{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T22:37:19Z","timestamp":1768343839907,"version":"3.49.0"},"publisher-location":"New York, NY, USA","reference-count":22,"publisher":"ACM","funder":[{"name":"CN1 \u201cNational Centre for HPC, Big Data and Quantum Computing\u201d","award":["CUP-J33C22001170001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CUP-J33C22001170001"]}]},{"name":"PE01 \u201cFuture Artificial Intelligence Research\u201d","award":["CUP-J33C22002830006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CUP-J33C22002830006"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,16]]},"DOI":"10.1145\/3769126.3769262","type":"proceedings-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T14:50:37Z","timestamp":1768315837000},"page":"374-378","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["EVENS: Equality versus Equity Notion Spectrum of LLMs"],"prefix":"10.1145","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-0591-0891","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qingjing","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Alma AI, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-9002-1571","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rongxin","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Law, Institute for AI and Law, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-9212-0401","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Law, Institute for AI and Law, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-4186-7746","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ziheng","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Law, Institute for AI and Law, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-8205-2651","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kangxin","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Law, Institute for AI and Law, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-2915-6496","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peiming","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Law, Institute for AI and Law, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5265-0660","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rotolo","family":"Antonino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Alma AI, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-8684-7977","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yun","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Law, Institute for AI and Law, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-7539-4242","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Weixing","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3442188.3445922"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alycia\u00a0N. Carey and Xintao Wu. 2023. The statistical fairness field guide: perspectives from social and formal sciences. AI and Ethics 3 1 (Feb. 2023) 1\u201323.","DOI":"10.1007\/s43681-022-00183-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3442188.3445924"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cynthia Dwork Moritz Hardt Toniann Pitassi Omer Reingold and Richard\u00a0S. Zemel. 2011. Fairness Through Awareness. CoRR abs\/1104.3913 (2011) 214\u2013226. arXiv:https:\/\/arXiv.org\/abs\/1104.3913","DOI":"10.1145\/2090236.2090255"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shira Elqayam and Jonathan St B.\u00a0T. Evans. 2011. Subtracting \"ought\" from \"is\": descriptivism versus normativism in the study of human thinking. The Behavioral and Brain Sciences 34 5 (Oct. 2011) 233\u2013248; discussion 249\u2013290.","DOI":"10.1017\/S0140525X1100001X"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pratyush Garg John Villasenor and Virginia Foggo. 2020. Fairness Metrics: A Comparative Analysis. Issue: arXiv:https:\/\/arXiv.org\/abs\/2001.07864 arXiv:2001.07864 [cs].","DOI":"10.1109\/BigData50022.2020.9378025"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_8_2","first-page":"46","volume-title":"Central Works of Philosophy v1","author":"Gottlieb Paula","year":"2015","unstructured":"Paula Gottlieb. 2015. Aristotle: nicomachean ethics. In Central Works of Philosophy v1. Routledge, London, 46\u201368."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_9_2","unstructured":"Mengxuan Hu Hongyi Wu Zihan Guan Ronghang Zhu Dongliang Guo Daiqing Qi and Sheng Li. 2024. No Free Lunch: Retrieval-Augmented Generation Undermines Fairness in LLMs Even for Vigilant Users."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"To\u00a0Eun Kim and Fernando Diaz. 2025. Towards Fair RAG: On the Impact of Fair Ranking in Retrieval-Augmented Generation.","DOI":"10.1145\/3731120.3744599"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_11_2","unstructured":"Jiaqi Li Yixuan Tang and Yi Yang. 2024. Know the Unknown: An Uncertainty-Sensitive Method for LLM Instruction Tuning."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martha Minow. 2021. EQUALITY VS. EQUITY. American Journal of Law and Equality 1 (09 2021) 167\u2013193.","DOI":"10.1162\/ajle_a_00019"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alicia Parrish Angelica Chen Nikita Nangia Vishakh Padmakumar Jason Phang Jana Thompson Phu\u00a0Mon Htut and Samuel\u00a0R. Bowman. 2022. BBQ: A Hand-Built Bias Benchmark for Question Answering. arXiv:https:\/\/arXiv.org\/abs\/2110.08193.","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2022.findings-acl.165"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2024.acl-long.816"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zahraa\u00a0Al Sahili Ioannis Patras and Matthew Purver. 2025. FairCoT: Enhancing Fairness in Diffusion Models via Chain of Thought Reasoning of Multimodal Language Models.","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2025.findings-emnlp.42"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Samuel Scheffler. 1983. After virtue: A study in moral theory.","DOI":"10.2307\/2184489"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_17_2","unstructured":"Miles Turpin Julian Michael Ethan Perez and Samuel\u00a0R. Bowman. 2023. Language Models Don\u2019t Always Say What They Think: Unfaithful Explanations in Chain-of-Thought Prompting."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_18_2","unstructured":"HR\u00a0Grapevine USA. 2025. Cutting DEI programs leads to increased legal risks for employers thinktank says. remark: 1."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Graham\u00a0F. Wagstaff. 1994. Equity equality and need: Three principles of justice or one? An analysis of \u201cequity as desert\u201d. Current Psychology 13 2 (June 1994) 138\u2013152. Number: 2.","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02686797"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_20_2","unstructured":"Anne\u00a0L Washington. 2018. How to argue with an algorithm: Lessons from the COMPAS-ProPublica debate. Colo. Tech. LJ 17 (2018) 131."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Laura Weidinger Kevin\u00a0R. McKee Richard Everett Saffron Huang Tina\u00a0O. Zhu Martin\u00a0J. Chadwick Christopher Summerfield and Iason Gabriel. 2023. Using the Veil of Ignorance to align AI systems with principles of justice. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 120 18 (May 2023) e2213709120.","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2213709120"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_22_2","unstructured":"Xuyang Wu Shuowei Li Hsin-Tai Wu Zhiqiang Tao and Yi Fang. 2025. Does RAG Introduce Unfairness in LLMs? Evaluating Fairness in Retrieval-Augmented Generation Systems."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_23_2","unstructured":"Chujie Zheng Hao Zhou Fandong Meng Jie Zhou and Minlie Huang. 2024. Large Language Models Are Not Robust Multiple Choice Selectors."}],"event":{"name":"ICAIL 2025: 20th International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Law","location":"Chicago , IL , USA","acronym":"ICAIL 2025"},"container-title":["Proceedings of the Twentieth International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Law"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3769126.3769262","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T15:48:23Z","timestamp":1768319303000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3769126.3769262"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,16]]},"references-count":22,"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3769126.3769262","10.1145\/3769126"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3769126.3769262","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,16]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-01-13","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}