{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T21:43:56Z","timestamp":1776116636288,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":122,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    As AI becomes increasingly prevalent in creative domains, it is imperative to understand users\u2019 mental models of AI in human\u2013AI co-creation as mental models shape user experiences. Additionally, gaining insights into users\u2019 mental models is essential for the development of human-centered co-creative AI. This article introduces a framework for exploring users\u2019 mental models of co-creative AI. Using a large-scale study (n\u2009=\u2009155), we explore mental models of two existing AI systems, ChatGPT and Stable Diffusion, in co-creation contexts. Participants engaged in creative tasks with both AI and completed surveys, revealing insights into mental models and their associations with demographic factors and users\u2019 ethical stances. The results highlight the major types and patterns of mental models of AI in co-creative contexts. Findings also reveal that individuals with expertise in AI typically have\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Partnership-oriented<\/jats:italic>\n                    mental models of co-creative AI, while those lacking AI literacy tend to have more\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Tool-oriented<\/jats:italic>\n                    mental models. Furthermore, individuals with\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Partnership-oriented<\/jats:italic>\n                    mental models usually have a positive ethical perspective toward anthropomorphism in AI, data collection by AI, and AI\u2019s societal impact. Additionally, results highlight that conversational co-creative AI is generally perceived as a collaborator, whereas non-conversational AI is typically viewed as a tool.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3769072","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,24]],"date-time":"2025-09-24T10:19:35Z","timestamp":1758709175000},"page":"1-26","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["An Exploration of Mental Models of AI in Human\u2013AI Co-Creativity: A Framework and Insights"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1824-249X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeba","family":"Rezwana","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Towson University, Towson, Maryland, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4150-0322","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mary Lou","family":"Maher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, North Carolina, USA"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","unstructured":"Prolific. 2014. 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