{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T18:08:20Z","timestamp":1782324500705,"version":"3.54.5"},"publisher-location":"New York, NY, USA","reference-count":62,"publisher":"ACM","content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,11]]},"DOI":"10.1145\/3769994.3770009","type":"proceedings-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,6]],"date-time":"2025-11-06T16:35:41Z","timestamp":1762446941000},"page":"1-12","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Navigating Appropriate Help-seeking with LLMs: Associations with Motivation and Beliefs in a CS course"],"prefix":"10.1145","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-7737-6729","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephanie","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Harvard Graduate School of Education, Cambridge, MA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-1897-614X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Melissa","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0922-2593","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bertrand","family":"Schneider","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Harvard Graduate School of Education, Cambridge, MA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Olusola\u00a0O Adesope Mingming Zhou and John\u00a0C Nesbit. 2015. Achievement goal orientations and self-reported study strategies as predictors of online studying activities. J. Educ. Comput. Res. 53 3 (Dec. 2015) 436\u2013458. 10.1177\/0735633115603989","DOI":"10.1177\/0735633115603989"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Cheryl\u00a0S Alexander and Henry\u00a0Jay Becker. 1978. The use of vignettes in survey research. Public Opin. Q. 42 1 (1978) 93. 10.1086\/268432","DOI":"10.1086\/268432"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3699538.3699567"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Samuel Boguslawski Rowan Deer and Mark\u00a0G. Dawson. 2024. Programming education and learner motivation in the age of generative AI: student and educator perspectives. Information and Learning Sciences 126 1\/2 (July 2024) 91\u2013109. 10.1108\/ILS-10-2023-0163","DOI":"10.1108\/ILS-10-2023-0163"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Conrad Borchers and Tianze Shou. 2025. Can large Language Models match tutoring system adaptivity? A benchmarking study. ArXiv abs\/2504.05570 (April 2025) 407\u2013420. 10.48550\/arXiv.2504.05570 arXiv:https:\/\/arXiv.org\/abs\/2504.05570","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.2504.05570"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Neil C\u00a0C Brown Pierre Weill-Tessier Juho Leinonen Paul Denny and Michael K\u00f6lling. 2025. Howzat? Appealing to expert judgement for evaluating human and AI next-step hints for novice programmers. ACM Trans. Comput. Educ. (May 2025). 10.1145\/3737885","DOI":"10.1145\/3737885"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ruth Butler. 1998. Determinants of help seeking: Relations between perceived reasons for classroom help-avoidance and help-seeking behaviors in an experimental context. J. Educ. Psychol. 90 4 (Dec. 1998) 630\u2013643. 10.1037\/0022-0663.90.4.630","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0663.90.4.630"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Yuk\u00a0Fai Cheong Frank Pajares and Paul\u00a0S Oberman. 2004. Motivation and academic help-seeking in high school computer science. Comput. Sci. Educ. 14 1 (Jan. 2004) 3\u201319. 10.1076\/csed.14.1.3.23501","DOI":"10.1076\/csed.14.1.3.23501"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Georgina Cosma and Mike Joy. 2008. Towards a definition of source-code plagiarism. IEEE Trans. Educ. 51 2 (May 2008) 195\u2013200. 10.1109\/te.2007.906776","DOI":"10.1109\/te.2007.906776"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1121341.1121358"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Paul Denny Viraj Kumar and Nasser Giacaman. 2022. Conversing with Copilot: Exploring prompt engineering for solving CS1 problems using natural language. arXiv [cs.HC] (Oct. 2022) 1136\u20131142. 10.1145\/3545945.3569823 arxiv:https:\/\/arXiv.org\/abs\/2210.15157\u00a0[cs.HC]","DOI":"10.1145\/3545945.3569823"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3649217.3653574"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3488042.3488052"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Anderw\u00a0J Elliot and Holly\u00a0A McGregor. 2001. A 2 X 2 achievement goal framework. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 80 3 (March 2001) 501\u2013519. 10.1037\/0022-3514.80.3.501","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.80.3.501"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Yizhou Fan Luzhen Tang Huixiao Le Kejie Shen Shufang Tan Yueying Zhao Yuan Shen Xinyu Li and Dragan Ga\u0161evi\u0107. 2024. Beware of metacognitive laziness: Effects of generative artificial intelligence on learning motivation processes and performance. arXiv [cs.AI] (Dec. 2024). 