{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T20:30:40Z","timestamp":1776112240962,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":194,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"1","funder":[{"name":"NSF EDA","award":["2009977"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2009977"]}]},{"name":"Center for Research and Education on Accessible Technology and Experiences at the University of Washington"},{"name":"University of Washington"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Trans. Access. Comput."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Examinations of intersectionality and identity dimensions in accessibility research have primarily considered disability separately from a person\u2019s race, ethnicity, and culture. Accessibility work often does not include considerations of race as a construct, or treats race as a shallow demographic variable, if race is mentioned at all, or tends to conflate its designation with other proxies. The lack of attention to race as a construct and its interaction with other factors in accessibility research presents an oversight in our field. By systematically eliminating whole areas of need and vital perspectives from the work we do, this omits critical areas and domains of research inquiry. Further, there has been little focus on the\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">intersection<\/jats:italic>\n                    of race and disability within accessibility research, and the relevance of their interplay. When research in race or disability does not mention the other, this work overlooks the potential to better understand the full nuance of marginalized, minoritized, and \u201cotherized\u201d groups. To address this gap, our work highlights the value of considering how constructs of race and disability work alongside each other within accessibility research studies and the designs of socio-technical systems. We offer a framework for engaging the intersection of race and disability throughout the research process and present a series of case studies that showcase the potential of integrating racial equity perspectives into accessibility research. Along with providing recommendations toward establishing this research direction and guiding principles for approaching this intersection, our new analysis reflects on tensions and considerations that arise while pursuing this work.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3772276","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,10]],"date-time":"2025-11-10T14:21:13Z","timestamp":1762784473000},"page":"1-31","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Race, Disability, and Technology: A Call to Action for Accessibility Researchers"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4601-8137","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aashaka","family":"Desai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4858-5496","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aaleyah","family":"Lewis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-4899-5309","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sanika","family":"Moharana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8353-3176","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anne Spencer","family":"Ross","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bucknell University, Lewisburg, PA, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9235-5324","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jennifer","family":"Mankoff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1850-6459","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christina N.","family":"Harrington","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","unstructured":"Spread the Word. 2024. Spread the Word: Inclusion. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.spreadtheword.global\/about"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","unstructured":"Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie. 2009. The danger of a single story. Retrieved June 1 2024 from https:\/\/ed.ted.com\/lessons\/TXtMhXIA"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3663548.3675659"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3677045.3685493"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","unstructured":"Kristine Andrews Jenita Parekh and Shantai Peckoo. 2019. A Guide to Incorporating a Racial and Ethnic Equity Perspective throughout the Research Process. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.childtrends.org\/publications\/a-guide-to-incorporating-a-racial-and-ethnic-equity-perspective-throughout-the-research-process"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18061\/dsq.v39i4.6580"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","unstructured":"Imani Barbarin. 2019. On Being Black and \u2018Disabled but not Really\u2019. Rewire News Group. Retrieved from https:\/\/rewirenewsgroup.com\/2019\/07\/26\/on-being-black-and-disabled-but-not-really\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","unstructured":"Imani Barbarin. 2022. The Pandemic Tried to Break Me but I Know My Black Disabled Life Is Worthy. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.cosmopolitan.com\/entertainment\/a39355245\/imani-barbarin-black-disabled-activist-self-love\/"},{"issue":"33","key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","first-page":"33","article-title":"Disability and the justification of inequality in American history","volume":"17","author":"Baynton Douglas C.","year":"2013","unstructured":"Douglas C. Baynton. 2013. Disability and the justification of inequality in American history. The Disability Studies Reader 17, 33 (2013), 33\u201357.","journal-title":"The Disability Studies Reader"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5406\/womgenfamcol.2.2.0105"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","volume-title":"Race After Technology: Abolitionist Tools for the New Jim Code","author":"Benjamin Ruha","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ruha Benjamin. 2020. Race After Technology: Abolitionist Tools for the New Jim Code. Polity."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3234695.3236348"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3411764.3445498"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3290605.3300528"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3138\/9781442663091"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3132525.3132541"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/107780040200800107"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1353\/wsq.2018.0003"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","unstructured":"Dana Bishop-Root and Bekezela Mguni. 2019. Collecting [a] home for Disability Justice in the Library. