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Previous attempts to integrate order-fairness have often introduced substantial performance overhead, largely due to limitations of the underlying consensus protocols. This paper presents DAG of DAGs (DoD), a high-performance order-fairness protocol designed on top of DAG-based BFT consensus protocols. By leveraging the high throughput and resilience of DAG-based protocols, DoD addresses the performance limitations of existing order-fairness solutions. DoD's novel DAG of DAGs architecture enables seamless integration of order fairness with BFT consensus protocols. Through concurrent block proposals and a wave-based leader election mechanism, DoD significantly improves resilience against adversarial manipulation. A prototype implementation and experimental evaluation demonstrate that DoD effectively provides order fairness with minimal performance overhead.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3769777","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,6]],"date-time":"2025-12-06T04:32:13Z","timestamp":1764995533000},"page":"1-27","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["DAG of DAGs: Order-Fairness Made Practical"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"3","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-7040-0655","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Heena","family":"Nagda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-1508-9401","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sidharth","family":"Sankhe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-3390-2547","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sakshi","family":"Sinha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-0208-9818","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Keon","family":"Attarha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Plano West Senior High School, Plano, Texas, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6220-8363","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammad Javad","family":"Amiri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4757-1746","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Boon Thau","family":"Loo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","volume-title":"Solida: A Blockchain Protocol Based on Reconfigurable Byzantine Consensus. 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