{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]],"date-time":"2026-04-23T08:02:40Z","timestamp":1776931360281,"version":"3.51.2"},"publisher-location":"New York, NY, USA","reference-count":164,"publisher":"ACM","content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]]},"DOI":"10.1145\/3772318.3790641","type":"proceedings-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T04:12:28Z","timestamp":1776053548000},"page":"1-31","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["JustShape: Exploring Co-Speech Gestures for Multimodal LLM-Powered 3D Parametric Modeling"],"prefix":"10.1145","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8256-6419","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Runlin","family":"Duan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Mechanical Engineering,C Design Lab, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-6196-1176","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuzhao","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-9385-4456","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yichen","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1270-2734","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ziyi","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-3408-2876","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chenfei","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9497-6925","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiyun","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-1711-4930","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dizhi","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Elmore Family School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-7271-3195","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xinyi","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"C Design Lab, Purdue Unicersity, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8639-5135","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karthik","family":"Ramani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA and Elmore Family School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_2_2","unstructured":"Josh Achiam Steven Adler Sandhini Agarwal Lama Ahmad Ilge Akkaya Florencia\u00a0Leoni Aleman Diogo Almeida Janko Altenschmidt Sam Altman Shyamal Anadkat et\u00a0al. 2023. Gpt-4 technical report. arXiv preprint arXiv:https:\/\/arXiv.org\/abs\/2303.08774 (2023)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jean-Baptiste Alayrac Jeff Donahue Pauline Luc Antoine Miech Iain Barr Yana Hasson Karel Lenc Arthur Mensch Katherine Millican Malcolm Reynolds et\u00a0al. 2022. Flamingo: a visual language model for few-shot learning. Advances in neural information processing systems 35 (2022) 23716\u201323736.","DOI":"10.52202\/068431-1723"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martha\u00a0W Alibali. 2005. Gesture in spatial cognition: Expressing communicating and thinking about spatial information. Spatial cognition and computation 5 4 (2005) 307\u2013331.","DOI":"10.1207\/s15427633scc0504_2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carl\u00a0Martin Allwood and Tomas Kalen. 1994. Usability in CAD\u2014a psychological perspective. International Journal of Human Factors in Manufacturing 4 2 (1994) 145\u2013165.","DOI":"10.1002\/hfm.4530040204"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_6_2","unstructured":"Anthropic. 2023. Claude System Card. https:\/\/www.anthropic.com\/claude-system-card. Accessed: 2025-09-11."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_7_2","unstructured":"Anthropic. 2024. Claude 3.5 Sonnet. https:\/\/claude.ai\/new. Accessed: 2025-08-30."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"O\u011fuz Arslan Artun Akdo\u011fan and Mustafa\u00a0Doga Dogan. 2024. TinkerXR: In-Situ Reality-Aware CAD and 3D Printing Interface for Novices. arXiv preprint arXiv:https:\/\/arXiv.org\/abs\/2410.06113 (2024).","DOI":"10.1145\/3745778.3766651"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_9_2","unstructured":"Autodesk Inc.2024. Fusion 360. https:\/\/www.autodesk.com\/products\/fusion-360\/ Computer software."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_10_2","unstructured":"Johann Felipe\u00a0Gonzalez Avila. 2024. Facilitating Programming-based 3D Computer-Aided Design using Bidirectional Programming. Ph.\u00a0D. Dissertation. Universit\u00e9 de lille; Carleton University (CA)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bernie Bettig and J Shah. 2001. Derivation of a standard set of geometric constraints for parametric modeling and data exchange. Computer-Aided Design 33 1 (2001) 17\u201333.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-4485(00)00058-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_12_2","volume-title":"Blender","author":"Foundation Blender","year":"2023","unstructured":"Blender Foundation. 2023. Blender. https:\/\/www.blender.org"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_13_2","first-page":"262","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 7th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques","author":"Bolt Richard\u00a0A","year":"1980","unstructured":"Richard\u00a0A Bolt. 1980. \u201cPut-that-there\u201d Voice and gesture at the graphics interface. In Proceedings of the 7th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques. 262\u2013270."