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.dustinpgibson.com\/offerings\/2019\/2\/25\/collecting-a-home-for-disability-justice-in-the-library"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rssm.2024.100938"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18061\/dsq.v30i2.1233"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/RESPECT49803.2020.9272466"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3102\/0013189X231167149"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3461778.3462002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3505270.3558362"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","unstructured":"N. Jamila Chisholm. 2020. To Be BIPOC Disabled and Fighting for Justice. Retrieved from https:\/\/colorlines.com\/article\/be-bipoc-disabled-and-fighting-justice\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","volume-title":"Exile and Pride: Disability, Queerness, and Liberation","author":"Clare Eli","year":"2015","unstructured":"Eli Clare. 2015. Exile and Pride: Disability, Queerness, and Liberation. Duke University Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_2","unstructured":"Ta-Nehisi Coates. 2013. What We Mean When We Say \u2018Race Is A Social Construct\u2019. The Atlantic. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.theatlantic.com\/national\/archive\/2013\/05\/what-we-mean-when-we-say-race-is-a-social-construct\/275872\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_2","volume-title":"Intersectionality (Key Concepts)","author":"Collins Patricia Hill","year":"2016","unstructured":"Patricia Hill Collins and Sirma Bilge. 2016. Intersectionality (Key Concepts). Polity Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_2","volume-title":"DisCrit: Critical Conversations Across Race, Class, & Dis\/Ability","author":"Connor David J.","year":"2016","unstructured":"David J. Connor, Beth A. Ferri, and Subini Annamma. 2016. DisCrit: Critical Conversations Across Race, Class, & Dis\/Ability. Teachers College Press, New York, NY."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_2","first-page":"201","article-title":"(Un)clutching my mother\u2019s pearls, or ratchetness and the residue of respectability","author":"Cooper Brittney","year":"2012","unstructured":"Brittney Cooper and Susana M. Morris. 2012. (Un)clutching my mother\u2019s pearls, or ratchetness and the residue of respectability. The Crunk Feminist Collective (2012), 201\u2013204.","journal-title":"The Crunk Feminist Collective"},{"issue":"06","key":"e_1_3_2_33_2","first-page":"5","article-title":"Artificial intelligence\u2019s white guy problem","volume":"25","author":"Crawford Kate","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kate Crawford. 2016. Artificial intelligence\u2019s white guy problem. The New York Times 25, 06 (2016), 5.","journal-title":"The New York Times"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3706598.3713195"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3597638.3608401"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1229039"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3544549.3577057"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijdrr.2021.102043"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08854300.2014.963945"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_40_2","first-page":"31","volume-title":"Routledge Handbook of Disability Law and Human Rights","author":"Degener Theresia","year":"2016","unstructured":"Theresia Degener. 2016. A human rights model of disability. In Routledge Handbook of Disability Law and Human Rights. Routledge, 31\u201349."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_41_2","volume-title":"Critical Race Theory: An Introduction","author":"Delgado Richard","year":"2023","unstructured":"Richard Delgado and Jean Stefancic. 2023. Critical Race Theory: An Introduction, Vol. 87. NYU Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_42_2","first-page":"14","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 19th Congress of the European Federation of Associations of Teachers of the Deaf (FEAPDA)","author":"Devlieger Patrick J.","year":"2005","unstructured":"Patrick J. Devlieger. 2005. Generating a cultural model of disability. In Proceedings of the 19th Congress of the European Federation of Associations of Teachers of the Deaf (FEAPDA), 14\u201316."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-90107-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3022198.3022664"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3476065"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3411764.3445350"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_47_2","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2020 CHI on Human Factors in Computing Systems","author":"Eglash Ron","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ron Eglash, Audrey Bennett, Michael Lachney, and William Babbitt. 2020. Race-positive design: A generative approach to decolonizing computing. In Proceedings of the 2020 CHI on Human Factors in Computing Systems, 1\u20137."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0891243218803284"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3655007"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_50_2","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction","volume":"4","author":"Erete Sheena","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sheena Erete, Yolanda A. Rankin, and Jakita O. Thomas. 2021. I can\u2019t breathe: Reflections from Black women in CSCW and HCI. Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction 4, CSCW3 (2021), 1\u201323."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18061\/dsq.v34i2.4248"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3828\/jlcds.2010.11"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2332649218783480"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3706598.3714123"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_55_2","article-title":"We need to talk about how we talk about disability: A critical quasi-systematic review","volume":"24","author":"Gibson Amelia","year":"2021","unstructured":"Amelia Gibson, Kristen Bowen, and Dana Hanson. 2021. We need to talk about how we talk about disability: A critical quasi-systematic review. The Library with the Lead Pipe 24 (2021).","journal-title":"The Library with the Lead Pipe"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/S0065-28302018000044B005"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Amelia Gibson and Rua Williams. 2022. Who\u2019s in charge? Information technology and disability justice in the United States. Just Tech. DOI: 10.35650\/JT.3030.d.2022","DOI":"10.35650\/JT.3030.d.2022"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1077800414557827"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3630106.3658933"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.11116\/jdivegendstud.2.1-2.0075"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3309589.3309593"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_62_2","volume-title":"Financial inequality: Disability, Race and Poverty in America","author":"Goodman Nanette","year":"2017","unstructured":"Nanette Goodman, Michael Morris, and Kelvin Boston. 