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Educ."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Background and context: Although out-of-school time (OST) computer science (CS) experiences during the high school years have been considered an efficacious means to cultivate students\u2019 career interest in CS, there has been a paucity of rigorous research on the topic.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Objective: Examine the effects of a wide variety of OST activities on students\u2019 career interest in CS.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Method: We carried out a retrospective cohort study, collecting data from a nationally representative sample of 6,044 U.S. first year university students. From 27 survey items about OST CS-related activities during high school, we first selected a list of top-ranking influential variables through machine learning. Then, a multinomial logistic regression was used to examine the relationship between these top-ranking variables and students\u2019 career interests at the end of high school.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Findings: The analysis showed that high school aged students\u2019 participation in unstructured CS-related activities (e.g.,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">talking about CS with family or friends<\/jats:italic>\n                    ); structured CS-related activities (e.g.,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">CS-related summer camps or programs<\/jats:italic>\n                    ); along with the opportunities that students experienced during OST CS programs\/activities (e.g.,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">designing their own CS projects<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) boosted interest in a CS career vis-\u00e0-vis careers in other-STEM or non-STEM fields. It also showed that engaging in some activities (e.g.,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">using social media<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) was associated with a decreased likelihood of intending a CS career, compared to a career in other-STEM or non-STEM fields. An interaction effect between having a prior career interest in CS and\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">creating blogs\/podcasts\/video<\/jats:italic>\n                    was also observed.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Implications: First large-scale analysis of CS OST related activities on CS career interest.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3770069","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,30]],"date-time":"2025-09-30T15:25:37Z","timestamp":1759245937000},"page":"1-25","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Influences of Precollege Out-of-School Time Computer Science Experiences on Students\u2019 Career Interest in Computer Science"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0457-2738","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rongxiu","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Science Education Department, Harvard College Observatory, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0931-3399","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susan","family":"Sunbury","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Science Education Department, Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7578-4047","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Philip","family":"Sadler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Harvard College Observatory, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4138-2044","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gerhard","family":"Sonnert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Harvard College Observatory, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,16]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_2_2_1","first-page":"11","article-title":"Beyond the classroom","volume":"106","author":"Arveson P.","year":"2020","unstructured":"P. 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