{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,2]],"date-time":"2025-12-02T19:52:02Z","timestamp":1764705122663,"version":"3.46.0"},"reference-count":89,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,2]],"date-time":"2025-12-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764633600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CNS-2142978, CNS-2504963, CNS-2213688, CNS-2112562"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CNS-2142978, CNS-2504963, CNS-2213688, CNS-2112562"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. ACM Interact. Mob. Wearable Ubiquitous Technol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Understanding spatial and temporal variations in soil moisture is critical for sustainable agriculture. Contactless approaches such as ground-penetrating radar and satellite sensing are either expensive or offer limited resolution, making them less scalable. In-situ sensors provide higher resolution but often involve challenging data retrieval processes and wired infrastructure. In this work, we propose EC-Sense, a wire-free system for in-situ soil moisture sensing that employs ultra-low-power sensor Tags buried underground and reference Tags placed on the surface. EC-Sense introduces a novel sensing modality based on energy capture time (EC Time), defined as the time taken by a sensor Tag to harvest sufficient energy to activate a response. EC Time serves as a proxy for path loss in soil, which correlates strongly with soil moisture. By leveraging differential path loss\u2014estimated from the EC Times of both surface and buried Tags\u2014EC-Sense isolates soil-induced attenuation from environmental effects above ground. This differential sensing approach, combined with a decoupled sensing and communication architecture, enables EC-Sense to overcome limitations of existing wideband RF-based sensors. Despite using an active radio, our Tags consume only 3.7 \u03bcW on average and achieve a projected lifetime of 10 years under realistic conditions. We deployed EC-Sense in an open agricultural field for over a week and measured soil moisture at multiple depths daily, achieving 98% accuracy compared to ground truth. We further evaluate EC-Sense across three representative soil types\u2014sandy loam, silt loam, and silty clay loam\u2014and demonstrate reliable sensing at depths of 40 cm, 30 cm, and 25 cm, respectively, at field capacity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3770660","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,2]],"date-time":"2025-12-02T19:42:32Z","timestamp":1764704552000},"page":"1-27","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["EC-Sense: Radio\n                    <u>E<\/u>\n                    nergy\n                    <u>C<\/u>\n                    apture for Ultra-Low-Power Wireless Soil Moisture\n                    <u>Sens<\/u>\n                    ing"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2137-2407","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yoganand","family":"Biradavolu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6342-5781","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jian","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computer Science, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1604-5863","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bhuvana","family":"Krishnaswamy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, State, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0932-774X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leandros","family":"Tassiulas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electrical and Computer Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2757-3365","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vaishnavi","family":"Ranganathan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microsoft Research, Microsoft, Redmond, Washington, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","unstructured":"Advexure. 2023. RTK & Drones: A Comprehensive Guide to Centimeter-Level Accuracy. https:\/\/advexure.com\/blogs\/news\/rtk-amp-drones-a-comprehensive-guide-to-centimeter-level-accuracy. Accessed: 2025-07-16."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISQED.2014.6783403"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","unstructured":"Aigen. 2025. Sustainable robotics for regenerative agriculture. https:\/\/www.aigen.io. Accessed: 2025-05-01."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","volume-title":"Sadiku","author":"Alexander Charles K","year":"2017","unstructured":"Charles K Alexander and Matthew N. O. Sadiku. 2017. Fundamentals of electric circuits. McGraw-hill Education New York, NY."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2004.03.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"M. Pareja Aparicio A. Bakkali J. Pelegri-Sebastia T. Sogorb V. Llario and A. Bou. 2016. Radio Frequency Energy Harvesting - Sources and Techniques. In Renewable Energy Wenping Cao and Yihua Hu (Eds.). IntechOpen Rijeka Chapter 7. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5772\/61722","DOI":"10.5772\/61722"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","unstructured":"FarmDroid ApS. 2025. The world's first fully automatic robot for sowing and mechanical weeding. https:\/\/www.farmdroid.dk. Accessed: 2025-05-01."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","volume-title":"Hysteresis in soil water characteristics as a key to interpreting comparisons of laboratory and field measured hydraulic properties. Water Resources Research 39, 12","author":"Basile Angelo","year":"2003","unstructured":"Angelo Basile, Guido Ciollaro, and Antonio Coppola. 