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We also propose a character detection model named DongbaBPN, capable of precisely locating and detecting Dongba characters at the character level in complex pages. Specifically, our method directly models the boundaries of Dongba characters and consists of a feature extraction backbone similar to an FPN, an initial boundary proposal module, and a GCN-based boundary iterative refinement module. The boundary proposal module generates initial Dongba character boundary proposals by extracting feature semantic information, and then, the boundary iterative refinement module progressively refines these proposals until the boundaries can accurately locate and cover individual Dongba characters. Additionally, we conducted comparative experiments with other state-of-the-art text detection models, and our method achieved the best performance in the Dongba character detection task.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3769078","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,23]],"date-time":"2025-09-23T13:17:36Z","timestamp":1758633456000},"page":"1-22","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["DongbaBPN: Dongba Character Detection Based on Boundary GCN"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-1151-6980","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yongbo","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Computer and Information Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-1617-6823","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuqi","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Computer and Information Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-0943-9193","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yueran","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Computer and Information Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-7563-1970","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guang","family":"Long","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Computer and Information Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-3574-3086","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ruiyuan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Computer and Information Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-4888-8384","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Youxin","family":"Liao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Computer and Information Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-4050-9084","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wenjun","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Computer and Information Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2860-719X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaoliang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chinese Philology Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-0232-4988","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xun","family":"Pu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Computer and Information Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2024-2432","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sheng","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Computer and Information Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-2531-9881","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Computer and Information Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6179-8333","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shanxiong","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Computer and Information Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, China and Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Intelligent Analysis and Security Governance of Ethnic Languages, Minzu University of China, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_1_2_2","first-page":"71","article-title":"Dongba culture overview","volume":"2","author":"Ge A. 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