{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T06:48:45Z","timestamp":1782370125856,"version":"3.54.5"},"publisher-location":"New York, NY, USA","reference-count":90,"publisher":"ACM","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776038400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/legalcode"}],"funder":[{"name":"SSHRC\u00a0","award":["430-2024-01364"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["430-2024-01364"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]]},"DOI":"10.1145\/3772318.3791068","type":"proceedings-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T04:12:26Z","timestamp":1776053546000},"page":"1-24","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["LLM-based Embodied Conversational Agent for Reducing Foreign Language Speaking Anxiety in Social VR"],"prefix":"10.1145","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-2161-9560","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mengxu","family":"Pan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Khoury College of Computer Sciences, Northeastern University, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-3244-1809","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Panxin","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Northeastern University, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-7339-1581","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jinda","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-0313-933X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raina","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-1820-4412","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Viduni","family":"Ariyawansa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-6305-5866","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yaning","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-8329-4610","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bingsheng","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9371-9441","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dakuo","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8675-3561","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Philippe","family":"Pasquier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Interactive Arts + Technology, Simon Fraser University, Surrey, British Columbia, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3479-5297","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandra","family":"Kitson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0368-6581","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mirjana","family":"Prpa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Khoury College of Computer Sciences, Northeastern University, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3613904.3642236"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Faye Alnahidh and Sultan Altalhab. 2020. The Level and Sources of Foreign Language Speaking Anxiety among Saudi EFL University Students. Advances in Language and Literary Studies 11 1 (Feb. 2020) 55\u201364. 10.7575\/aiac.alls.v.11n.1p.55","DOI":"10.7575\/aiac.alls.v.11n.1p.55"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_4_2","unstructured":"Mohammad Amiryousefi. 2016. The Influence of Affective Variables on the Complexity Accuracy and Fluency in L2 Oral Production: The Contribution of Task Repetition. Journal of English Language Teaching and Learning 8 17 (June 2016) 25\u201348. https:\/\/elt.tabrizu.ac.ir\/article_4959.html Publisher: University of Tabriz."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Page\u00a0L. Anderson Elana Zimand Larry\u00a0F. Hodges and Barbara\u00a0O. Rothbaum. 2005. Cognitive behavioral therapy for public-speaking anxiety using virtual reality for exposure. Depression and Anxiety 22 3 (2005) 156\u2013158. 10.1002\/da.20090_eprint: https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/da.20090.","DOI":"10.1002\/da.20090"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Robert\u00a0K. Atkinson. 2002. Optimizing learning from examples using animated pedagogical agents. Journal of Educational Psychology 94 2 (2002) 416\u2013427. 10.1037\/0022-0663.94.2.416Place: US Publisher: American Psychological Association.","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0663.94.2.416"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Robert\u00a0K. Atkinson Richard\u00a0E. Mayer and Mary\u00a0Margaret Merrill. 2005. Fostering social agency in multimedia learning: Examining the impact of an animated agent\u2019s voice. Contemporary Educational Psychology 30 1 (Jan. 2005) 117\u2013139. 10.1016\/j.cedpsych.2004.07.001","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cedpsych.2004.07.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Fadeke\u00a0Adeola Atobatele and Patricia\u00a0Diane Mouboua. 