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Based on these observations, we arrange activity classes into a structured hierarchy. From there, we propose Hi-OSCAR: a\n                    <jats:bold>Hi<\/jats:bold>\n                    erarchical\n                    <jats:bold>O<\/jats:bold>\n                    pen-set\n                    <jats:bold>C<\/jats:bold>\n                    lassifier for\n                    <jats:bold>A<\/jats:bold>\n                    ctivity\n                    <jats:bold>R<\/jats:bold>\n                    ecognition, that can identify known activities at state-of-the-art accuracy while simultaneously rejecting unknown activities. This not only enables open-set classification, but also allows for unknown classes to be localized to the nearest internal node, providing insight beyond a binary \u201cknown\/unknown\u201d classification. To facilitate this and future open-set HAR research, we collected a new dataset: NFI_FARED. NFI_FARED contains data from multiple subjects performing nineteen activities from a range of contexts, including daily living, commuting, and rapid movements, which is fully public and available for download\n                    <jats:sup>1<\/jats:sup>\n                    .\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3770681","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,2]],"date-time":"2025-12-02T19:42:32Z","timestamp":1764704552000},"page":"1-27","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Hi-OSCAR: Hierarchical Open-set Classifier for Human Activity Recognition"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-7729-2990","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Conor","family":"McCarthy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"MultiX, Universiteit van Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-5477-2321","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Loes","family":"Quirijnen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Netherlands Forensic Institute (NFI), The Hague, Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4736-1933","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jan Peter","family":"van Zandwijk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Netherlands Forensic Institute (NFI), The Hague, Netherlands and Faculty of Technology, Amsterdam University of Applied Sciences, Amsterdam, Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5912-5295","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zeno","family":"Geradts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands and Netherlands Forensic Institute (NFI), The Hague, Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4097-4136","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcel","family":"Worring","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Informatics Institute, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,2]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_2_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2022.3165875","volume":"19","author":"M. 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