured":"Grigori Fursin, Anton Lokhmotov, and Ed Plowman. 2016. Collective knowledge: Towards R&D sustainability. In Proceedings of the 2016 Design, Automation and Test in Europe Conference and Exhibition (DATE \u201916). IEEE, 864\u2013869."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.infsof.2018.09.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iheduc.2005.11.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_65_2","first-page":"1046","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2021 IEEE\/ACM 43rd International Conference on Software Engineering (ICSE 21)","author":"Gerosa Marco","year":"2021","unstructured":"Marco Gerosa, Igor Wiese, Bianca Trinkenreich, Georg Link, Gregorio Robles, Christoph Treude, Igor Steinmacher, and Anita Sarma. 2021. The shifting sands of motivation: Revisiting what drives contributors in open source. In Proceedings of the 2021 IEEE\/ACM 43rd International Conference on Software Engineering (ICSE 21). IEEE, 1046\u20131058."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_66_2","unstructured":"Luiz Giovanini Daniela Oliveira Huascar Sanchez and Deborah Shands. 2021. Leveraging team dynamics to predict open-source software projects\u2019 susceptibility to social engineering attacks. arXiv:2106.16067. Retrieved from http:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2106.16067"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_3_67_2","first-page":"108","article-title":"Open coding descriptions","volume":"15","author":"Glaser Barney G.","year":"2016","unstructured":"Barney G. Glaser. 2016. Open coding descriptions. Grounded Theory Review 15, 2 (2016), 108\u2013110.","journal-title":"Grounded Theory Review"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_68_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/iwc\/iwv009"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_69_2","unstructured":"Google Open Source. 2024. Google Open Source Blog. Blog. Retrieved June 11 2024 from https:\/\/opensource.googleblog.com"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_70_2","unstructured":"Amber Graner. 2011. Making Ubuntu More Personal: Identify Contributions to Engage More Personally. Retrieved March 1 2024 from https:\/\/ubuntu-news.org\/2011\/01\/22\/making-ubuntu-more-personal-identify-contributions-to-engage-more-personally\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_71_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1145\/3510454.3522685","volume-title":"Proceedings of the ACM\/IEEE 44th International Conference on Software Engineering: Companion Proceedings","author":"Gray Philip","year":"2022","unstructured":"Philip Gray. 2022. To disengage or not to disengage: A look at contributor disengagement in open source software. In Proceedings of the ACM\/IEEE 44th International Conference on Software Engineering: Companion Proceedings, 328\u2013330."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_72_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1525822X05279903"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_73_2","first-page":"2617","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2023 IEEE\/ACM 45th International Conference on Software Engineering (ICSE \u201923)","author":"Guizani Mariam","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mariam Guizani, Aileen Abril Castro-Guzman, Anita Sarma, and Igor Steinmacher. 2023. Rules of engagement: Why and how companies participate in OSS. In Proceedings of the 2023 IEEE\/ACM 45th International Conference on Software Engineering (ICSE \u201923). IEEE, 2617\u20132629."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_74_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.infsof.2025.107871"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_75_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3510458.3513020"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_76_2","volume-title":"Survival Analysis","author":"Guo Shenyang","year":"2010","unstructured":"Shenyang Guo. 2010. Survival Analysis. Oxford University Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_77_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3593013.3594067"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_78_2","unstructured":"Christine Hall. 2023. Six Years In Maintainer Darrick Wong Says \u2018Goodbye\u2019 to XFS. Retrieved March 1 2024 from https:\/\/fossforce.com\/2023\/08\/six-years-in-maintainer-darrick-wong-says-goodbye-to-xfs\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_79_2","unstructured":"Giuseppe Iaffaldano Igor Steinmacher Fabio Calefato Marco Gerosa and Filippo Lanubile. 2019. Why do developers take breaks from contributing to OSS projects? A preliminary analysis. arXiv:1903.09528. Retrieved from http:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1903.09528"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_3_80_2","first-page":"5","article-title":"The impact of job performance evaluation on career advancement prospects: An examination of gender differences in the is workplace","volume":"19","author":"Igbaria Magid","year":"1995","unstructured":"Magid Igbaria and Jack Baroudi. 1995. The impact of job performance evaluation on career advancement prospects: An examination of gender differences in the is workplace. Management Information Systems Quarterly 19, 1 (1995), 5.","journal-title":"Management Information Systems Quarterly"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_81_2","unstructured":"Anita Ihuman. 