2024. The dynamics of language shifts in migrant communities: Implications for social integration and cultural preservation. International Journal of Applied Research in Social Sciences 6 5 (June 2024) 844\u2013860. 10.51594\/ijarss.v6i5.1106","DOI":"10.51594\/ijarss.v6i5.1106"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Emmanuel Ayedoun Yuki Hayashi and Kazuhisa Seta. 2019. Adding Communicative and Affective Strategies to an Embodied Conversational Agent to Enhance Second Language Learners\u2019 Willingness to Communicate. International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education 29 1 (March 2019) 29\u201357. 10.1007\/s40593-018-0171-6","DOI":"10.1007\/s40593-018-0171-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Aarav Balachandran Prajna Vohra and Anmol Srivastava. 2024. A Virtual Reality Approach to Overcome Glossophobia among University Students. Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction 8 ISS (Oct. 2024) 356\u2013376. 10.1145\/3698141","DOI":"10.1145\/3698141"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_11_2","unstructured":"Serkan\u00a0Hasan Balemir. 2009. The sources of foreign language speaking anxiety and the relationship between proficiency level and degree of foreign language speaking anxiety. Master\u2019s thesis. Bilkent Universitesi (Turkey). https:\/\/search.proquest.com\/openview\/3bf2449044714dbc9c7171bcd2d15734\/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=2026366&diss=y"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_12_2","unstructured":"Richard Boyatzis. 1998. Transforming Qualitative Information: Thematic Analysis and Code Development. (01 1998)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Virginia Braun and Victoria Clarke. 2006. Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology (Jan. 2006). 10.1191\/1478088706qp063oaPublisher: Taylor & Francis Group.","DOI":"10.1191\/1478088706qp063oa"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21437\/Interspeech.2023-105"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_15_2","volume-title":"Helping students overcome foreign language anxiety: a foreign language anxiety workshop [Extras]","author":"Campbell Christine\u00a0M.","year":"1991","unstructured":"Christine\u00a0M. Campbell and Jose\u00a0A. Ortiz. 1991. Helping students overcome foreign language anxiety: a foreign language anxiety workshop [Extras]. Prentice-Hall."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Szeyi Chan Shihan Fu Jiachen Li Bingsheng Yao Smit Desai Mirjana Prpa and Dakuo Wang. 2024. Human and LLM-Based Voice Assistant Interaction: An Analytical Framework for User Verbal and Nonverbal Behaviors. 10.48550\/arXiv.2408.16465arXiv:https:\/\/arXiv.org\/abs\/2408.16465 [cs].","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.2408.16465"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3544549.3585805"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mei-Rong\u00a0Alice Chen and Gwo-Jen Hwang. 2022. Effects of experiencing authentic contexts on English speaking performances anxiety and motivation of EFL students with different cognitive styles. Interactive Learning Environments 30 9 (Oct. 2022) 1619\u20131639. 10.1080\/10494820.2020.1734626Publisher: Routledge _eprint: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10494820.2020.1734626.","DOI":"10.1080\/10494820.2020.1734626"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3025453.3025857"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_20_2","unstructured":"COE. 2024. The CEFR Levels - Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR). https:\/\/www.coe.int\/en\/web\/common-european-framework-reference-languages\/level-descriptions"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_21_2","unstructured":"SciPy community. 2025. SciPy documentation (version 1.16.2). https:\/\/docs.scipy.org\/doc\/scipy\/index.html. Accessed: 2025-12-03."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_22_2","unstructured":"British Council. 2025. English in numbers | British Council. https:\/\/www.britishcouncil.cn\/en\/EnglishGreat\/numbers"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Tetyana\u00a0Kucher Dhimolea Regina Kaplan-Rakowski and Lin Lin. 2022. A Systematic Review of Research on High-Immersion Virtual Reality for Language Learning. TechTrends 66 5 (Sept. 2022) 810\u2013824. 10.1007\/s11528-022-00717-w","DOI":"10.1007\/s11528-022-00717-w"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Miaomiao Ding. 2024. The impact of high-immersion virtual reality on EFL learners\u2019 foreign language speaking anxiety: A mixed-method approach. ReCALL 36 3 (Sept. 2024) 287\u2013305. 10.1017\/S0958344024000156","DOI":"10.1017\/S0958344024000156"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Reham El\u00a0Shazly. 2021. Effects of artificial intelligence on English speaking anxiety and speaking performance: A case study. Expert Systems 38 3 (May 2021) e12667. 