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Syst."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Abstract<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Motivations<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Explainable AI (XAI) systems aim to improve users\u2019 understanding of AI, but XAI research has shown that many XAI explanations serve some users well while failing others. In non-AI systems, software practitioners have used inclusive design approaches to address similar problems, sometimes creating \u201ccurb-cut\u201d improvements that benefit both underserved users and everyone else. This raises the possibility that inclusive design approaches can bring similar curb-cut improvements to AI explanations.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Objectives<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Our objective was to investigate possible curb-cut effects of inclusivity-driven fixes an AI product team made using an inclusive design approach (GenderMag) to improve their XAI prototype.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Methods<\/jats:italic>\n                    . We ran a between-subject study with 69 participants who had no formal AI background. 34 participants used the original version of the XAI prototype and the rest used the version with the AI team\u2019s inclusivity fixes. We then compared the two groups\u2019 mental model concepts scores and prediction accuracy, and the two prototypes\u2019 inclusivity.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Results<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Our investigation produced four main results. First, the AI team\u2019s inclusivity fixes were overall effective, resulting in overall better conceptual mental models with the new prototype. Further (second), the AI team\u2019s inclusivity fixes were particularly beneficial to the underserved population\u2019s conceptual mental models\u2014which, together with the first result, constitutes a curb-cut effect. However (third), the inclusivity fixes did not improve participants\u2019 prediction accuracy scores. Instead, it appears to have harmed them overall\u2014a \u201ccurb-fence\u201d effect (opposite of a curb-cut effect). Finally (fourth), the AI team\u2019s fixes improved equity, reducing the gender gap by 45%.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3772074","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,22]],"date-time":"2025-10-22T16:07:09Z","timestamp":1761149229000},"page":"1-44","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Inclusive Design of AI\u2019s Explanations: Just for Those Previously Left Out?"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5701-621X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Md Montaser","family":"Hamid","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-0542-0324","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fatima A.","family":"Moussaoui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-9729-1642","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jimena","family":"Noa Guevara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4964-6059","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew","family":"Anderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-0664-3458","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Puja","family":"Agarwal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-5175-5962","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jonathan","family":"Dodge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Penn State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6536-7629","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Margaret","family":"Burnett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3411763.3451673"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3377325.3377508"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ail2.47"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3290605.3300233"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","unstructured":"Andrew Anderson. 2024. 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