2017. Financial inequality: Disability, Race and Poverty in America. Technical Report. National Disability Institute."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3663548.3675620"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4135\/9780857024626"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3493612.3520446"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_66_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2851581.2892578"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_67_2","unstructured":"Karen Hao. 2018. Can You Make an AI That Isn\u2019t Ableist? Retrieved from https:\/\/www.technologyreview.com\/2018\/11\/28\/1797\/can-you-make-an-ai-that-isnt-ableist\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_68_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3178066"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_69_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3482816"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_70_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3290605.3300823"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_71_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3597638.3608389"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_72_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3491102.3501995"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_73_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3491102.3517621"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_74_2","first-page":"916","article-title":"Reckoning with race and disability","volume":"130","author":"Harris Jasmine E.","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jasmine E. Harris. 2021. Reckoning with race and disability. Yale Law Journal Forum+ H2332 130 (2021), 916\u2013958.","journal-title":"Yale Law Journal Forum+ H2332"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_75_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10714413.2012.643740"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_2_76_2","first-page":"7","article-title":"Unsettling languages, unruly bodyminds: A crip linguistics manifesto","volume":"1","author":"Henner Jon","year":"2023","unstructured":"Jon Henner and Octavian Robinson. 2023. Unsettling languages, unruly bodyminds: A crip linguistics manifesto. Journal of Critical Study of Communication and Disability 1, 1 (2023), 7\u201337.","journal-title":"Journal of Critical Study of Communication and Disability"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_77_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3613904.3641949"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_78_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3373625.3416996"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_79_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3373625.3416996"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_80_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3706598.3714268"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_81_2","volume-title":"Attitudes Toward Standard and Non-Standard Dialects in Linguistically Stigmatized and Linguistically Prestigious Regions in the United States and Germany","author":"Huttinger Dorothea Evelyn","year":"2011","unstructured":"Dorothea Evelyn Huttinger. 2011. Attitudes Toward Standard and Non-Standard Dialects in Linguistically Stigmatized and Linguistically Prestigious Regions in the United States and Germany. Master\u2019s thesis. University of South Carolina."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_82_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/17483107.2015.1090487"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_83_2","volume-title":"Race, Ethnicity and Disability: The Financial Impact of Systemic Inequality and Intersectionality","author":"National Disability Institute","year":"2020","unstructured":"National Disability Institute. 2020. Race, Ethnicity and Disability: The Financial Impact of Systemic Inequality and Intersectionality. Technical Report. National Disability Institute."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_84_2","first-page":"2020","article-title":"What is disability justice","volume":"16","author":"Sins Invalid","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sins Invalid. 2020. What is disability justice? Sins Invalid 16 (2020), 2020.","journal-title":"Sins Invalid"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_85_2","unstructured":"Liz Jackson. 2024. How disabled people get exploited to build the technology of war. Retrieved from https:\/\/newrepublic.com\/article\/179391\/wheelchair-warfare-pipeline-disability-technology"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_86_2","volume-title":"Keywords for Radicals: The Contested Vocabulary of Late-Capitalist Struggle","author":"James Joy","year":"2016","unstructured":"Joy James and Silvia Federici. 2016. Keywords for Radicals: The Contested Vocabulary of Late-Capitalist Struggle. AK Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_87_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/23251042.2018.1424497"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_88_2","first-page":"9","volume-title":"Blackness and Disability: Critical Examinations and Cultural Interventions","author":"Jarman Michelle","year":"2012","unstructured":"Michelle Jarman. 2012. Coming up from underground: Uneasy dialogues at the intersection of race, mental illness, and disability studies. In Blackness and Disability: Critical Examinations and Cultural Interventions. Bell Chris (Ed.), Michigan State University Press, Lansing, MI, 9\u201330."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_89_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3555133"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_90_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00220973.1996.11072421"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_91_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3461778.3462122"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_92_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2979\/6841.0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_93_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1215\/00382876-8916158"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_94_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3132525.3132542"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_95_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3359286"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_96_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1915768117"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_97_2","unstructured":"Caroline Kovesi. 