10.1111\/exsy.12667","DOI":"10.1111\/exsy.12667"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Christopher\u00a0M. Ely. 1986. An Analysis of Discomfort Risktaking Sociability and Motivation in the L2 Classroom. Language Learning 36 1 (1986) 1\u201325. 10.1111\/j.1467-1770.1986.tb00366.x_eprint: https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/j.1467-1770.1986.tb00366.x.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-1770.1986.tb00366.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Pascale Fung Yoram Bachrach Asli Celikyilmaz Kamalika Chaudhuri Delong Chen Willy Chung Emmanuel Dupoux Hongyu Gong Herv\u00e9 J\u00e9gou Alessandro Lazaric Arjun Majumdar Andrea Madotto Franziska Meier Florian Metze Louis-Philippe Morency Th\u00e9o Moutakanni Juan Pino Basile Terver Joseph Tighe Paden Tomasello and Jitendra Malik. 2025. Embodied AI Agents: Modeling the World. 10.48550\/arXiv.2506.22355arXiv:https:\/\/arXiv.org\/abs\/2506.22355 [cs].","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.2506.22355"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21832\/9781783097722"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/11821830_2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4018\/978-1-7998-3250-8.ch012"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Elaine Horwitz. 2001. Language anxiety and achievement. Annual Review of Applied Linguistics 21 (Jan. 2001) 112\u2013126. 10.1017\/S0267190501000071","DOI":"10.1017\/S0267190501000071"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Elaine\u00a0K. Horwitz Michael\u00a0B. Horwitz and Joann Cope. 1986. Foreign Language Classroom Anxiety. The Modern Language Journal 70 2 (1986) 125\u2013132. 10.2307\/327317Publisher: [National Federation of Modern Language Teachers Associations Wiley].","DOI":"10.2307\/327317"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_33_2","unstructured":"IBM Corp.2025. IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_34_2","unstructured":"IELTS. 2025. IELTS Academic format: Speaking. https:\/\/ielts.org\/take-a-test\/test-types\/ielts-academic-test\/ielts-academic-format-speaking. Accessed: 2025-09-03."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Jaeho Jeon. 2022. Exploring a self-directed interactive app for informal EFL learning: a self-determination theory perspective. Education and Information Technologies 27 4 (May 2022) 5767\u20135787. 10.1007\/s10639-021-10839-y","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-021-10839-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-16-3416-1_9"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Regina Kaplan-Rakowski and Alice Gruber. 2023. The impact of high-immersion virtual reality on foreign language anxiety. Smart Learning Environments 10 1 (Oct. 2023) 46. 10.1186\/s40561-023-00263-9","DOI":"10.1186\/s40561-023-00263-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_38_2","unstructured":"ko fi.com. 2024. Celeste-AI. https:\/\/github.com\/Celeste-AI\/Celeste-AI original-date: 2023-04-11."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.plm.2020.03.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mei\u00a0Hui Lim Vahid Aryadoust and Gianluca Esposito. 2023. A meta-analysis of the effect of virtual reality on reducing public speaking anxiety. Current Psychology 42 15 (May 2023) 12912\u201312928. 10.1007\/s12144-021-02684-6","DOI":"10.1007\/s12144-021-02684-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Honggang Liu. 2019. New Insights into Language Anxiety: Theory Research and Educational Implications. ELT Journal 73 1 (Jan. 2019) 105\u2013107. 10.1093\/elt\/ccy042Publisher: Oxford Academic.","DOI":"10.1093\/elt\/ccy042"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Meihua Liu. 2018. Interactive effects of English-speaking anxiety and strategy use on oral English test performance of high- and low-proficient Chinese university EFL learners. Cogent Education 5 1 (Jan. 2018) 1562410. 10.1080\/2331186X.2018.1562410Publisher: Cogent OA _eprint: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/2331186X.2018.1562410.","DOI":"10.1080\/2331186X.2018.1562410"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Peter\u00a0D. MacIntyre. 1995. How Does Anxiety Affect Second Language Learning? A Reply to Sparks and Ganschow. The Modern Language Journal 79 1 (1995) 90\u201399. 10.2307\/329395Publisher: [National Federation of Modern Language Teachers Associations Wiley].","DOI":"10.2307\/329395"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Peter\u00a0D. MacIntyre and R.\u00a0C. Gardner. 1994. The Subtle Effects of Language Anxiety on Cognitive Processing in the Second Language. Language Learning 44 2 (1994) 283\u2013305. 10.1111\/j.1467-1770.1994.tb01103.x_eprint: https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/j.1467-1770.1994.tb01103.x.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-1770.1994.tb01103.