{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T08:50:19Z","timestamp":1782377419418,"version":"3.54.5"},"publisher-location":"New York, NY, USA","reference-count":57,"publisher":"ACM","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776038400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/legalcode"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006112","name":"Microsoft Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GR051735"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GR051735"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006112","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]]},"DOI":"10.1145\/3772318.3791359","type":"proceedings-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T04:12:26Z","timestamp":1776053546000},"page":"1-19","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Promise and Peril of On-Device AI for Conservation Work"],"prefix":"10.1145","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0625-9294","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cynthia","family":"Dong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Paul G. Allen School of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-6813-0886","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emmanuel Azuh","family":"Mensah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Paul G. Allen School of Computer Science &amp; Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2757-3365","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vaishnavi","family":"Ranganathan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microsoft Research, Seattle, Washington, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0989-5440","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kurtis","family":"Heimerl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Paul G. Allen School of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Jorge\u00a0A Ahumada Eric Fegraus Tanya Birch Nicole Flores Roland Kays Timothy\u00a0G O\u2019Brien Jonathan Palmer Stephanie Schuttler Jennifer\u00a0Y Zhao Walter Jetz Margaret Kinnaird Sayali Kulkarni Arnaud Lyet David Thau Michelle Duong Ruth Oliver and Anthony Dancer. 2019. Wildlife Insights: A Platform to Maximize the Potential of Camera Trap and Other Passive Sensor Wildlife Data for the Planet. Environmental Conservation 47 1 (Sept. 2019) 1\u20136. 10.1017\/s0376892919000298","DOI":"10.1017\/s0376892919000298"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Michael\u00a0R. Appleton Alexandre Courtiol Lucy Emerton James\u00a0L. Slade Andrew Tilker Lauren\u00a0C. Warr M\u00f3nica\u00a0\u00c1lvarez Malvido James\u00a0R. Barborak Louise de Bruin Rosalie Chapple Jennifer\u00a0C. Daltry Nina\u00a0P. Hadley Christopher\u00a0A. Jordan Fran\u00e7ois Rousset Rohit Singh Eleanor\u00a0J. Sterling Erin\u00a0G. Wessling and Barney Long. 2022. Protected area personnel and ranger numbers are insufficient to deliver global expectations. Nature Sustainability 5 12 (Oct. 2022) 1100\u20131110. 10.1038\/s41893-022-00970-0","DOI":"10.1038\/s41893-022-00970-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_4_2","unstructured":"Peter Belcak Greg Heinrich Shizhe Diao Yonggan Fu Xin Dong Saurav Muralidharan Yingyan\u00a0Celine Lin and Pavlo Molchanov. 2025. Small Language Models are the Future of Agentic AI. arxiv:https:\/\/arXiv.org\/abs\/2506.02153\u00a0[cs.AI] https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2506.02153"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Tanya\u00a0Y. Berger-Wolf Daniel\u00a0I. Rubenstein Charles\u00a0V. Stewart Jason\u00a0A. Holmberg Jason Parham Sreejith Menon Jonathan Crall Jon Van\u00a0Oast Emre Kiciman and Lucas Joppa. 2017. Wildbook: Crowdsourcing computer vision and data science for conservation. 10.48550\/ARXIV.1710.08880","DOI":"10.48550\/ARXIV.1710.08880"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Jeremy\u00a0R. Brammer Nicolas\u00a0D. Brunet A.