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alexandra Bonnici Alican Akman Gabriel Calleja Kenneth\u00a0P Camilleri Patrick Fehling Alfredo Ferreira Florian Hermuth Johann\u00a0Habakuk Israel Tom Landwehr Juncheng Liu et\u00a0al. 2019. Sketch-based interaction and modeling: where do we stand? AI EDAM 33 4 (2019) 370\u2013388.","DOI":"10.1017\/S0890060419000349"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_15_2","unstructured":"Andres\u00a0M Bran Sam Cox Oliver Schilter Carlo Baldassari Andrew\u00a0D White and Philippe Schwaller. 2023. ChemCrow: Augmenting large-language models with chemistry tools. arxiv:https:\/\/arXiv.org\/abs\/2304.05376\u00a0[physics.chem-ph] https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2304.05376"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_16_2","unstructured":"John Brooke et\u00a0al. 1996. SUS-A quick and dirty usability scale. Usability evaluation in industry 189 194 (1996) 4\u20137."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M\u00a0Akmal Butt and Petros Maragos. 1998. Optimum design of chamfer distance transforms. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 7 10 (1998) 1477\u20131484.","DOI":"10.1109\/83.718487"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jorge\u00a0D Camba Pedro Company and Ferran Naya. 2022. Sketch-based modeling in mechanical engineering design: Current status and opportunities. Computer-Aided Design 150 (2022) 103283.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cad.2022.103283"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jorge\u00a0D Camba Manuel Contero and Pedro Company. 2016. Parametric CAD modeling: An analysis of strategies for design reusability. Computer-aided design 74 (2016) 18\u201331.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cad.2016.01.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3313831.3376688"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gabriela Celani and Carlos Eduardo\u00a0Verzola Vaz. 2012. CAD scripting and visual programming languages for implementing computational design concepts: A comparison from a pedagogical point of view. International Journal of Architectural Computing 10 1 (2012) 121\u2013137.","DOI":"10.1260\/1478-0771.10.1.121"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shizhe Chen Pierre-Louis Guhur Makarand Tapaswi Cordelia Schmid and Ivan Laptev. 2022. Language conditioned spatial relation reasoning for 3d object grounding. Advances in neural information processing systems 35 (2022) 20522\u201320535.","DOI":"10.52202\/068431-1492"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tianrun Chen Chunan Yu Yuanqi Hu Jing Li Tao Xu Runlong Cao Lanyun Zhu Ying Zang Yong Zhang Zejian Li et\u00a0al. 2025. Img2CAD: Conditioned 3-D CAD Model Generation From Single Image With Structured Visual Geometry. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics (2025).","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2025.3584476"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3706598.3714135"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR52733.2024.02022"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3613904.3642794"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_27_2","unstructured":"Jiin Choi Yugyeong Jang and Kyung\u00a0Hoon Hyun. 2025. Toward AI-driven Multimodal Interfaces for Industrial CAD Modeling. arXiv preprint arXiv:https:\/\/arXiv.org\/abs\/2503.16824 (2025)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yu\u00a0Ying\u00a0Clarrisa Choong Hong\u00a0Wei Tan Deven\u00a0C Patel Wan Ting\u00a0Natalie Choong Chun-Hsien Chen Hong\u00a0Yee Low Ming\u00a0Jen Tan Chandrakant\u00a0D Patel and Chee\u00a0Kai Chua. 2020. The global rise of 3D printing during the COVID-19 pandemic. Nature Reviews Materials 5 9 (2020) 637\u2013639.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41578-020-00234-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_29_2","unstructured":"Sadia\u00a0Sultana Chowa Riasad Alvi Subhey\u00a0Sadi Rahman Md\u00a0Abdur Rahman Mohaimenul Azam\u00a0Khan Raiaan Md\u00a0Rafiqul Islam Mukhtar Hussain and Sami Azam. 2025. From Language to Action: A Review of Large Language Models as Autonomous Agents and Tool Users. arXiv preprint arXiv:https:\/\/arXiv.org\/abs\/2508.17281 (2025)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_30_2","first-page":"5875","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Machine Learning (ICML)","author":"Chung Hyung\u00a0Won","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hyung\u00a0Won Chung, Le Hou, Shayne Longpre, Barret Zoph, Yi Tay, Liam Fedus, Eric Li, Xiang Wang, Mostafa Dehghani, Siddhartha Brahma, Albert Webson, et\u00a0al. 2022. PaLM: Scaling Language Models with Pathways. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Machine Learning (ICML). 5875\u20135894."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-84882-813-3_4"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_32_2","unstructured":"Dassault Syst\u00e8mes SolidWorks Corporation. 2024. SolidWorks. https:\/\/www.solidworks.com\/ Computer software."