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Peter\u00a0D. MacIntyre and J. Ren\u00e9e\u00a0MacDonald. 1998. Public speaking anxiety: Perceived competence and audience congeniality. Communication Education 47 4 (Oct. 1998) 359\u2013365. 10.1080\/03634529809379142Publisher: NCA Website _eprint: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/03634529809379142.","DOI":"10.1080\/03634529809379142"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Masoud Mahmoodzadeh. 2012. Investigating Foreign Language Speaking Anxiety within the EFL Learner\u2019s Interlanguage System: The Case of Iranian Learners. Journal of Language Teaching and Research 3 3 (May 2012) 466\u2013476. 10.4304\/jltr.3.3.466-476","DOI":"10.4304\/jltr.3.3.466-476"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Guido Makransky and Lau Lilleholt. 2018. A structural equation modeling investigation of the emotional value of immersive virtual reality in education. Educational Technology Research and Development 66 5 (Oct. 2018) 1141\u20131164. 10.1007\/s11423-018-9581-2","DOI":"10.1007\/s11423-018-9581-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Roxana Moreno Richard\u00a0E. Mayer Hiller\u00a0A. Spires and James\u00a0C. Lester. 2001. The Case for Social Agency in Computer-Based Teaching: Do Students Learn More Deeply When They Interact With Animated Pedagogical Agents? Cognition and Instruction 19 2 (June 2001) 177\u2013213. 10.1207\/S1532690XCI1902_02","DOI":"10.1207\/S1532690XCI1902_02"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3472306.3478364"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-64218-5_15"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_51_2","unstructured":"OpenAI. 2025. Realtime API - OpenAI API. https:\/\/platform.openai.com"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_52_2","unstructured":"OpenAI. 2025. Realtime API Documentation: Handling Audio with WebSockets. https:\/\/platform.openai.com\/docs\/guides\/realtime-conversations#handling-audio-with-websockets. Accessed: 2025-09-01."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_53_2","unstructured":"OpenAI. 2025. What is the ChatGPT model selector?https:\/\/help.openai.com\/en\/articles\/7864572-what-is-the-chatgpt-model-selector#h_80fc86948a"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3715336.3735786"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3586183.3606763"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3411764.3445760"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Preethi Premkumar Nadja Heym David\u00a0Joseph Brown Steven Battersby Alexander Sumich Bethany Huntington Rosie Daly and Eva Zysk. 2021. The effectiveness of self-guided virtual-reality exposure therapy for public-speaking anxiety. Frontiers in psychiatry 12 (2021) 694610. 10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.694610Publisher: Frontiers Media SA.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.694610"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"K. Proudfoot. 2022. Inductive\/Deductive Hybrid Thematic Analysis in Mixed Methods Research. Journal of Mixed Methods Research 17 3 (2022) 308\u2013326. arXiv:10.1177\/15586898221126816","DOI":"10.1177\/15586898221126816"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"K. Rajitha and C. Alamelu. 2020. A study of factors affecting and causing speaking anxiety. Procedia Computer Science 172 (2020) 1053\u20131058. 10.1016\/j.procs.2020.05.154Publisher: Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2020.05.154"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Rachel Reeves David Curran Amanda Gleeson and Donncha Hanna. 2022. A Meta-Analysis of the Efficacy of Virtual Reality and In Vivo Exposure Therapy as Psychological Interventions for Public Speaking Anxiety. Behavior Modification 46 4 (July 2022) 937\u2013965. 10.1177\/0145445521991102Publisher: SAGE Publications Inc.","DOI":"10.1177\/0145445521991102"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_61_2","unstructured":"Rev.com. 2025. Rev transcription service. https:\/\/www.rev.com\/. Accessed: 2025-09-07."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3397481.3450648"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Marilyn\u00a0P. Safir Helene\u00a0S. Wallach and Margalit Bar-Zvi. 2012. Virtual Reality Cognitive-Behavior Therapy for Public Speaking Anxiety: One-Year Follow-Up. Behavior Modification 36 2 (March 2012) 235\u2013246. 10.1177\/0145445511429999Publisher: SAGE Publications Inc.","DOI":"10.1177\/0145445511429999"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Fatemeh Sarpourian Taha Samad\u2010Soltani Khadijeh Moulaei and Kambiz Bahaadinbeigy. 2022. The effect of virtual reality therapy and counseling on students\u2019 public speaking anxiety. Health Science Reports 5 5 (Sept. 2022) e816. 