2024. Diversity Equity and Inclusion (DEI) Metrics: Breaking Barriers in Open Source. Retrieved March 1 2024 from https:\/\/opensource.net\/dei-open-source-metrics\/"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_3_82_2","first-page":"535724","article-title":"Understanding contributor to developer turnover patterns in OSS projects: A case study of Apache projects","volume":"2014","author":"Iqbal Aftab","year":"2014","unstructured":"Aftab Iqbal. 2014. Understanding contributor to developer turnover patterns in OSS projects: A case study of Apache projects. International Scholarly Research Notices 2014, 1 (2014), 535724.","journal-title":"International Scholarly Research Notices"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_83_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hemant Ishwaran Udaya B. Kogalur Eugene H. Blackstone and Michael S. Lauer. 2008. Random survival forests. The Annals of Applied Statistics 2 3 (Sep. 2008) 841\u2013860. DOI: 10.1214\/08-AOAS169.","DOI":"10.1214\/08-AOAS169"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_3_84_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1109\/TSE.2017.2768368","article-title":"What makes a great manager of software engineers","volume":"45","author":"Kalliamvakou Eirini","year":"2017","unstructured":"Eirini Kalliamvakou, Christian Bird, Thomas Zimmermann, Andrew Begel, Robert DeLine, and Daniel M. German. 2017. What makes a great manager of software engineers? IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering 45, 1 (2017), 87\u2013106.","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_85_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.infsof.2013.07.010"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_86_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/2207798"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_87_2","unstructured":"Boris Kubiak. 2024. Notes from a Tired Maintainer. Retrieved April 1 2024 from https:\/\/github.com\/pi0\/tired-maintainer"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_88_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/3532689.3532693"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_3_89_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1002\/joe.22130","article-title":"The impact of talent management practices on employee turnover and retention intentions","volume":"41","author":"Kumar Sourabh","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sourabh Kumar. 2022. The impact of talent management practices on employee turnover and retention intentions. Global Business and Organizational Excellence 41, 2 (2022), 21\u201334.","journal-title":"Global Business and Organizational Excellence"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_90_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2011.279"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_91_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3411764.3445749"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_3_92_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"One-time contributors to FLOSS: Surveys and data analysis","volume":"43","author":"Lee Amanda","year":"2018","unstructured":"Amanda Lee. 2018. One-time contributors to FLOSS: Surveys and data analysis. ACM SIGSOFT Software Engineering Notes 43, 1 (2018), 1\u20136.","journal-title":"ACM SIGSOFT Software Engineering Notes"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_3_93_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.publhealth.18.1.105","article-title":"Survival analysis in public health research","volume":"18","author":"Lee Elisa T.","year":"1997","unstructured":"Elisa T. Lee and Oscar T. Go. 1997. Survival analysis in public health research. Annual Review of Public Health 18, 1 (1997), 105\u2013134.","journal-title":"Annual Review of Public Health"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_3_3_94_2","first-page":"2173","article-title":"Are you still working on this? An empirical study on pull request abandonment","volume":"48","author":"Li Zhixing","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhixing Li, Yue Yu, Tao Wang, Gang Yin, Shanshan Li, and Huaimin Wang. 2021. Are you still working on this? An empirical study on pull request abandonment. IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering 48, 6 (2021), 2173\u20132188.","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_95_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3540250.3549082"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_96_2","first-page":"66","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE 12th International Conference on Global Software Engineering (ICGSE \u201917)","author":"Lin Bin","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bin Lin, Gregorio Robles, and Alexander Serebrenik. 2017. Developer turnover in global, industrial open source projects: Insights from applying survival analysis. In Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE 12th International Conference on Global Software Engineering (ICGSE \u201917). IEEE, 66\u201375."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_97_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2901739.2901777"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_98_2","first-page":"98","volume-title":"Adjunct Proceedings of the 2023 ACM International Joint Conference on Pervasive and Ubiquitous Computing and the 2023 ACM International Symposium on Wearable Computing","author":"Lin Yong-Han","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yong-Han Lin, Li-Ting Su, Uei-Dar Chen, Peng-Jui Wang, Yi-Chi Lee, and Yung-Ju Chang. 2023. Automatic, manual, or hybrid? A preliminary investigation of users\u2019 perception of features for supporting notification management. In Adjunct Proceedings of the 2023 ACM International Joint Conference on Pervasive and Ubiquitous Computing and the 2023 ACM International Symposium on Wearable Computing, 98\u2013102."