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3613904.3642579"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_34_2","volume-title":"Gemini 2.5 Pro","author":"DeepMind Google","year":"2024","unstructured":"Google DeepMind. 2024. Gemini 2.5 Pro. Technical Report. Google. https:\/\/deepmind.google\/technologies\/gemini\/ Accessed: 2025-01-01."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_35_2","unstructured":"Google DeepMind. 2025. Gemini 2.5: Our newest Gemini model with thinking. https:\/\/blog.google\/technology\/google-deepmind\/gemini-model-thinking-updates-march-2025\/ Accessed: August 30 2025."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shujie Deng Nan Jiang Jian Chang Shihui Guo and Jian\u00a0J Zhang. 2017. Understanding the impact of multimodal interaction using gaze informed mid-air gesture control in 3D virtual objects manipulation. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies 105 (2017) 68\u201380.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2017.04.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3654777.3676379"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anna\u00a0C Doris Md\u00a0Ferdous Alam Amin\u00a0Heyrani Nobari and Faez Ahmed. 2025. CAD-Coder: An Open-Source Vision-Language Model for Computer-Aided Design Code Generation. arXiv preprint arXiv:https:\/\/arXiv.org\/abs\/2505.14646 (2025).","DOI":"10.1115\/DETC2025-169758"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/7221.001.0001"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_40_2","unstructured":"Runlin Duan Yuzhao Chen Rahul Jain Yichen Hu Jingyu Shi and Karthik Ramani. 2025. Canvas3D: Empowering Precise Spatial Control for Image Generation with Constraints from a 3D Virtual Canvas. arXiv preprint arXiv:https:\/\/arXiv.org\/abs\/2508.07135 (2025)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Runlin Duan Xiyun Hu Min Liu Jingyu Shi and Karthik Ramani. 2025. pARametric: Empowering In Situ Parametric Modeling in Augment Reality for Personal Fabrication. Journal of Computing and Information Science in Engineering 25 4 (2025) 041001.","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4067704"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1115\/DETC2024-146409"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3715336.3735824"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_44_2","unstructured":"Runlin Duan Chenfei Zhu Yuzhao Chen Dizhi Ma Jingyu Shi Ziyi Liu and Karthik Ramani. 2025. SketchConcept: Sketching-based Concept Recomposition for Product Design using Generative AI. arXiv preprint arXiv:https:\/\/arXiv.org\/abs\/2508.07141 (2025)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_45_2","volume-title":"Computer aided design: fundamentals and system architectures","author":"Encarnacao Jose\u00a0L","year":"2012","unstructured":"Jose\u00a0L Encarnacao, Rolf Lindner, and Ernst\u00a0G Schlechtendahl. 2012. Computer aided design: fundamentals and system architectures. Springer Science & Business Media."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3706598.3713581"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rubin Fan Fazhi He Yuxin Liu Yupeng Song Linkun Fan and Xiaohu Yan. 2025. A parametric and feature-based CAD dataset to support human-computer interaction for advanced 3D shape learning. Integrated Computer-Aided Engineering 32 1 (2025) 75\u201396.","DOI":"10.3233\/ICA-240744"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3613904.3642129"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Weixi Feng Wanrong Zhu Tsu-jui Fu Varun Jampani Arjun Akula Xuehai He Sugato Basu Xin\u00a0Eric Wang and William\u00a0Yang Wang. 2023. Layoutgpt: Compositional visual planning and generation with large language models. Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 36 (2023) 18225\u201318250.","DOI":"10.52202\/075280-0802"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/142750.142767"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_51_2","unstructured":"GitHub. 2021. GitHub Copilot. https:\/\/github.com\/features\/copilot. Accessed: 2025-08-30."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/j.ctv1w9m9ds"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Susan Goldin-Meadow and Sian\u00a0L Beilock. 2010. Action\u2019s influence on thought: The case of gesture. Perspectives on psychological science 5 6 (2010) 664\u2013674.","DOI":"10.1177\/1745691610388764"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3613904.3642566"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_55_2","volume-title":"Automation, Production Systems, and Computer-Integrated Manufacturing (4th ed.)","author":"Groover Mikell\u00a0P.","year":"2015","unstructured":"Mikell\u00a0P. Groover. 2015. Automation, Production Systems, and Computer-Integrated Manufacturing (4th ed.). Pearson."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3706598.3714281"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ramsey\u00a0F Hamade Mohamad\u00a0Y Jaber and Sverker Sikstr\u00f6m. 2009. Analyzing CAD competence with univariate and multivariate learning curve models. Computers & Industrial Engineering 56 4 (2009) 1510\u20131518.