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However, prior HR techniques amplify users' hand movements without considering their engagement level, while active mental engagement is vital for stimulating neuroplasticity which enhances rehabilitation effects. To fully engage patients during rehabilitation, we proposed a Motor Imagery (MI)-driven HR technique, which only amplifies the virtual hand movement when users are fully engaged based on active brain signals. Our study with stroke patients revealed that, compared with Default-HR and No-HR, the MI-HR better engages patients' attention, while they perform better than No-HR in both HR conditions. We further discuss the design implications and potential applications of the system in broader rehabilitation scenarios.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3770642","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,2]],"date-time":"2025-12-02T19:42:32Z","timestamp":1764704552000},"page":"1-27","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Toward Designing Motor Imagery-driven Hand Redirection in Virtual Reality for Upper Limb Rehabilitation"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9441-5519","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peixuan","family":"Xiong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Computational Media and Arts Thrust, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, Guangdong, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9805-3623","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jinhui","family":"Ouyang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Design, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-5417-5512","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhiqing","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computational Media and Arts Thrust, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, Guangdong, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-8096-2785","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yukai","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computational Media and Arts Thrust, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, Guangdong, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6900-8543","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xian","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-0908-8499","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chen","family":"Gong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2079-3568","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuling","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0356-4712","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mingming","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China and The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_2_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(21)00252-0","article-title":"Global, regional, and national burden of stroke and its risk factors, 1990\u20132019: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2019","volume":"20","author":"Valery L","year":"2021","unstructured":"Valery L et al. 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