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_99_2","unstructured":"Linux Foundation. 2023. Open Source Maintainers 2023 Report. Retrieved October 1 2025 from https:\/\/project.linuxfoundation.org\/hubfs\/LF%20Research\/Open%20Source%20Maintainers%202023%20-%20Report.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_100_2","unstructured":"Linux Foundation. 2024. KubeCon + CloudNativeCon North America 2024. Retrieved February 20 2025 from https:\/\/events.linuxfoundation.org\/kubecon-cloudnativecon-north-america\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_101_2","unstructured":"Linux Plumbers Conference. 2025. Linux Plumbers Conference. Retrieved February 20 2025 from https:\/\/lpc.events\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_102_2","unstructured":"Linux.com. 2024. Linux.com. Website. Retrieved June 11 2024 from https:\/\/www.linux.com"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_103_2","unstructured":"Linux.com Editorial Staff. 2021. Measuring the Health of Open Source Communities. Retrieved September 30 2025 from https:\/\/www.linux.com\/news\/measuring-the-health-of-open-source-communities\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_104_2","first-page":"1213","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2015 IEEE International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Engineering Management (IEEM \u201915)","author":"Low Jwen Fai","year":"2015","unstructured":"Jwen Fai Low, Tennom Yathog, and Davor Svetinovic. 2015. Software analytics study of open-source system survivability through social contagion. In Proceedings of the 2015 IEEE International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Engineering Management (IEEM \u201915). IEEE, 1213\u20131217."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_105_2","unstructured":"Matt Asay. 2020. What does an open source maintainer do after burnout? Retrieved March 1 2024 from https:\/\/www.infoworld.com\/article\/3563326\/what-does-an-open-source-maintainer-do-after-burnout.html"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_106_2","unstructured":"Katie McLaughlin. 2015. A Tool for Tracking Non-Code GitHub Contributions. Retrieved March 1 2024 from https:\/\/opensource.com\/life\/15\/10\/octohat-github-non-code-contribution-tracker"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_107_2","unstructured":"Microsoft. 2024. DeepSpeed. Retrieved September 24 2024 from https:\/\/github.com\/microsoft\/DeepSpeed"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_108_2","unstructured":"Vishal Midha and Prashant Palvia. 2007. Retention and quality in open source software projects. In Proceedings of the AMCIS 2007 (AMCIS \u201907) 25. Retrieved from https:\/\/aisel.aisnet.org\/amcis2007\/25"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_109_2","first-page":"116","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 15th IFIP WG 2.13 International Conference on Open Source Systems (OSS \u201919)","author":"Miller Courtney","year":"2019","unstructured":"Courtney Miller, David Gray Widder, Christian K\u00e4stner, and Bogdan Vasilescu. 2019. Why do people give up flossing? A study of contributor disengagement in open source. In Proceedings of the 15th IFIP WG 2.13 International Conference on Open Source Systems (OSS \u201919). Springer, 116\u2013129."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_110_2","unstructured":"Frank Nagle David A. Wheeler Hila Lifshitz-Assaf Haylee Ham and Jennifer L. Hoffman. 2020. Report on the 2020 FOSS Contributor Survey. Retrieved October 1 2025 from https:\/\/www.linuxfoundation.org\/resources\/publications\/foss-contributor-2020"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_111_2","first-page":"261","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE International Conference on Software Maintenance and Evolution (ICSME \u201917)","author":"Nassif Mathieu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mathieu Nassif and Martin P. Robillard. 2017. Revisiting turnover-induced knowledge loss in software projects. In Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE International Conference on Software Maintenance and Evolution (ICSME \u201917). IEEE, 261\u2013272."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_112_2","first-page":"229","article-title":"Inclusive human resource management","author":"Offermann Lynn R.","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lynn R. Offermann and Tessa E. Basford. 2013. Inclusive human resource management. In Diversity at Work: The Practice of Inclusion. Bernardo M. Ferdman and Barbara R. Deane (Eds.), 229\u2013259.","journal-title":"Diversity at Work: The Practice of Inclusion"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_113_2","unstructured":"Kiran Oliver. 2021. Dealing with Burnout in Open Source. Retrieved October 1 2024 from https:\/\/opensource.com\/article\/21\/7\/burnout-open-source"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_114_2","unstructured":"Open Source Initiative. 2024. Open Source Initiative Blog. Blog. Retrieved June 11 2024 from https:\/\/opensource.org\/blog"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_115_2","unstructured":"OpenUK. 