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cie.2008.09.025"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3613904.3642133"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/154193120605000909"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_60_2","unstructured":"Sirui Hong Mingchen Zhuge Jiaqi Chen Xiawu Zheng Yuheng Cheng Ceyao Zhang Jinlin Wang Zili Wang Steven Ka\u00a0Shing Yau Zijuan Lin Liyang Zhou Chenyu Ran Lingfeng Xiao Chenglin Wu and J\u00fcrgen Schmidhuber. 2024. MetaGPT: Meta Programming for A Multi-Agent Collaborative Framework. arxiv:https:\/\/arXiv.org\/abs\/2308.00352\u00a0[cs.AI] https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2308.00352"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_61_2","unstructured":"Edward\u00a0J. Hu Yelong Shen Phillip Wallis Zeyuan Allen-Zhu Yuanzhi Li Shean Wang Lu Wang and Weizhu Chen. 2022. LoRA: Low-Rank Adaptation of Large Language Models. arXiv preprint arXiv:https:\/\/arXiv.org\/abs\/2106.09685 (2022). https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2106.09685"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3715336.3735769"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3411763.3451747"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3706598.3713331"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3611659.3617229"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_66_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3586183.3606793"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_67_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3613905.3650895"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_68_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR52733.2024.00451"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_69_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mohammad\u00a0Sadil Khan Sankalp Sinha Talha Uddin Didier Stricker Sk\u00a0Aziz Ali and Muhammad\u00a0Zeshan Afzal. 2024. Text2cad: Generating sequential cad designs from beginner-to-expert level text prompts. Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 37 (2024) 7552\u20137579.","DOI":"10.52202\/079017-0242"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_70_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3152771.3156145"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_71_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sumbul Khan and Bige Tun\u00e7er. 2019. Gesture and speech elicitation for 3D CAD modeling in conceptual design. Automation in Construction 106 (2019) 102847.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2019.102847"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_72_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sumbul Khan and Bige Tun\u00e7er. 2019. Speech analysis for conceptual CAD modeling using multi-modal interfaces: An investigation into architects\u2019 and engineers\u2019 speech preferences. AI EDAM 33 3 (2019) 275\u2013288.","DOI":"10.1017\/S0890060419000015"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_73_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"David Kirsh. 2006. Distributed cognition: A methodological note. Pragmatics & Cognition 14 2 (2006) 249\u2013262.","DOI":"10.1075\/pc.14.2.06kir"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_74_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2019.00983"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_75_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sofia Kyratzi and Philip Azariadis. 2022. Integrated design intent of 3D parametric models. Computer-Aided Design 146 (2022) 103198.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cad.2022.103198"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_76_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Timo Laakko and Martti M\u00e4ntyl\u00e4. 1993. Feature modelling by incremental feature recognition. Computer-Aided Design 25 8 (1993) 479\u2013492.","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-4485(93)90079-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_77_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3746059.3747748"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_78_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3613904.3642230"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_79_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Changjian Li Hao Pan Adrien Bousseau and Niloy\u00a0J Mitra. 2020. Sketch2cad: Sequential cad modeling by sketching in context. ACM Transactions on Graphics (TOG) 39 6 (2020) 1\u201314.","DOI":"10.1145\/3414685.3417807"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_80_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Changjian Li Hao Pan Adrien Bousseau and Niloy\u00a0J Mitra. 2022. Free2cad: Parsing freehand drawings into cad commands. ACM Transactions on Graphics (TOG) 41 4 (2022) 1\u201316.","DOI":"10.1145\/3528223.3530133"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_81_2","first-page":"12888","volume-title":"International conference on machine learning","author":"Li Junnan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Junnan Li, Dongxu Li, Caiming Xiong, and Steven Hoi. 2022. Blip: Bootstrapping language-image pre-training for unified vision-language understanding and generation. In International conference on machine learning. PMLR, 12888\u201312900."