10.1002\/hsr2.816","DOI":"10.1002\/hsr2.816"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9781003395218-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_66_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Patrik\u00a0D. Seuling Nathaly\u00a0S. Czernin and Miriam\u00a0A. Schiele. 2024. Virtual Reality exposure therapy in the treatment of public speaking anxiety and social anxiety disorder. Neuroscience Applied 3 (Jan. 2024) 104074. 10.1016\/j.nsa.2024.104074","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nsa.2024.104074"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_67_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ye\u015fim Sevin\u00e7 and Ad Backus. 2019. Anxiety language use and linguistic competence in an immigrant context: a vicious circle? International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism 22 6 (Aug. 2019) 706\u2013724. 10.1080\/13670050.2017.1306021Publisher: Routledge _eprint: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13670050.2017.1306021.","DOI":"10.1080\/13670050.2017.1306021"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_68_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.24251\/HICSS.2017.067"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_69_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3173574.3173965"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_70_2","unstructured":"Leah Shelley and Fernando Gonzalez. 2013. Back Channeling: Function of Back Channeling and L1 Effects on Back Channeling in L2. Linguistic Portfolios 2 (2013). https:\/\/repository.stcloudstate.edu\/stcloud_ling\/vol2\/iss1\/9\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_71_2","unstructured":"Laerd Statistics. 2015. Dependent t-test using SPSS Statistics. https:\/\/statistics.laerd.com\/spss-tutorials\/dependent-t-test-using-spss-statistics.php. Accessed: 2025-09-09."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_72_2","unstructured":"Laerd Statistics. n. d.. How to perform a Mixed ANOVA in SPSS Statistics. https:\/\/statistics.laerd.com\/spss-tutorials\/mixed-anova-using-spss-statistics.php. Accessed: 2025-12-03."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_73_2","unstructured":"Laerd Statistics. n. d.. Understanding a Repeated Measures ANOVA \u2013 Statistical Guide. https:\/\/statistics.laerd.com\/statistical-guides\/repeated-measures-anova-statistical-guide.php. Accessed: 2025-12-03."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_74_2","unstructured":"Bethesda\u00a0Game Studios. [n. d.]. The Elder Scrolls V: Skyrim Special Edition on Steam. https:\/\/store.steampowered.com\/app\/489830\/The_Elder_Scrolls_V_Skyrim_Special_Edition\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_75_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Marcel Takac James Collett Kristopher\u00a0J. Blom Russell Conduit Imogen Rehm and Alexander De\u00a0Foe. 2019. Public speaking anxiety decreases within repeated virtual reality training sessions. PloS one 14 5 (2019) e0216288. 10.1371\/journal.pone.0216288Publisher: Public Library of Science San Francisco CA USA.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0216288"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_76_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Tricia Thrasher. 2022. The Impact of Virtual Reality on L2 French Learners\u2019 Language Anxiety and Oral Comprehensibility. CALICO Journal 39 2 (June 2022) 219\u2013238. 10.1558\/cj.42198Publisher: University of Toronto Press.","DOI":"10.1558\/cj.42198"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_77_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Iakovos Tsiplakides and Areti Keramida. 2009. Helping Students Overcome Foreign Language Speaking Anxiety in the English Classroom: Theoretical Issues and Practical Recommendations. International Education Studies 2 4 (Nov. 2009) 39\u201344. https:\/\/eric.ed.gov\/?id=EJ1065743 Publisher: Canadian Center of Science and Education ERIC Number: EJ1065743.","DOI":"10.5539\/ies.v2n4p39"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_78_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Pauli Virtanen Ralf Gommers Travis\u00a0E. Oliphant Matt Haberland Tyler Reddy David Cournapeau Evgeni Burovski Pearu Peterson Warren Weckesser Jonathan Bright St\u00e9fan\u00a0J. van der Walt Matthew Brett Joshua Wilson K.\u00a0Jarrod Millman Nikolay Mayorov Andrew R.\u00a0J. Nelson Eric Jones Robert Kern Eric Larson C\u00a0J Carey \u0130lhan Polat Yu Feng Eric\u00a0W. Moore Jake VanderPlas Denis Laxalde Josef Perktold Robert Cimrman Ian Henriksen E.\u00a0A. Quintero Charles\u00a0R. Harris Anne\u00a0M. Archibald Ant\u00f4nio\u00a0H. Ribeiro Fabian Pedregosa Paul van Mulbregt and SciPy 1.0 Contributors. 2020. SciPy 1.0: Fundamental Algorithms for Scientific Computing in Python. Nature Methods 17 (2020) 261\u2013272. 10.1038\/s41592-019-0686-2","DOI":"10.1038\/s41592-019-0686-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_79_2","unstructured":"VRChat. 