2025. OpenUK\u2014The UK Organisation for Open Technology. Retrieved February 20 2025 from https:\/\/openuk.uk\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_116_2","unstructured":"OSI Policy Team. 2018. \u201cAnyone and Everyone \u201d Leslie Hawthorn Reflects on 20 Years of Open Source. Retrieved March 1 2024 from https:\/\/blog.opensource.org\/anyone-and-everyone-leslie-hawthorn-reflects-on-20-years-of-open-source\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_117_2","unstructured":"Ray Paik. 2022. How to Make Community Recognition More Inclusive. Retrieved March 1 2024 from https:\/\/opensource.com\/article\/22\/5\/inclusive-community-recognition"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_118_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2575.2002.00118.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_119_2","unstructured":"Jason Perlow. 2021. Interview with Shuah Khan Kernel Maintainer & Linux Fellow. Retrieved March 1 2024 from https:\/\/www.linux.com\/news\/interview-with-shuah-khan-kernel-maintainer-linux-fellow\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_120_2","volume-title":"High-Impact Human Capital Strategy: Addressing the 12 Major Challenges Today\u2019s Organizations Face","author":"Phillips Jack","year":"2015","unstructured":"Jack Phillips and Patricia Phillips. 2015. High-Impact Human Capital Strategy: Addressing the 12 Major Challenges Today\u2019s Organizations Face. Amacom."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_121_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17705\/1thci.00005"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_122_2","unstructured":"Brian Proffitt. 2021. Sharing Is Caring: Building Clearer Contribution Paths to Your Community. Retrieved October 1 2025 from https:\/\/www.redhat.com\/en\/blog\/sharing-caring-building-clearer-contribution-paths-your-community"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_123_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3544548.3581317"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_124_2","first-page":"688","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2019 IEEE\/ACM 41st International Conference on Software Engineering (ICSE \u201919). IEEE","author":"Qiu Huilian Sophie","year":"2019","unstructured":"Huilian Sophie Qiu, Alexander Nolte, Anita Brown, Alexander Serebrenik, and Bogdan Vasilescu. 2019. Going further together: The impact of social capital on sustained participation in open source. In Proceedings of the 2019 IEEE\/ACM 41st International Conference on Software Engineering (ICSE \u201919). IEEE, 688\u2013699."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_125_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3377816.3381732"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_126_2","unstructured":"Ashwin Ramaswami. 2023. Open Source Maintainers: What They Need and How to Support Them. Retrieved March 1 2024 from https:\/\/www.linuxfoundation.org\/blog\/open-source-maintainers-what-they-need-and-how-to-support-them"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_127_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3524842.3528506"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_128_2","first-page":"481","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Software Process Improvement and Capability Determination (SPICE \u201917)","author":"Rashid Mehvish","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mehvish Rashid, Paul M. Clarke, and Rory V. O\u2019Connor. 2017. Exploring knowledge loss in open source software (OSS) projects. In Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Software Process Improvement and Capability Determination (SPICE \u201917). Springer, 481\u2013495."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_129_2","unstructured":"Lucas Rees. 2023. How to Recruit and Retain Top Linux and Open Source Talent. Retrieved March 1 2024 from https:\/\/www.linuxcareers.com\/resources\/blog\/2023\/01\/how-to-recruit-and-retain-top-linux-and-open-source-talent\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_130_2","unstructured":"Tanya Reilly. 2024. Being Glue. Retrieved June 1 2024 from https:\/\/www.noidea.dog\/glue"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_131_2","unstructured":"r\/freesoftware. 2023. Cost of Maintaining Open Source Projects. Retrieved March 1 2024 from https:\/\/www.reddit.com\/r\/freesoftware\/comments\/15zzmtx\/cost_of_maintaining_open_source_projects\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_132_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3383219.3386125"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_133_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3524610.3527871"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_134_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Perceived diversity in software engineering: A systematic literature review","volume":"26","author":"Rodr\u00edguez-P\u00e9rez Gema","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gema Rodr\u00edguez-P\u00e9rez, Reza Nadri, and Meiyappan Nagappan. 2021. Perceived diversity in software engineering: A systematic literature review. Empirical Software Engineering 26 (2021), 1\u201338.","journal-title":"Empirical Software Engineering"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_135_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-32489-6_5"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_136_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4003","DOI":"10.1109\/HICSS.2014.495","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2014 47th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences","author":"Schilling Andreas","year":"2014","unstructured":"Andreas Schilling. 2014. What do we know about floss developers\u2019 attraction, retention, and commitment? a literature review. In Proceedings of the 2014 47th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences. IEEE, 4003\u20134012."