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_82_2","first-page":"7417","volume-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR)","author":"Li Junnan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Junnan Li, Kevin Lin, Yining Wang, Zhewei Yao, Jianfeng Gao, and Steven\u00a0C.H. Hoi. 2022. StructVLM: Visual-Language Model with Structural Representations. In Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR). 7417\u20137427. https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2206.12608"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_83_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR52734.2025.01730"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_84_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lei Li Yufan Zheng Maolin Yang Jiewu Leng Zhengrong Cheng Yanan Xie Pingyu Jiang and Yongsheng Ma. 2020. A survey of feature modeling methods: Historical evolution and new development. Robotics and Computer-Integrated Manufacturing 61 (2020) 101851.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rcim.2019.101851"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_85_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR52733.2024.00447"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_86_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yujiang Li Mikael Hedlind and Torsten Kjellberg. 2015. Usability evaluation of CADCAM: State of the art. Procedia CIRP 36 (2015) 205\u2013210.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procir.2015.01.053"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_87_2","unstructured":"Chen Liang Yuxuan Liu Martez Mott and Anhong Guo. 2025. HandProxy: Expanding the Affordances of Speech Interfaces in Immersive Environments with a Virtual Proxy Hand. arXiv preprint arXiv:https:\/\/arXiv.org\/abs\/2503.10029 (2025)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_88_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aleck Lin Shirley Gregor and Michael Ewing. 2008. Developing a scale to measure the enjoyment of web experiences. Journal of Interactive Marketing 22 4 (2008) 40\u201357.","DOI":"10.1002\/dir.20120"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_89_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR52729.2023.00037"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_90_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haotian Liu Chunyuan Li Qingyang Wu and Yong\u00a0Jae Lee. 2023. Visual instruction tuning. Advances in neural information processing systems 36 (2023) 34892\u201334916.","DOI":"10.52202\/075280-1516"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_91_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3544548.3581442"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_92_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lian Loke and Toni Robertson. 2013. Moving and making strange: An embodied approach to movement-based interaction design. ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction (TOCHI) 20 1 (2013) 1\u201325.","DOI":"10.1145\/2442106.2442113"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_93_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhaofeng Luo Zhitong Cui Shijian Luo Mengyu Chu and Minchen Li. 2025. VR-Doh: Hands-on 3D Modeling in Virtual Reality. ACM Transactions on Graphics (TOG) 44 4 (2025) 1\u201312.","DOI":"10.1145\/3731154"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_94_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR52733.2024.02564"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_95_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cgf.14046"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_96_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR52688.2022.01313"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_97_2","unstructured":"Microsoft. 2019. Microsoft HoloLens 2. https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/hololens. Accessed: 2025-09-11."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_98_2","unstructured":"Microsoft. 2019. Mixed Reality Toolkit (MRTK). https:\/\/github.com\/microsoft\/MixedRealityToolkit-Unity. Accessed: 2025-09-11."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_99_2","unstructured":"Alexander Mordvintsev Chris Olah and Mike Tyka. 2015. Inceptionism: Going Deeper into Neural Networks. Google Research Blog (2015). https:\/\/ai.googleblog.com\/2015\/06\/inceptionism-going-deeper-into-neural.html"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_100_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sundar Murugappan HaiRong Liu Karthik Ramani et\u00a0al. 2013. Shape-It-Up: Hand gesture based creative expression of 3D shapes using intelligent generalized cylinders. Computer-Aided Design 45 2 (2013) 277\u2013287.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cad.2012.10.011"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_101_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3544548.3580873"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_102_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1201\/b15703-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_103_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3706598.3713668"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_104_2","unstructured":"OpenAI. 