2003. Hysteresis in soil water characteristics as a key to interpreting comparisons of laboratory and field measured hydraulic properties. Water Resources Research 39, 12 (2003)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2018.2858004"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3534608"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","volume-title":"Carrier Phase-Based Ranging in Indoor Multipath Channels. Wireless Pi","author":"Chaudhari Qasim","year":"2020","unstructured":"Qasim Chaudhari. 2020. Carrier Phase-Based Ranging in Indoor Multipath Channels. Wireless Pi (2020). https:\/\/wirelesspi.com\/carrier-phase-based-ranging-in-indoor-multipath-channels\/"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3666025.3699334"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/TR027i006p00847"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","unstructured":"ConnectedCrops. Accessed: 2024. A Guide to Soil Moisture. https:\/\/connectedcrops.ca\/the-ultimate-guide-to-soil-moisture\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dybowski D Dzierzbicka-Glowacka LA Pietrzak S Juszkowska D and Puszkarczuk T. 2020. Estimation of nitrogen leaching load from agricultural fields in the Puck Commune with an interactive calculator. PeerJ (2020).","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.8899"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","volume-title":"State of Washington","author":"Department of ECology","year":"2023","unstructured":"Department of ECology, State of Washington. 2023. Reservoir Staff Gauge Guidance."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","unstructured":"Advanced Linear Devices. Accessed: 2023. ALD Dual N-Channel MOSFET Array. https:\/\/www.aldinc.com\/pdf\/ALD110802.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","volume-title":"Gravity: Analog Capacitive Soil Moisture Sensor - Corrosion Resistant. https:\/\/store-usa.arduino.cc\/products\/gravity-analog-capacitive-soil-moisture-sensor-corrosion-resistant. Accessed","year":"2024","unstructured":"DFRobot. 2024. Gravity: Analog Capacitive Soil Moisture Sensor - Corrosion Resistant. https:\/\/store-usa.arduino.cc\/products\/gravity-analog-capacitive-soil-moisture-sensor-corrosion-resistant. Accessed: 2024."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","unstructured":"Jian Ding and Ranveer Chandra. 2018. Estimating Soil Moisture and Electrical Conductivity Using Wi-Fi. Technical Report. Microsoft Research. https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-us\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/SMURF_TR-1.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","volume-title":"The 25th Annual International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking (MobiCom'19)","author":"Ding Jian","year":"2019","unstructured":"Jian Ding and Ranveer Chandra. 2019. Towards low cost soil sensing using Wi-Fi. In The 25th Annual International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking (MobiCom'19). 1\u201316."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3580867"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/agronomy12040864"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.1985.289498"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","unstructured":"Inc. EarthSense. 2025. TerraSentia autonomous phenotyping robot. https:\/\/www.earthsense.co. Accessed: 2025-05-01."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","volume-title":"SparkFun Soil Moisture Sensor. https:\/\/www.sparkfun.com\/products\/13322. Accessed","author":"Electronics SparkFun","year":"2024","unstructured":"SparkFun Electronics. 2024. SparkFun Soil Moisture Sensor. https:\/\/www.sparkfun.com\/products\/13322. Accessed: 2024."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2010.2043918"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","volume-title":"Friis Transmission Equation. https:\/\/www.pasternack.com\/t-calculator-friis.aspx","author":"Enterprises Pasternack","year":"2024","unstructured":"Pasternack Enterprises. 2024. Friis Transmission Equation. https:\/\/www.pasternack.com\/t-calculator-friis.aspx. Accessed: July 2024."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","unstructured":"Cornell University Cooperative Extension. Accessed: 2025. Soil Hydrology AEM. https:\/\/nrcca.cals.cornell.edu\/soil\/CA2\/CA0212.1-3.php."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3560905.3568525"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jsan7040047"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_1","unstructured":"GeoNadir. 2023. RTK Explained: What it is and why it matters. https:\/\/geonadir.com\/rtk-explained\/. Accessed: 2025-07-16."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_1","volume-title":"Design and characterization of a fringing field capacitive soil moisture sensor","author":"Goswami Manash Protim","year":"2018","unstructured":"Manash Protim Goswami, Babak Montazer, and Utpal Sarma. 2018. Design and characterization of a fringing field capacitive soil moisture sensor. IEEE transactions on instrumentation and measurement 68, 3 (2018), 913\u2013922."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_1","unstructured":"Meter Group. 2023. TEROS 12 Advanced Soil Moisture Sensor + Temperature and EC. https:\/\/metergroup.com\/products\/teros-12\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_34_1","volume-title":"Introduction to soil physics","author":"Hillel Daniel","unstructured":"Daniel Hillel. 2013. Introduction to soil physics. Academic press."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Agbotiname Imoize and A.I. Oseni. 