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_137_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/HICSS.2012.644"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_138_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1109\/SEAA51224.2020.00029","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2020 46th Euromicro Conference on Software Engineering and Advanced Applications (SEAA20)","author":"Scott Ezequiel","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ezequiel Scott, Khaled Nimr Charkie, and Dietmar Pfahl. 2020. Productivity, turnover, and team stability of agile teams in open-source software projects. In Proceedings of the 2020 46th Euromicro Conference on Software Engineering and Advanced Applications (SEAA \u201920). IEEE, 124\u2013131."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_139_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/23311886.2020.1838706"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_140_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5195\/jmla.2021.1185"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_141_2","first-page":"331","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 8th IFIP WG 2.13 International Conference on Open Source Systems: Long-Term Sustainability (OSS \u201912)","author":"Sharma Pratyush N.","year":"2012","unstructured":"Pratyush N. Sharma, John Hulland, and Sherae Daniel. 2012. Examining turnover in open source software projects using logistic hierarchical linear modeling approach. In Proceedings of the 8th IFIP WG 2.13 International Conference on Open Source Systems: Long-Term Sustainability (OSS \u201912). Springer, 331\u2013337."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_142_2","unstructured":"Esther Shein. 2018. Linux Professionals Hard to Find Say Hiring Managers. Retrieved March 1 2024 from https:\/\/www.linux.com\/topic\/open-source\/linux-professionals-hard-find-say-hiring-managers\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_143_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3459990.3460708"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_144_2","unstructured":"Software Freedom Conservancy. 2024. Free and Open Source Software Yearly (FOSSY). Retrieved February 20 2025 from https:\/\/sfconservancy.org\/fossy\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_145_2","unstructured":"Software Freedom Conservancy. 2024. Software Freedom Conservancy Blog. Blog. Retrieved June 11 2024 from https:\/\/sfconservancy.org\/blog\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_146_2","unstructured":"Sophia Vargas. 2023. Showing Our Work: Study in Understanding Open Source Contributors. Retrieved March 1 2024 from https:\/\/opensource.googleblog.com\/2023\/09\/showing-our-work-study-in-understanding-open-source-contributors.html"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_3_147_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1177\/1534484319837030","article-title":"Exploring the boundaries of diversity and inclusion in human resource development","volume":"18","author":"Sparkman Torrence E.","year":"2019","unstructured":"Torrence E. Sparkman. 2019. Exploring the boundaries of diversity and inclusion in human resource development. Human Resource Development Review 18, 2 (2019), 173\u2013195.","journal-title":"Human Resource Development Review"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_148_2","unstructured":"Linux.com Editorial Staff. 2023. Maintainer Confidential: Opportunities and Challenges of the Ubiquitous but Under-Resourced Yocto Project. Retrieved March 1 2024 from https:\/\/www.linux.com\/audience\/maintainer-confidential-opportunities-and-challenges-of-the-ubiquitous-but-under-resourced-yocto-project\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_149_2","unstructured":"Linux.com Editorial Staff. 2024. Maintainer Confidential: Challenges and Opportunities One Year On. Retrieved October 1 2024 from https:\/\/www.linux.com\/news\/maintainer-confidential-challenges-and-opportunities-one-year-on\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_150_2","first-page":"1379","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 18th ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work and Social Computing","author":"Steinmacher Igor","year":"2015","unstructured":"Igor Steinmacher, Tayana Conte, Marco Aur\u00e9lio Gerosa, and David Redmiles. 2015. Social barriers faced by newcomers placing their first contribution in open source software projects. In Proceedings of the 18th ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work and Social Computing, 1379\u20131392."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_151_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2884781.2884806"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_152_2","first-page":"20","article-title":"Attracting, onboarding, and retaining newcomer developers in open source software projects","volume":"16","author":"Steinmacher Igor","year":"2014","unstructured":"Igor Steinmacher, Marco Aur\u00e9lio Gerosa, and David Redmiles. 2014. Attracting, onboarding, and retaining newcomer developers in open source software projects. In Proceedings of the Workshop on Global Software Development in a CSCW Perspective, Vol. 16, 20.","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Workshop on Global Software Development in a CSCW Perspective"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_153_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MS.2018.110162131"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_154_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1109\/CHASE.2013.6614728","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2013 6th International Workshop on Cooperative and Human Aspects of Software Engineering (CHASE \u201913)","author":"Steinmacher Igor","year":"2013","unstructured":"Igor Steinmacher, Igor Wiese, Ana Paula Chaves, and Marco Aur\u00e9lio Gerosa. 