2022. Whisper: OpenAI\u2019s Speech Recognition System. https:\/\/github.com\/openai\/whisper. Accessed: 2025-09-11."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_105_2","volume-title":"ChatGPT","year":"2024","unstructured":"OpenAI. 2024. ChatGPT. Large language model developed by OpenAI. https:\/\/chat.openai.com."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_106_2","unstructured":"OpenAI. 2025. Introducing GPT-5. https:\/\/openai.com\/index\/introducing-gpt-5\/ Accessed: August 30 2025."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_107_2","unstructured":"OpenSCAD Project. 2025. OpenSCAD: The Programmers Solid 3D CAD Modeller. https:\/\/openscad.org\/. Accessed: 2025-08-30."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_108_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV.2019.01006"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_109_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3563657.3596022"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_110_2","unstructured":"Ben Poole Ajay Jain Jonathan\u00a0T Barron and Ben Mildenhall. 2022. Dreamfusion: Text-to-3d using 2d diffusion. arXiv preprint arXiv:https:\/\/arXiv.org\/abs\/2209.14988 (2022)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_111_2","unstructured":"PTC Inc.2024. Creo Parametric. https:\/\/www.ptc.com\/en\/products\/creo\/ Computer software."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_112_2","unstructured":"Chen Qian Wei Liu Hongzhang Liu Nuo Chen Yufan Dang Jiahao Li Cheng Yang Weize Chen Yusheng Su Xin Cong Juyuan Xu Dahai Li Zhiyuan Liu and Maosong Sun. 2024. ChatDev: Communicative Agents for Software Development. arxiv:https:\/\/arXiv.org\/abs\/2307.07924\u00a0[cs.SE] https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2307.07924"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_113_2","unstructured":"Aditya Ramesh Prafulla Dhariwal Alex Nichol Casey Chu and Mark Chen. 2022. Hierarchical text-conditional image generation with clip latents. arXiv preprint arXiv:https:\/\/arXiv.org\/abs\/2204.06125 1 2 (2022) 3."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_114_2","unstructured":"Aditya Ramesh Mikhail Pavlov Gabriel Goh Scott Gray Chelsea Voss Alec Radford Mark Chen and Ilya Sutskever. 2021. Zero-Shot Text-to-Image Generation. arXiv preprint arXiv:https:\/\/arXiv.org\/abs\/2102.12092 (2021). https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2102.12092"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_115_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Matt Ratto and Robert Ree. 2012. Materializing information: 3D printing and social change. First Monday (2012).","DOI":"10.5210\/fm.v17i7.3968"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_116_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3706598.3713949"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_117_2","volume-title":"Rhinoceros 3D","author":"Associates Robert McNeel &","year":"2023","unstructured":"Robert McNeel & Associates. 2023. Rhinoceros 3D. https:\/\/www.rhino3d.com"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_118_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3613904.3642758"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_119_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR52688.2022.01042"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_120_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR52688.2022.01042"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_121_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1978942.1978971"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_122_2","unstructured":"Chitwan Saharia William Chan Saurabh Saxena Lala Li Jay Whang Emily Denton Seyed Kamyar\u00a0Seyed Ghasemipour Raphael Gontijo\u00a0Lopes Burcu Karagol\u00a0Ayan Tim Salimans Jonathan Ho David\u00a0J. Fleet and Mohammad Norouzi. 2022. Photorealistic Text-to-Image Diffusion Models with Deep Language Understanding. arXiv preprint arXiv:https:\/\/arXiv.org\/abs\/2205.11487 (2022). https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2205.11487"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_123_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luca\u00a0M Schulze\u00a0Buschoff Elif Akata Matthias Bethge and Eric Schulz. 2025. Visual cognition in multimodal large language models. Nature Machine Intelligence 7 1 (2025) 96\u2013106.","DOI":"10.1038\/s42256-024-00963-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_124_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jami\u00a0J Shah. 1991. Assessment of features technology. Computer-aided design 23 5 (1991) 331\u2013343.","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-4485(91)90027-T"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_125_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/546488"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_126_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yongliang Shen Kaitao Song Xu Tan Dongsheng Li Weiming Lu and Yueting Zhuang. 2023. Hugginggpt: Solving ai tasks with chatgpt and its friends in hugging face. Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 36 (2023) 38154\u201338180.","DOI":"10.52202\/075280-1657"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_127_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR52733.2024.01855"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_128_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"MA Sinclair CE Siemieniuch and PA John. 2002. A user-centered approach to define high-level requirements for next-generation CAD systems for mechanical engineering. IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management 36 4 (2002) 262\u2013270.","DOI":"10.1109\/17.40979"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_129_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3613904.3642083"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_130_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Evgeny Stemasov Jessica Hohn Maurice Cordts Anja Schikorr Enrico Rukzio and Jan Gugenheimer. 2023. BrickStARt: Enabling In-situ Design and Tangible Exploration for Personal Fabrication Using Mixed Reality. Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction 7 ISS (2023) 64\u201392.","DOI":"10.1145\/3626465"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_131_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3491102.3517682"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_132_2","volume-title":"ZED Mini Stereo Camera","year":"2025","unstructured":"Stereolabs. 2025. ZED Mini Stereo Camera. https:\/\/www.stereolabs.com\/store\/products\/zed-mini Accessed: 2025-08-31."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_133_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3654777.3676406"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_134_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lingyun Sun Hongbo Zhang Pei Chen Zhaoqu Jiang Xuelong Xie Zihong Zhou Xuanhui Liu and Xiaoyu Chen. 2024. Elicitation and evaluation of hand-based interaction language for 3D conceptual design in mixed reality. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies 183 (2024) 103198.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2023.103198"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_135_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yue Sun Jituo Li Ziqin Xu Jialu Zhang Xinqi Liu Dongliang Zhang and Guodong Lu. 2025. Sketch2Seq: Reconstruct CAD models from Feature-based Sketch Segmentation. IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics (2025).","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2025.3566544"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_136_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chiho Sunakawa. 2007. Adam Kendon Gesture: Visible action as utterance. Language in Society 36 1 (2007) 115\u2013118.","DOI":"10.1017\/S0047404507240059"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_137_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ryo Suzuki Parastoo Abtahi Chen Zhu-Tian Mustafa\u00a0Doga Dogan Andrea Colaco Eric\u00a0J Gonzalez Karan Ahuja and Mar Gonzalez-Franco. 2025. Programmable reality. Frontiers in Virtual Reality 6 (2025) 1649785.","DOI":"10.3389\/frvir.2025.1649785"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_138_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jaroslaw Szewczyk. 2003. Difficulties with the novices\u2019 comprehension of the computer-aided design (CAD) interface: Understanding visual representations of CAD tools. Journal of Engineering Design 14 2 (2003) 169\u2013185.","DOI":"10.1080\/0954482031000091491"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_139_2","unstructured":"Ashish Vaswani Noam Shazeer Niki Parmar Jakob Uszkoreit Llion Jones Aidan\u00a0N Gomez \u0141ukasz Kaiser and Illia Polosukhin. 2017. Attention is all you need. Advances in neural information processing systems 30 (2017)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_140_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Petra Wagner Zofia Malisz and Stefan Kopp. 2014. Gesture and speech in interaction: An overview. 209\u2013232\u00a0pages.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.specom.2013.09.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_141_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lei Wang Chen Ma Xueyang Feng Zeyu Zhang Hao Yang Jingsen Zhang Zhiyuan Chen Jiakai Tang Xu Chen Yankai Lin et\u00a0al. 2024. A survey on large language model based autonomous agents. Frontiers of Computer Science 18 6 (2024) 186345.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11704-024-40231-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_142_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3613904.3642901"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_143_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3472749.3474769"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_144_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2677199.2680576"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_145_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2556288.2557090"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_146_2","unstructured":"Wikipedia contributors. 2025. Grasshopper 3D. https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Grasshopper_3D. Accessed: 2025-08-30."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_147_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Adam\u00a0S Williams Jason Garcia and Francisco Ortega. 