10.1111\/bjet.13544 arxiv:https:\/\/arXiv.org\/abs\/2412.09315\u00a0[cs.AI]","DOI":"10.1111\/bjet.13544"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Carlton\u00a0J Fong Cassandra Gonzales Christie Hill-Troglin Cox and Holly\u00a0B Shinn. 2021. Academic Help-Seeking and Achievement of Postsecondary Students: A Meta-Analytic Investigation. J. Educ. Psychol. 115 1 (Dec. 2021). 10.1037\/edu0000725","DOI":"10.1037\/edu0000725"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ursula Fuller Joyce\u00a0Currie Little Bob Keim Charles Riedesel Diana Fitch and Su White. 2010. Perspectives on developing and assessing professional values in computing. SIGCSE Bull. 41 4 (Jan. 2010) 174\u2013194. 10.1145\/1709424.1709461","DOI":"10.1145\/1709424.1709461"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sharon Nelson-Le Gall. 1981. Help-seeking: An understudied problem-solving skill in children. Dev. Rev. 1 3 (Sept. 1981) 224\u2013246. 10.1016\/0273-2297(81)90019-8","DOI":"10.1016\/0273-2297(81)90019-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zhikai Gao Bradley Erickson Yiqiao Xu Collin Lynch Sarah Heckman and Tiffany Barnes. 2022. You asked now what? Modeling Students\u2019 Help-Seeking and Coding actions from Request to Resolution. JEDM 14 3 (Dec. 2022) 109\u2013131. 10.5281\/zenodo.7304908","DOI":"10.5281\/zenodo.7304908"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3372782.3406273"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_22_2","unstructured":"Mark Guzdial. 2024. Learning to Program Matters for Liberal Arts and Sciences Students in the Age of AI. https:\/\/medium.com\/@markguzdial\/learning-to-program-matters-for-liberal-arts-and-sciences-students-in-the-age-of-ai-bcfd3d2a7c6e. Accessed: 2025-7-22."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3724363.3729024"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3636243.3636248"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mike Joy Georgina Cosma Jane Yin-Kim Yau and Jane Sinclair. 2011. Source Code Plagiarism\u2014A Student Perspective. IEEE Trans. Educ. 54 1 (Feb. 2011) 125\u2013132. 10.1109\/te.2010.2046664","DOI":"10.1109\/te.2010.2046664"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Stuart\u00a0A Karabenick. 2003. Seeking help in large college classes: A person-centered approach. Contemp. Educ. Psychol. 28 1 (Jan. 2003) 37\u201358. 10.1016\/s0361-476x(02)00012-7","DOI":"10.1016\/s0361-476x(02)00012-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Stuart\u00a0A Karabenick. 2004. Perceived Achievement Goal Structure and College Student Help Seeking. J. Educ. Psychol. 96 3 (Sept. 2004) 569\u2013581. 10.1037\/0022-0663.96.3.569","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0663.96.3.569"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Stuart\u00a0A Karabenick and John\u00a0R Knapp. 1991. Relationship of academic help seeking to the use of learning strategies and other instrumental achievement behavior in college students. J. Educ. Psychol. 83 2 (June 1991) 221\u2013230. 10.1037\/0022-0663.83.2.221","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0663.83.2.221"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_29_2","unstructured":"Majeed Kazemitabaar Oliver Huang Sangho Suh Austin\u00a0Z Henley and Tovi Grossman. 2024. Exploring the design space of cognitive engagement techniques with AI-generated code for enhanced learning. arXiv [cs.HC] (Oct. 2024). arxiv:https:\/\/arXiv.org\/abs\/2410.08922\u00a0[cs.HC]"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3613904.3642773"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hieke Keuning Isaac Alpizar-Chacon Ioanna Lykourentzou Lauren Beehler Christian K\u00f6ppe Imke de Jong and Sergey Sosnovsky. 2024. Students\u2019 perceptions and use of generative AI tools for programming across different computing courses. arXiv [cs.CY] (Oct. 2024). 10.1145\/3699538.3699546 arxiv:https:\/\/arXiv.org\/abs\/2410.06865\u00a0[cs.CY]","DOI":"10.1145\/3699538.3699546"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Shao-Heng Ko and Kristin Stephens-Martinez. 2025. Rethinking computing students\u2019 help resource utilization through sequentiality. ACM Trans. Comput. Educ. 25 1 (March 2025) 1\u201334. 10.1145\/3716860","DOI":"10.1145\/3716860"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3502718.3524786"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3568813.3600138"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3631802.3631830"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3545945.3569766"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3626252.3630938"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Jason\u00a0M Lodge Suijing Yang Leon Furze and Phillip Dawson. 2023. It\u2019s not like a calculator so what is the relationship between learners and generative artificial intelligence? Learn. Res. Pr. 9 2 (July 2023) 117\u2013124. 10.1080\/23735082.2023.2261106","DOI":"10.1080\/23735082.2023.2261106"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Alina Mailach Dominik Gorgosch Norbert Siegmund and Janet Siegmund. 