\u00a0Cole Burton Alain Cuerrier Finn Danielsen Kanwaljeet Dewan Thora\u00a0Martina Herrmann Micha\u00a0V. Jackson Rod Kennett Guillaume Larocque Monica Mulrennan Arun\u00a0Kumar Pratihast Marie Saint-Arnaud Colin Scott and Murray\u00a0M. Humphries. 2016. The role of digital data entry in participatory environmental monitoring. Conservation Biology 30 6 (2016) 1277\u20131287. 10.1111\/cobi.12727 arXiv:https:\/\/conbio.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/cobi.12727","DOI":"10.1111\/cobi.12727"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Virginia Braun and Victoria Clarke. 2006. Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative research in psychology 3 2 (2006) 77\u2013101.","DOI":"10.1191\/1478088706qp063oa"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_8_2","unstructured":"Martin Juan\u00a0Jos\u00e9 Bucher and Marco Martini. 2024. Fine-Tuned \u2019Small\u2019 LLMs (Still) Significantly Outperform Zero-Shot Generative AI Models in Text Classification. arxiv:https:\/\/arXiv.org\/abs\/2406.08660\u00a0[cs.CL] https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2406.08660"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_9_2","unstructured":"Jenna Burrell and Kentaro Toyama. 2009. What constitutes good ICTD research?Information Technologies & International Development 5 3 (2009) pp\u201382."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"David\u00a0Y. Cao Jamie\u00a0R. Silkey Michael\u00a0C. Decker and Karolyn\u00a0A. Wanat. 2024. Artificial intelligence-driven digital scribes in clinical documentation: Pilot study assessing the impact on dermatologist workflow and patient encounters. JAAD International 15 (June 2024) 149\u2013151. 10.1016\/j.jdin.2024.02.009","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdin.2024.02.009"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_11_2","unstructured":"Mustafa Chasmai Wuao Liu Subhransu Maji and Grant\u00a0Van Horn. 2025. Audio Geolocation: A Natural Sounds Benchmark. arxiv:https:\/\/arXiv.org\/abs\/2505.18726\u00a0[cs.SD] https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2505.18726"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Andrea Cuadra Justine Breuch Samantha Estrada David Ihim Isabelle Hung Derek Askaryar Marwan Hassanien Kristen\u00a0L. Fessele and James\u00a0A. Landay. 2024. Digital Forms for All: A Holistic Multimodal Large Language Model Agent for Health Data Entry. Proc. ACM Interact. Mob. Wearable Ubiquitous Technol. 8 2 Article 72 (May 2024) 39\u00a0pages. 10.1145\/3659624","DOI":"10.1145\/3659624"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fred\u00a0D Davis. 1989. Perceived Usefulness Perceived Ease of Use and User Acceptance of Information Technology. MIS quarterly (1989).","DOI":"10.2307\/249008"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_14_2","volume-title":"Equator Workshop on Record and Replay Technologies","author":"Fitton Dan","year":"2004","unstructured":"Dan Fitton, Keith Cheverst, Mark Rouncefield, Alan Dix, and Andy Crabtree. 2004. Probing technology with technology probes. In Equator Workshop on Record and Replay Technologies."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_15_2","unstructured":"Microsoft\u00a0Cloud for Healthcare. 2025. Microsoft Dragon Copilot. https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-us\/health-solutions\/clinical-workflow\/dragon-copilot. [Accessed 05-08-2025]."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_16_2","unstructured":"Cl\u00e9mentine Fourrier Nathan Habib Alina Lozovskaya Konrad Szafer and Thomas Wolf. 2024. Open LLM Leaderboard v2. https:\/\/huggingface.co\/spaces\/open-llm-leaderboard\/open_llm_leaderboard."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"William Gaver Anthony Dunne and Elena Pacenti. 1999. Cultural Probes. Interactions VI (01 1999) 21\u201329.","DOI":"10.1145\/291224.291235"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_18_2","unstructured":"Georgi Gerganov. 