2024. OSC Overview. https:\/\/docs.vrchat.com\/docs\/osc-overview"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_80_2","unstructured":"VRChat. 2024. VRChat. https:\/\/hello.vrchat.com"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_81_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Helene\u00a0S. Wallach Marilyn\u00a0P. Safir and Margalit Bar-Zvi. 2009. Virtual Reality Cognitive Behavior Therapy for Public Speaking Anxiety: A Randomized Clinical Trial. Behavior Modification 33 3 (May 2009) 314\u2013338. 10.1177\/0145445509331926","DOI":"10.1177\/0145445509331926"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_82_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3613905.3651026"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_83_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Chenghao Wang Bin Zou Yiran Du and Zixun Wang. 2024. The impact of different conversational generative AI chatbots on EFL learners: An analysis of willingness to communicate foreign language speaking anxiety and self-perceived communicative competence. System 127 (Dec. 2024) 103533. 10.1016\/j.system.2024.103533Publisher: Pergamon.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.system.2024.103533"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_84_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3313831.3376561"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_85_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kyra Wang Boon-Kiat Quek Jessica Goh and Dorien Herremans. 2025. To Embody or Not: The Effect Of Embodiment On User Perception Of LLM-based Conversational Agents. 10.48550\/arXiv.2506.02514arXiv:https:\/\/arXiv.org\/abs\/2506.02514 [cs].","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.2506.02514"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_86_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.63317\/5pwa5zpssv4z"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_87_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Pieter Wolfert Nicole Robinson and Tony Belpaeme. 2022. A Review of Evaluation Practices of Gesture Generation in Embodied Conversational Agents. IEEE Transactions on Human-Machine Systems 52 3 (June 2022) 379\u2013389. 10.1109\/THMS.2022.3149173arXiv:https:\/\/arXiv.org\/abs\/2101.03769 [cs].","DOI":"10.1109\/THMS.2022.3149173"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_88_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lindy Woodrow. 2006. Anxiety and Speaking English as a Second Language. RELC Journal 37 3 (Dec. 2006) 308\u2013328. 10.1177\/0033688206071315Publisher: SAGE Publications Ltd.","DOI":"10.1177\/0033688206071315"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_89_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Yiying Xiong Qiyang Zhang Liwei Zhao Shuqi Liu Hongjie Guan Yuan Sui Jiaqi Feng and Kyeong Min\u00a0Rachel Lee. 2024. A Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review of Foreign Language Anxiety Interventions Among Students. Journal of Language and Social Psychology 43 5-6 (Oct. 2024) 620\u2013650. 10.1177\/0261927X241291258Publisher: SAGE Publications Inc.","DOI":"10.1177\/0261927X241291258"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_90_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Weijian Yan Victoria\u00a0Lynn Lowell and Li Yang. 2024. Developing English language learners\u2019 speaking skills through applying a situated learning approach in VR-enhanced learning experiences. Virtual Reality 28 4 (Nov. 2024) 167. 10.1007\/s10055-024-01061-5","DOI":"10.1007\/s10055-024-01061-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_91_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"James York Koichi Shibata Hayato Tokutake and Hiroshi Nakayama. 2021. Effect of SCMC on foreign language anxiety and learning experience: A comparison of voice video and VR-based oral interaction. ReCALL 33 1 (Jan. 2021) 49\u201370. 10.1017\/S0958344020000154","DOI":"10.1017\/S0958344020000154"}],"event":{"name":"CHI 2026: CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems","location":"Barcelona Spain","acronym":"CHI '26","sponsor":["SIGCHI ACM Special Interest Group on Computer-Human Interaction"]},"container-title":["Proceedings of the 2026 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3772318.3791068","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T06:18:51Z","timestamp":1782368331000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3772318.3791068"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]]},"references-count":90,"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3772318.3791068","10.1145\/3772318"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3772318.3791068","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-04-13","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}