2019. \u201cCan\u2019t Nobody Even Spread Their Wings Here\u201d: Thinking Disability Alongside Environmental Racism Collectively Acquired Impairments and Injustice in Flint Michigan. YorkSpace. Retrieved from https:\/\/yorkspace.library.yorku.ca\/items\/14f26eba-74bc-439f-8e92-c4b123704eeb"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_98_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2543578"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_2_99_2","first-page":"73","article-title":"Problematic data on how many students in postsecondary education have a disability","volume":"28","author":"Leake David","year":"2015","unstructured":"David Leake. 2015. Problematic data on how many students in postsecondary education have a disability. Journal of Postsecondary Education and Disability 28, 1 (2015), 73\u201387.","journal-title":"Journal of Postsecondary Education and Disability"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_100_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3411764.3445263"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_101_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/016146811111301008"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_102_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3706598.3713784"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_103_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3443686"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_104_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3441852.3471213"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_105_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3544548.3581481"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_106_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3411764.3445412"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_107_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3491102.3501882"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_108_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3517428.3544803"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_109_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3613904.3642166"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_110_2","unstructured":"Jennifer Mankoff. 2020. A Challenging Response. Retrieved from https:\/\/interactions.acm.org\/blog\/view\/a-challenging-response"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_111_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1878803.1878807"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_112_2","unstructured":"Jennifer Mankoff Devva Kasnitz Disability Studies L. Jean Camp Jonathan Lazar and Harry Hochheiser. 2022. Areas of strategic visibility: disability bias in biometrics. arXiv:2208.04712. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2208.04712"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_113_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3597638.3615652"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_114_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/ILS-02-2023-0021"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_115_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3681802"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_116_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3663548.3675649"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_117_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3479578"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_118_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15017410701880122"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_119_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02601370120490"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_120_2","volume-title":"Disability, Bias, and AI","author":"Mills Mara","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mara Mills and Meredith Whittaker. 2019. Disability, Bias, and AI. Technical Report. NYU Center for Disability Studies."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_121_2","unstructured":"Mia Mingus. 2017. Moving toward the ugly: A politic beyond desirability. Retrieved June 1 2024 from https:\/\/leavingevidence.wordpress.com\/2011\/08\/22\/moving-toward-the-ugly-a-politic-beyond-desirability\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_122_2","first-page":"663","article-title":"On the relationship between race and disability","volume":"58","author":"Morgan Jamelia","year":"2023","unstructured":"Jamelia Morgan. 2023. On the relationship between race and disability. Harvard Civil Rights-Civil Liberties Law Review 58 (2023), 663\u2013729.","journal-title":"Harvard Civil Rights-Civil Liberties Law Review"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_123_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18061\/dsq.v40i2.6484"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_124_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3613904.3642025"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_125_2","volume-title":"A Disability History of the United States","author":"Nielsen Kim E.","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kim E. Nielsen. 2012. A Disability History of the United States, Vol. 2. Beacon Press, Boston, USA."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_126_2","unstructured":"Valerie Novack and Daphne Frias. 2022. Climate Change Environmental Activism and Disability. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.dustinpgibson.com\/offerings\/2019\/2\/25\/collecting-a-home-for-disability-justice-in-the-library"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_127_2","volume-title":"Health-Care Utilization as a Proxy in Disability Determination","author":"National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine","year":"2018","unstructured":"National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, Health and Medicine Division, Board on Health Care Services, Committee on Health Care Utilization and Adults with Disabilities. 2018. Health-Care Utilization as a Proxy in Disability Determination. Technical Report. National Academies of Science Engineering and Medicine."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_128_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3313831.3376392"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_129_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09687599.2013.818773"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_130_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/josi.12342"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_131_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3411764.3445055"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_132_2","first-page":"147","volume-title":"DisCrit Expanded: Reverberations, Ruptures, Inquiries","author":"Padilla Alexis","year":"2022","unstructured":"Alexis Padilla. 