2013. Why do newcomers abandon open source software projects? In Proceedings of the 2013 6th International Workshop on Cooperative and Human Aspects of Software Engineering (CHASE \u201913). IEEE, 25\u201332."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_155_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SBES.2015.10"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_156_2","unstructured":"Margaret-Anne Storey Rashina Hoda Alessandra Maciel Paz Milani and Maria Teresa Baldassarre. 2024. Guiding principles for using mixed methods research in software engineering. arXiv:2404.06011. Retrieved from http:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2404.06011"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_157_2","unstructured":"S. V. Rohith. 2023. The Benefits and Drawbacks of OSS. Retrieved March 1 2024 from https:\/\/www.opensourceforu.com\/2023\/12\/the-benefits-and-drawbacks-of-oss\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_158_2","unstructured":"Pyomo Development Team. 2024. Pyomo: Python Optimization Modeling Objects. Retrieved September 24 2024 from https:\/\/github.com\/Pyomo\/pyomo"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_159_2","unstructured":"The Linux Foundation. 2024. The OpenJS Foundation Announces the Ecosystem Sustainability Program (ESP) with HeroDevs as the First Partner. Retrieved August 1 2024 from https:\/\/www.linuxfoundation.org\/press\/the-openjs-foundation-announces-the-ecosystem-sustainability-program-with-herodevs-as-the-first-partner"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_160_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-21521-6_18","volume-title":"Privacy Online: Perspectives on Privacy and Self-Disclosure in the Social Web","author":"Thelwall Mike","year":"2011","unstructured":"Mike Thelwall. 2011. Privacy and gender in the social web. In Privacy Online: Perspectives on Privacy and Self-Disclosure in the Social Web. Sabine Trepte and Leonard Reinecke (Eds.), Springer, 251\u2013265."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_161_2","first-page":"1","volume-title":"ANZAM Conference 2013","author":"Townsend Keith","year":"2013","unstructured":"Keith Townsend. 2013. Saturation and run off: How many interviews are required in qualitative research. In ANZAM Conference 2013. Australian and New Zealand Academy of Management, 1\u201317."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_162_2","first-page":"293","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2021 IEEE\/ACM 43rd International Conference on Software Engineering: Companion Proceedings (ICSE-Companion \u201921)","author":"Trinkenreich Bianca","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bianca Trinkenreich. 2021. Please don\u2019t go\u2014A comprehensive approach to increase women\u2019s participation in open source software. In Proceedings of the 2021 IEEE\/ACM 43rd International Conference on Software Engineering: Companion Proceedings (ICSE-Companion \u201921). IEEE, 293\u2013298."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_163_2","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction","volume":"4","author":"Trinkenreich Bianca","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bianca Trinkenreich, Mariam Guizani, Igor Wiese, Anita Sarma, and Igor Steinmacher. 2020. Hidden figures: Roles and pathways of successful OSS contributors. Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction 4, CSCW2 (2020), 1\u201322."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_164_2","first-page":"319","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2023 IEEE\/ACM 45th International Conference on Software Engineering (ICSE \u201923)","author":"Trinkenreich Bianca","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bianca Trinkenreich, Klaas-Jan Stol, Anita Sarma, Daniel M. German, Marco A. Gerosa, and Igor Steinmacher. 2023. Do I belong? Modelling sense of virtual community among Linux kernel contributors. In Proceedings of the 2023 IEEE\/ACM 45th International Conference on Software Engineering (ICSE \u201923). IEEE, 319\u2013331."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_165_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3510460"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_166_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2568225.2568315"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_167_2","unstructured":"Liam Tung. 2023. Microsoft Told We\u2019re not Happy by GitHub Contributors to Open Source.NET Core WPF. Retrieved March 1 2024 from https:\/\/www.zdnet.com\/article\/microsoft-told-were-not-happy-by-github-contributors-to-open-source-net-core-wpf\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_168_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3236024.3236062"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_169_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/iwc\/iwt047"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_170_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2702123.2702549"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_171_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2786805.2786850"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_172_2","unstructured":"Steven Vaughan-Nichols. 