2020. Understanding multimodal user gesture and speech behavior for object manipulation in augmented reality using elicitation. IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics 26 12 (2020) 3479\u20133489.","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2020.3023566"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_148_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1518701.1518866"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_149_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/BigData59044.2023.10386743"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_150_2","volume-title":"Forty-first International Conference on Machine Learning","author":"Wu Shengqiong","year":"2024","unstructured":"Shengqiong Wu, Hao Fei, Leigang Qu, Wei Ji, and Tat-Seng Chua. 2024. Next-gpt: Any-to-any multimodal llm. In Forty-first International Conference on Machine Learning."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_151_2","first-page":"368","volume-title":"European Conference on Computer Vision","author":"Wu Sifan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Sifan Wu, Amir\u00a0Hosein Khasahmadi, Mor Katz, Pradeep\u00a0Kumar Jayaraman, Yewen Pu, Karl Willis, and Bang Liu. 2024. Cadvlm: Bridging language and vision in the generation of parametric cad sketches. In European Conference on Computer Vision. Springer, 368\u2013384."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_152_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/etfa54631.2023.10275362"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_153_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shukang Yin Chaoyou Fu Sirui Zhao Ke Li Xing Sun Tong Xu and Enhong Chen. 2024. A survey on multimodal large language models. National Science Review 11 12 (2024) nwae403.","DOI":"10.1093\/nsr\/nwae403"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_154_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang You Mikaela\u00a0Angelina Uy Jiaqi Han Rahul Thomas Haotong Zhang Suya You and Leonidas Guibas. 2024. Img2cad: Reverse engineering 3d cad models from images through vlm-assisted conditional factorization. arXiv preprint arXiv:https:\/\/arXiv.org\/abs\/2408.01437 (2024).","DOI":"10.1145\/3757377.3763891"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_155_2","unstructured":"Jiakun Yu Hasindu Kariyawasam Shuying Wu Sriram Subramanian and Anusha Withana. 2025. Designing Multi-DoF Epidermal Bend Sensors Using Flexible Resistive Traces. IEEE Sensors Journal (2025)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_156_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3706598.3714154"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_157_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3746059.3747694"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_158_2","first-page":"954","volume-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Workshops (CVPRW)","author":"Zhang Fan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Fan Zhang, Valentin Bazarevsky, Andrey Vakunov, Andrei Tkachenka, Grace Sung, Chuo-Ling Chang, and Matthias Grundmann. 2020. MediaPipe Hands: On-device Real-time Hand Tracking. In Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Workshops (CVPRW). 954\u2013965. https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2006.10214"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_159_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3654777.3676399"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_160_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3706598.3713528"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_161_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3663547.3746362"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_162_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3746059.3747784"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_163_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3706598.3713935"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_164_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3746059.3747676"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_165_2","unstructured":"Rui Zhu Jialiang Xu Hao Chen Tong Wu Kaichun Ma Yixin Liu Zhizhong Han and Chi-Wing Fu. 2023. LLM-CAD: Zero-Shot CAD Modeling with Large Language Models. arXiv preprint arXiv:https:\/\/arXiv.org\/abs\/2305.04965 (2023). https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2305.04965"}],"event":{"name":"CHI 2026: CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems","location":"Barcelona Spain","acronym":"CHI '26","sponsor":["SIGCHI ACM Special Interest Group on Computer-Human Interaction"]},"container-title":["Proceedings of the 2026 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3772318.3790641","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T09:34:05Z","timestamp":1776418445000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3772318.3790641"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]]},"references-count":164,"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3772318.3790641","10.1145\/3772318"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3772318.3790641","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-04-13","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}