2025. whisper.cpp: Port of OpenAI\u2019s Whisper model in C\/C++. https:\/\/github.com\/ggerganov\/whisper.cpp."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_19_2","unstructured":"Aaron Grattafiori Abhimanyu Dubey Abhinav Jauhri Abhinav Pandey Abhishek Kadian Ahmad Al-Dahle Aiesha Letman Akhil Mathur Alan Schelten Alex Vaughan Amy Yang Angela Fan Anirudh Goyal Anthony Hartshorn Aobo Yang Archi Mitra Archie Sravankumar Artem Korenev Arthur Hinsvark Arun Rao Aston Zhang Aurelien Rodriguez Austen Gregerson Ava Spataru Baptiste Roziere Bethany Biron Binh Tang Bobbie Chern Charlotte Caucheteux Chaya Nayak Chloe Bi Chris Marra Chris McConnell Christian Keller Christophe Touret Chunyang Wu Corinne Wong Cristian\u00a0Canton Ferrer Cyrus Nikolaidis Damien Allonsius Daniel Song Danielle Pintz Danny Livshits Danny Wyatt David Esiobu Dhruv Choudhary Dhruv Mahajan Diego Garcia-Olano Diego Perino Dieuwke Hupkes Egor Lakomkin Ehab AlBadawy Elina Lobanova Emily Dinan Eric\u00a0Michael Smith Filip Radenovic Francisco Guzm\u00e1n Frank Zhang Gabriel Synnaeve Gabrielle Lee Georgia\u00a0Lewis Anderson Govind Thattai Graeme Nail Gregoire Mialon Guan Pang Guillem Cucurell Hailey Nguyen Hannah Korevaar Hu Xu Hugo Touvron Iliyan Zarov Imanol\u00a0Arrieta Ibarra Isabel Kloumann Ishan Misra Ivan Evtimov Jack Zhang Jade Copet Jaewon Lee Jan Geffert Jana Vranes Jason Park Jay Mahadeokar Jeet Shah Jelmer van\u00a0der Linde Jennifer Billock Jenny Hong Jenya Lee Jeremy Fu Jianfeng Chi Jianyu Huang Jiawen Liu Jie Wang Jiecao Yu Joanna Bitton Joe Spisak Jongsoo Park Joseph Rocca Joshua Johnstun Joshua Saxe Junteng Jia Kalyan\u00a0Vasuden Alwala Karthik Prasad Kartikeya Upasani Kate Plawiak Ke Li Kenneth Heafield Kevin Stone Khalid El-Arini Krithika Iyer Kshitiz Malik Kuenley Chiu Kunal Bhalla Kushal Lakhotia Lauren Rantala-Yeary Laurens van\u00a0der Maaten Lawrence Chen Liang Tan Liz Jenkins Louis Martin Lovish Madaan Lubo Malo Lukas Blecher Lukas Landzaat Luke de Oliveira Madeline Muzzi Mahesh Pasupuleti Mannat Singh Manohar Paluri Marcin Kardas Maria Tsimpoukelli Mathew Oldham Mathieu Rita Maya Pavlova Melanie Kambadur Mike Lewis Min Si Mitesh\u00a0Kumar Singh Mona Hassan Naman Goyal Narjes Torabi Nikolay Bashlykov Nikolay Bogoychev Niladri Chatterji Ning Zhang Olivier Duchenne Onur \u00c7elebi Patrick Alrassy Pengchuan Zhang Pengwei Li Petar Vasic Peter Weng Prajjwal Bhargava Pratik Dubal Praveen Krishnan Punit\u00a0Singh Koura Puxin Xu Qing He Qingxiao Dong Ragavan Srinivasan Raj Ganapathy Ramon Calderer Ricardo\u00a0Silveira Cabral Robert Stojnic Roberta Raileanu Rohan Maheswari Rohit Girdhar Rohit Patel Romain Sauvestre Ronnie Polidoro Roshan Sumbaly Ross Taylor Ruan Silva Rui Hou Rui Wang Saghar Hosseini Sahana Chennabasappa Sanjay Singh Sean Bell Seohyun\u00a0Sonia Kim Sergey Edunov Shaoliang Nie Sharan Narang Sharath Raparthy Sheng Shen Shengye Wan Shruti Bhosale Shun Zhang Simon Vandenhende Soumya Batra Spencer Whitman Sten Sootla Stephane Collot Suchin Gururangan Sydney Borodinsky Tamar Herman Tara Fowler Tarek Sheasha Thomas Georgiou Thomas Scialom Tobias Speckbacher Todor Mihaylov Tong Xiao Ujjwal Karn Vedanuj Goswami Vibhor Gupta Vignesh Ramanathan Viktor Kerkez Vincent Gonguet Virginie Do Vish Vogeti V\u00edtor Albiero Vladan Petrovic Weiwei Chu Wenhan Xiong Wenyin Fu Whitney Meers Xavier Martinet Xiaodong Wang Xiaofang Wang Xiaoqing\u00a0Ellen Tan Xide Xia Xinfeng Xie Xuchao Jia Xuewei Wang Yaelle Goldschlag Yashesh Gaur Yasmine Babaei Yi Wen Yiwen Song Yuchen Zhang Yue Li Yuning Mao Zacharie\u00a0Delpierre Coudert Zheng Yan Zhengxing Chen Zoe Papakipos Aaditya Singh Aayushi Srivastava Abha Jain Adam Kelsey Adam Shajnfeld Adithya Gangidi Adolfo Victoria Ahuva Goldstand Ajay Menon Ajay Sharma Alex Boesenberg Alexei Baevski Allie Feinstein Amanda Kallet Amit Sangani Amos Teo Anam Yunus Andrei Lupu Andres Alvarado Andrew Caples Andrew Gu Andrew Ho Andrew Poulton Andrew Ryan Ankit