2022. LatDisCrit: Exploring Latinx Global South DisCrit reverberations as spaces toward emancipatory learning and radical solidarity. In DisCrit Expanded: Reverberations, Ruptures, Inquiries. Subini A. Annamma, Beth A. Ferri, and David J. Connor (Eds.), Teachers College Press, 147\u2013162."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_133_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3613904.3642691"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_134_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3706598.3713165"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_135_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3706598.3713994"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_136_2","unstructured":"Elizabeth B. Pearce. 2013. The Social Construction of Difference. In Contemporary Families: An Equity Lens 1e. OpenOregon Educational Resources. Retrieved June 1 2024 from https:\/\/openoregon.pressbooks.pub\/families\/chapter\/the-social-construction-of-difference\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_137_2","article-title":"A critical race and disability legal studies approach to immigration law and policy","author":"P\u00e9rez Katherine","year":"2019","unstructured":"Katherine P\u00e9rez. 2019. A critical race and disability legal studies approach to immigration law and policy. UCLA Law Review. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.uclalawreview.org\/a-critical-race-and-disability-legal-studies-approach-to-immigration-law-and-policy\/","journal-title":"UCLA Law Review"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_138_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3715275.3732128"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_139_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3408877.3432360"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_140_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3351095.3372828"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_141_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3416498"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_142_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jmp\/jhy016"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_143_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5325\/critphilrace.10.1.0048"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_144_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3544548.3581138"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_145_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3686974"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_146_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3308561.3353785"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_147_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/17483107.2010.507859"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_148_2","unstructured":"Naba Rizvi and Khalil Mrini. 2022. Using HCI to tackle race and gender bias in ADHD Diagnosis. arXiv:2204.07900. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2204.07900"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_149_2","unstructured":"Lily Robin and Evelyn F. McCoy. 2021. Policing Is Killing Black Disabled People. Centering Intersectionality Is Critical to Reducing Harm. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.urban.org\/urban-wire\/policing-killing-black-disabled-people-centering-intersectionality-critical-reducing-harm"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_150_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jola.12116"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_151_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3348797"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_152_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01419870.2016.1140793"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_153_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3544548.3581333"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_154_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18061\/dsq.v33i2.3705"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_155_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1215\/9781478027003"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_156_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1353\/hpu.0.0323"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_157_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3025453.3025766"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_158_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3359216"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_159_2","unstructured":"Mark Sherry. 2013. Crip Politics? Just \u2026 No. Retrieved from https:\/\/thefeministwire.com\/2013\/11\/crip-politics-just-no\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_160_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5749\/9781452969602"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_161_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3334480.3375156"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_162_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/107780040200800103"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_163_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/14647001221082299"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_164_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Katta Spiel. 2023. Materialising cyborg bodies\u2013technology approaches in dialogue with disability cultures. In CHI23 Body x Materials: A Workshop Exploring the Role of Material-Enabled Body-Based Multisensory Experiences. ACM New York NY 1\u20134.","DOI":"10.1145\/3544549.3573807"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_165_2","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Presentation for Intersections of Diversity Seminar","author":"Stienstra Deborah","year":"2002","unstructured":"Deborah Stienstra. 2002. Intersections: Disability and race\/ethnicity\/heritage languages and religion. In Presentation for Intersections of Diversity Seminar. Canadian Centre on Disability Studies, Winnipeg, 1\u201334."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_166_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3706598.3713414"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_167_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3491101.3503731"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_168_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3665602"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_169_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3563657.3596057"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_170_2","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction","volume":"4","author":"To Alexandra","year":"2020","unstructured":"Alexandra To, Wenxia Sweeney, Jessica Hammer, and Geoff Kaufman. 