2019. Investigation and pathloss modeling of fourth generation long term evolution network along major highways in Lagos Nigeria. Ife Journal of Science 21 (04 2019) 39. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4314\/ijs.v21i1.4","DOI":"10.4314\/ijs.v21i1.4"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_36_1","volume-title":"Soil water status: content and potential. Campbell Scientific","author":"Campbell Scientific Inc. 2001.","year":"2001","unstructured":"Campbell Scientific Inc. 2001. Soil water status: content and potential. Campbell Scientific, Inc. App. Note: 2S-1 (2001). http:\/\/s.campbellsci.com\/documents\/ca\/technical-papers\/soilh20c.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_37_1","unstructured":"Skyworks Solutions Inc. 2023. SMS7630 Schottky Diodes. https:\/\/www.skyworksinc.com\/Products\/Diodes\/SMS7630-Series."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_38_1","unstructured":"Texas Instruments. 2025. TI CC1125 datasheet. http:\/\/www.ti.com\/lit\/ds\/symlink\/cc1125.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_39_1","volume-title":"Blalock","author":"Jaeger Richard C.","year":"2016","unstructured":"Richard C. Jaeger and Travis N. Blalock. 2016. Microelectronic circuit design. McGraw-hill Education New York, NY."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3025590"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_41_1","volume-title":"SoilTAG: Fine-Grained Soil Moisture Sensing Through Chipless Tags","author":"Jiao Wenli","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wenli Jiao, Ju Wang, Yelu He, Xiangdong Xi, and Fuwei Wang. 2023. SoilTAG: Fine-Grained Soil Moisture Sensing Through Chipless Tags. IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing (2023)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17226\/26328"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3460112.3472326"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/PIMRC.2018.8580695"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3495243.3517025"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIM.2008.917198"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3477085.3478991"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2136\/vzj2018.03.0052"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSCET.2018.8537306"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_50_1","volume-title":"Accessed","author":"Microsystems Lime","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lime Microsystems. 2017. LimeSDR Mini. https:\/\/www.crowdsupply.com\/lime-micro\/limesdr-mini. Accessed: July 22, 2025."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_51_1","volume-title":"July 30","author":"Technologies Linx","year":"2025","unstructured":"Linx Technologies. Accessed: July 30, 2025. ANT-916-CW-RCS. https:\/\/www.digikey.com\/en\/products\/detail\/te-connectivity-linx\/ANT-916-CW-RCS\/340139."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wei Liu Xiangyun Zhou Salman Durrani Hani Mehrpouyan and Steven D Blostein. 2015. Energy Harvesting Wireless Sensor Networks: Delay Analysis Considering Energy Costs of Sensing and Transmission. arXiv:1509.06089 [cs.IT] Available at https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1509.06089.","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2016.2543216"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_53_1","volume-title":"ISAC: From Human to Environmental Sensing. arXiv preprint arXiv:2507.13766","author":"Liu Zhehao","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhehao Liu, Weizhi Wang, Swarun Gupta, and Vivek Iyer. 2024. ISAC: From Human to Environmental Sensing. arXiv preprint arXiv:2507.13766 (2024). Available at https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2507.13766."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_54_1","volume-title":"Mohammad Nour Hindia, and Effariza Hanafi.","author":"Majed Mohammed Bahjat","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mohammed Bahjat Majed, Rahman, Tharek Abd, Omar Abdul Aziz, Mohammad Nour Hindia, and Effariza Hanafi. 2018. Channel Characterization and Path Loss Modeling in Indoor Environment at 4.5, 28, and 38GHz for 5G Cellular Networks. International Journal of Antennas and Propagation (2018)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/RFID.2015.7113070"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2016.02.064"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/12.621581"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/INDIN.2013.6622857"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCSII.2014.2387732"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics11060959"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSET.2010.5684935"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_62_1","unstructured":"Nuand. Accessed: 2024. BladeRF - Full-duplex software-defined radio. https:\/\/www.nuand.com\/bladerf-1\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_63_1","unstructured":"University of Minnesota Extension. Accessed: 2025. Soil Moisture Sensors for Irrigation Scheduling. https:\/\/extension.umn.edu\/irrigation\/soil-moisture-sensors-irrigation-scheduling."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LAWP.2011.2136371"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"V. Pandey and P. Pandey. 2010. Spatial and Temporal Variability of Soil Moisture. International Journal of Geosciences (2010) 87\u201398. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4236\/ijg.2010.12012.","DOI":"10.4236\/ijg.2010.12012"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_66_1","volume-title":"July","author":"Polycase Inc. Accessed","year":"2025","unstructured":"Polycase Inc. Accessed: July 2025. Water Proof IP Rated Boxes. https:\/\/www.polycase.com\/ip-rated-enclosures."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_67_1","unstructured":"Ettus Research. Accessed: 2023. Ettus Research USRPB210. https:\/\/www.ettus.com\/all-products\/ub210-kit\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00010694-194204000-00001"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3569471"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_70_1","volume-title":"Tony Chan Carusone, and Vincent Gaudet","author":"Sedra Adel S.","year":"2020","unstructured":"Adel S. Sedra, Kenneth C. Smith, Tony Chan Carusone, and Vincent Gaudet. 2020. Microelectronic Circuits (8th ed.). Oxford University Press."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_71_1","unstructured":"Skyworks Solutions Inc. 2023. SKY66298-11 900-990 MHz Power Amplifier Datasheet. https:\/\/www.mouser.com\/datasheet\/2\/472\/SKY66298_11_204756_PS-1620853.pdf. Accessed: 2024-04-30."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"K. C. A. Smith and R. E. Alley. 1992. Bibliography. Cambridge University Press 566\u2013566.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9781139170093.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_73_1","unstructured":"STMicroelectronics. 2022. S2-LP: Ultra-low power high performance sub-1GHz RF transceiver. https:\/\/www.st.com\/en\/wireless-transceivers\/s2-lp.html. Accessed: 2024-04-30."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_74_1","unstructured":"STMicroelectronics. 2022. STEVAL-FKI868V2: S2-LP 868 MHz development kit with STM32L and USB interface. https:\/\/www.st.com\/en\/evaluation-tools\/steval-fki868v2.html. Accessed: 2024-04-30."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_75_1","unstructured":"STMicroelectronics. 2022. STM32L053R8: Ultra-low-power 32-bit MCU with 64 KB Flash 32 MHz CPU LCD USB ADC DAC and comparators. https:\/\/www.st.com\/en\/microcontrollers-microprocessors\/stm32l053r8.html. Accessed: 2024-04-30."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_76_1","unstructured":"Texas Instruments. 2023. TPS22917 Load Switch Datasheet. https:\/\/www.ti.com\/lit\/gpn\/tps22917. Accessed: 2024-04-30."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_77_1","volume-title":"July 30","author":"Instruments Texas","year":"2025","unstructured":"Texas Instruments. Accessed: July 30, 2025. CC1310. https:\/\/www.ti.com\/product\/CC1310."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/WR024i007p00945"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_79_1","volume-title":"Electromagnetic determination of soil water content: Measurements in coaxial transmission lines. Water resources research 16, 3","author":"Topp G Clarke","year":"1980","unstructured":"G Clarke Topp, JL Davis, and Aa P Annan. 1980. Electromagnetic determination of soil water content: Measurements in coaxial transmission lines. Water resources research 16, 3 (1980), 574\u2013582."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40486-017-0051-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_81_1","volume-title":"Microwave Radar and Radiometric Remote Sensing","author":"Ulaby Fawwaz T","unstructured":"Fawwaz T Ulaby and David G Long. 2014. Microwave Radar and Radiometric Remote Sensing. University of Michigan Press."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_82_1","volume-title":"Fundamentals of applied electromagnetics","author":"Ulaby Fawwaz Tayssir","unstructured":"Fawwaz Tayssir Ulaby and Umberto Ravaioli. 2015. Fundamentals of applied electromagnetics. Vol. 7. Pearson Upper Saddle River, NJ."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_83_1","volume-title":"National Engineering Handbook, Part 652","author":"Natural Resources Conservation Service United States Department of Agriculture. 1997.","year":"2025","unstructured":"Natural Resources Conservation Service United States Department of Agriculture. 1997. National Engineering Handbook, Part 652, Irrigation Guide: Chapter 3 - Soil-Plant-Water Relationships. https:\/\/efotg.sc.egov.usda.gov\/references\/public\/FL\/Nehfl652ch_3.pdf. Accessed: 2025-09-22."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_84_1","volume-title":"Natural Resources Conservation Service","author":"United States Department of Agriculture","year":"2024","unstructured":"United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service. 2024. Web Soil Survey. https:\/\/websoilsurvey.sc.egov.usda.gov. Accessed: July 2025."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MMM.2014.2309499"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3386901.3388940"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3643832.3661868"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compag.2005.09.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s16081308"}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3770660","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3770660","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,2]],"date-time":"2025-12-02T19:47:33Z","timestamp":1764704853000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3770660"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,2]]},"references-count":89,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3770660"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3770660","relation":{},"ISSN":["2474-9567"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2474-9567","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-12-02","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}