2023. What Linux Kernel Maintainers Do and Why They Need Your Help. Retrieved March 1 2024 from https:\/\/www.zdnet.com\/article\/what-linux-kernel-maintainers-do-and-why-they-need-your-help\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_173_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3613904.3642572"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_3_174_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2020.03.012","article-title":"Cross-sectional studies: Strengths, weaknesses, and recommendations","volume":"158","author":"Wang Xiaofeng","year":"2020","unstructured":"Xiaofeng Wang and Zhenshun Cheng. 2020. Cross-sectional studies: Strengths, weaknesses, and recommendations. Chest 158, 1 (2020) S65\u2013S71.","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_175_2","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction","volume":"5","author":"Wessel Mairieli","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mairieli Wessel, Igor Wiese, Igor Steinmacher, and Marco Aurelio Gerosa. 2021. Don\u2019t disturb me: Challenges of interacting with software bots on open source software projects. Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction 5, CSCW2 (2021), 1\u201321."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_176_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2601248.2601268"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_177_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/IMDS-12-2018-0546"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_178_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2197\/ipsjjip.24.339"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_179_2","first-page":"3396","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2012 45th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences","author":"Yu Yiqing","year":"2012","unstructured":"Yiqing Yu, Alexander Benlian, and Thomas Hess. 2012. An empirical study of volunteer members\u2019 perceived turnover in open source software projects. In Proceedings of the 2012 45th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences. IEEE, 3396\u20133405."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_180_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3510849"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_181_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3540250.3549117"},{"issue":"10","key":"e_1_3_3_182_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2242","DOI":"10.1109\/TSE.2019.2946156","article-title":"Companies\u2019 participation in OSS development\u2013an empirical study of OpenStack","volume":"47","author":"Zhang Yuxia","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yuxia Zhang, Minghui Zhou, Audris Mockus, and Zhi Jin. 2019. Companies\u2019 participation in OSS development\u2013an empirical study of OpenStack. IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering 47, 10 (2019), 2242\u20132259.","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_183_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dss.2009.08.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_184_2","volume-title":"Fast Software Encryption Workshop","author":"Zhou Minghui","year":"2010","unstructured":"Minghui Zhou and Audris Mockus. 2010. Developer fluency: Achieving true mastery in software projects. In Fast Software Encryption Workshop. Retrieved from https:\/\/api.semanticscholar.org\/CorpusID:16825213"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_185_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1985793.1985831"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_186_2","first-page":"518","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2012 34th International Conference on Software Engineering (ICSE \u201912)","author":"Zhou Minghui","year":"2012","unstructured":"Minghui Zhou and Audris Mockus. 2012. What make long term contributors: Willingness and opportunity in OSS community. In Proceedings of the 2012 34th International Conference on Software Engineering (ICSE \u201912). IEEE, 518\u2013528."},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_3_187_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1109\/TSE.2014.2349496","article-title":"Who will stay in the floss community? modeling participant\u2019s initial behavior","volume":"41","author":"Zhou Minghui","year":"2014","unstructured":"Minghui Zhou and Audris Mockus. 2014. Who will stay in the floss community? modeling participant\u2019s initial behavior. IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering 41, 1 (2014), 82\u201399.","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_188_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2876443"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_189_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2022.3147154"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_190_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9781003075011-17"}],"container-title":["ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3769012","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T14:49:01Z","timestamp":1781707741000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3769012"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]]},"references-count":189,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3769012"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3769012","relation":{},"ISSN":["1049-331X","1557-7392"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1049-331X","type":"print"},{"value":"1557-7392","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-02-20","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-09-09","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-06-17","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}