2020. \u201cThey just don\u2019t get it\u201d: Towards social technologies for coping with interpersonal racism. Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction 4, CSCW1 (2020), 1\u201329."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_171_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3290605.3300791"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_3_2_172_2","first-page":"8","article-title":"The color of violence","volume":"31","author":"Trask Haunani-Kay","year":"2004","unstructured":"Haunani-Kay Trask. 2004. The color of violence. Social Justice 31, 4 (2004), 8\u201316.","journal-title":"Social Justice"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_173_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17763\/haer.79.3.n0016675661t3n15"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_174_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01419870.2016.1262052"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_175_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7208\/chicago\/9780226690759.001.0001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_176_2","first-page":"115","article-title":"Comparing American disability laws to the convention on the rights of persons with disabilities with respect to postsecondary education for persons with intellectual disabilities","volume":"12","author":"Walker Kevin","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kevin Walker. 2014. Comparing American disability laws to the convention on the rights of persons with disabilities with respect to postsecondary education for persons with intellectual disabilities. Northwestern Journal of International Human Rights 12 (2014), 115.","journal-title":"Northwestern Journal of International Human Rights"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_177_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1891\/JARC-D-19-00011"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_178_2","volume-title":"Medical Apartheid: The Dark History of Medical Experimentation on Black Americans from Colonial Times to the Present","author":"Washington Harriet A.","year":"2006","unstructured":"Harriet A. Washington. 2006. Medical Apartheid: The Dark History of Medical Experimentation on Black Americans from Colonial Times to the Present. Doubleday Books, New York, NY."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_179_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.specom.2022.03.009"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_180_2","unstructured":"WebAim. 2021. The WebAIM Million. Retrieved from https:\/\/webaim.org\/projects\/million\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_181_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1527-2001.2001.tb00751.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_182_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3544548.3581357"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_183_2","unstructured":"Jen White-Johnson. 2023. Zine Workshops for Community Engagement. Retrieved from July 2023 https:\/\/jenwhitejohnson.com\/Zine-Workshops-for-community-engagement"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_184_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1525\/9780520342194-002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_185_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3706598.3713118"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_186_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3544548.3581480"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_187_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TTS.2021.3084913"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_188_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3544549.3585776"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_189_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2307729.2307742"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_190_2","volume-title":"Disability Visibility: First-Person Stories from The Twenty-First Century","author":"Wong Alice","year":"2020","unstructured":"Alice Wong. 2020. Disability Visibility: First-Person Stories from The Twenty-First Century. Vintage Books, New York, NY."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_191_2","first-page":"24655","article-title":"GLOBEM dataset: Multi-year datasets for longitudinal human behavior modeling generalization","volume":"35","author":"Xu Xuhai","year":"2022","unstructured":"Xuhai Xu, Han Zhang, Yasaman Sefidgar, Yiyi Ren, Xin Liu, Woosuk Seo, Jennifer Brown, Kevin Kuehn, Mike Merrill, Paula Nurius, et al. 2022. GLOBEM dataset: Multi-year datasets for longitudinal human behavior modeling generalization. In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, Vol. 35 (2022), 24655\u201324692.","journal-title":"Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_192_2","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2020 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems Extended Abstracts","author":"mous Anon Y","year":"2020","unstructured":"Anon Ymous, Katta Spiel, Os Keyes, Rua M. Williams, Judith Good, Eva Hornecker, and Cynthia L. Bennett. 2020. \u201cI am just terrified of my future\u201d\u2014Epistemic violence in disability related technology research. In Proceedings of the 2020 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems Extended Abstracts. ACM, New York, NY, 1\u201316."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_193_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3538514"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_194_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3597638.3608388"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_195_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3706598.3714230"}],"container-title":["ACM Transactions on Accessible Computing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3772276","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]],"date-time":"2026-03-17T16:35:39Z","timestamp":1773765339000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3772276"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]]},"references-count":194,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3772276"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3772276","relation":{},"ISSN":["1936-7228","1936-7236"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1936-7228","type":"print"},{"value":"1936-7236","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-07-02","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-09-15","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-03-17","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}