2025. \u201cOk Pal we have to code that now\u201d: interaction patterns of programming beginners with a conversational chatbot. Empir. Softw. Eng. 30 1 (Feb. 2025) 1\u201333. 10.1007\/s10664-024-10561-6","DOI":"10.1007\/s10664-024-10561-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3649217.3653621"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3408877.3432533"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Richard\u00a0S Newman. 1998. Students\u2019 help seeking during problem solving: Influences of personal and contextual achievement goals. J. Educ. Psychol. 90 4 (Dec. 1998) 644\u2013658. 10.1037\/0022-0663.90.4.644","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0663.90.4.644"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3632620.3671098"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_44_2","unstructured":"Paul Pintrich. 1989. The dynamic interplay of student motivation and cognition in the college classroom. Advances in motivation and achievement (1989)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Paul\u00a0R Pintrich David A\u00a0F Smith Teresa Garcia and Wilbert\u00a0J McKeachie. 1993. Reliability and predictive validity of the motivated strategies for learning questionnaire (mslq). Educ. Psychol. Meas. 53 3 (Sept. 1993) 801\u2013813. 10.1177\/0013164493053003024","DOI":"10.1177\/0013164493053003024"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Allison\u00a0M Ryan and Paul\u00a0R Pintrich. 1997. \u201cShould I Ask for Help?\u201d The Role of Motivation and Attitudes in Adolescents\u2019 Help Seeking in Math Class. J. Educ. Psychol. 2 2 (Jan. 1997) 326\u2013341. 10.1037\/\/0022-0663.89.2.329","DOI":"10.1037\/\/0022-0663.89.2.329"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Christian Schlusche Lenka Schnaubert and Daniel Bodemer. 2022. Understanding students\u2019 academic help-seeking on digital devices \u2013 a qualitative analysis. Res. Pract. Technol. Enhanc. Learn. 18 (Nov. 2022) 017. 10.58459\/rptel.2023.18017","DOI":"10.58459\/rptel.2023.18017"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1999747.1999813"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3636243.3636249"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3024906.3024910"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3017680.3017800"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3649217.3653575"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3724363.3729060"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3613904.3642902"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3716640.3716656"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bram\u00a0E Vaessen Frans\u00a0J Prins and Johan Jeuring. 2014. University students\u2019 achievement goals and help-seeking strategies in an intelligent tutoring system. Comput. Educ. 72 (March 2014) 196\u2013208. 10.1016\/j.compedu.2013.11.001","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2013.11.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3017680.3017745"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ruiwei Xiao Xinying Hou Runlong Ye Majeed Kazemitabaar Nicholas Diana Michael Liut and John Stamper. 2025. Improving Student-AI Interaction Through Pedagogical Prompting: An Example in Computer Science Education. 10.48550\/arXiv.2506.19107arXiv:https:\/\/arXiv.org\/abs\/2506.19107 [cs].","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.2506.19107"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/cseet62301.2024.10663035"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3632620.3671092"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3641554.3701864"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3724363.3729095"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Akane Zusho and Peggy\u00a0A Barnett. 2011. Personal and contextual determinants of ethnically diverse female high school students\u2019 patterns of academic help seeking and help avoidance in English and mathematics. Contemp. Educ. Psychol. 36 2 (April 2011) 152\u2013164. 10.1016\/j.cedpsych.2011.02.002","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cedpsych.2011.02.002"}],"event":{"name":"Koli Calling '25: 25th Koli Calling International Conference on Computing Education Research","location":"Koli Finland","acronym":"Koli Calling '25"},"container-title":["Proceedings of the 25th Koli Calling International Conference on Computing Education Research"],"original-title":[],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,6]],"date-time":"2025-11-06T17:04:09Z","timestamp":1762448649000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3769994.3770009"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,10]]},"references-count":62,"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3769994.3770009","10.1145\/3769994"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3769994.3770009","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-11-10","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}