Ramchandani Annie Dong Annie Franco Anuj Goyal Aparajita Saraf Arkabandhu Chowdhury Ashley Gabriel Ashwin Bharambe Assaf Eisenman Azadeh Yazdan Beau James Ben Maurer Benjamin Leonhardi Bernie Huang Beth Loyd Beto\u00a0De Paola Bhargavi Paranjape Bing Liu Bo Wu Boyu Ni Braden Hancock Bram Wasti Brandon Spence Brani Stojkovic Brian Gamido Britt Montalvo Carl Parker Carly Burton Catalina Mejia Ce Liu Changhan Wang Changkyu Kim Chao Zhou Chester Hu Ching-Hsiang Chu Chris Cai Chris Tindal Christoph Feichtenhofer Cynthia Gao Damon Civin Dana Beaty Daniel Kreymer Daniel Li David Adkins David Xu Davide Testuggine Delia David Devi Parikh Diana Liskovich Didem Foss Dingkang Wang Duc Le Dustin Holland Edward Dowling Eissa Jamil Elaine Montgomery Eleonora Presani Emily Hahn Emily Wood Eric-Tuan Le Erik Brinkman Esteban Arcaute Evan Dunbar Evan Smothers Fei Sun Felix Kreuk Feng Tian Filippos Kokkinos Firat Ozgenel Francesco Caggioni Frank Kanayet Frank Seide Gabriela\u00a0Medina Florez Gabriella Schwarz Gada Badeer Georgia Swee Gil Halpern Grant Herman Grigory Sizov Guangyi Zhang Guna Lakshminarayanan Hakan Inan Hamid Shojanazeri Han Zou Hannah Wang Hanwen Zha Haroun Habeeb Harrison Rudolph Helen Suk Henry Aspegren Hunter Goldman Hongyuan Zhan Ibrahim Damlaj Igor Molybog Igor Tufanov Ilias Leontiadis Irina-Elena Veliche Itai Gat Jake Weissman James Geboski James Kohli Janice Lam Japhet Asher Jean-Baptiste Gaya Jeff Marcus Jeff Tang Jennifer Chan Jenny Zhen Jeremy Reizenstein Jeremy Teboul Jessica Zhong Jian Jin Jingyi Yang Joe Cummings Jon Carvill Jon Shepard Jonathan McPhie Jonathan Torres Josh Ginsburg Junjie Wang Kai Wu Kam\u00a0Hou U Karan Saxena Kartikay Khandelwal Katayoun Zand Kathy Matosich Kaushik Veeraraghavan Kelly Michelena Keqian Li Kiran Jagadeesh Kun Huang Kunal Chawla Kyle Huang Lailin Chen Lakshya Garg Lavender A Leandro Silva Lee Bell Lei Zhang Liangpeng Guo Licheng Yu Liron Moshkovich Luca Wehrstedt Madian Khabsa Manav Avalani Manish Bhatt Martynas Mankus Matan Hasson Matthew Lennie Matthias Reso Maxim Groshev Maxim Naumov Maya Lathi Meghan Keneally Miao Liu Michael\u00a0L. Seltzer Michal Valko Michelle Restrepo Mihir Patel Mik Vyatskov Mikayel Samvelyan Mike Clark Mike Macey Mike Wang Miquel\u00a0Jubert Hermoso Mo Metanat Mohammad Rastegari Munish Bansal Nandhini Santhanam Natascha Parks Natasha White Navyata Bawa Nayan Singhal Nick Egebo Nicolas Usunier Nikhil Mehta Nikolay\u00a0Pavlovich Laptev Ning Dong Norman Cheng Oleg Chernoguz Olivia Hart Omkar Salpekar Ozlem Kalinli Parkin Kent Parth Parekh Paul Saab Pavan Balaji Pedro Rittner Philip Bontrager Pierre Roux Piotr Dollar Polina Zvyagina Prashant Ratanchandani Pritish Yuvraj Qian Liang Rachad Alao Rachel Rodriguez Rafi Ayub Raghotham Murthy Raghu Nayani Rahul Mitra Rangaprabhu Parthasarathy Raymond Li Rebekkah Hogan Robin Battey Rocky Wang Russ Howes Ruty Rinott Sachin Mehta Sachin Siby Sai\u00a0Jayesh Bondu Samyak Datta Sara Chugh Sara Hunt Sargun Dhillon Sasha Sidorov Satadru Pan Saurabh Mahajan Saurabh Verma Seiji Yamamoto Sharadh Ramaswamy Shaun Lindsay Shaun Lindsay Sheng Feng Shenghao Lin Shengxin\u00a0Cindy Zha Shishir Patil Shiva Shankar Shuqiang Zhang Shuqiang Zhang Sinong Wang Sneha Agarwal Soji Sajuyigbe Soumith Chintala Stephanie Max Stephen Chen Steve Kehoe Steve Satterfield Sudarshan Govindaprasad Sumit Gupta Summer Deng Sungmin Cho Sunny Virk Suraj Subramanian Sy Choudhury Sydney Goldman Tal Remez Tamar Glaser Tamara Best Thilo Koehler Thomas Robinson Tianhe Li Tianjun Zhang Tim Matthews Timothy Chou Tzook Shaked Varun Vontimitta Victoria Ajayi Victoria Montanez Vijai Mohan Vinay\u00a0Satish Kumar Vishal Mangla Vlad Ionescu Vlad Poenaru Vlad\u00a0Tiberiu Mihailescu Vladimir Ivanov Wei Li Wenchen Wang Wenwen Jiang Wes Bouaziz Will Constable Xiaocheng Tang Xiaojian Wu Xiaolan Wang Xilun Wu Xinbo Gao Yaniv Kleinman Yanjun Chen Ye Hu Ye Jia Ye Qi Yenda Li Yilin Zhang Ying Zhang Yossi Adi Youngjin Nam Yu Wang Yu Zhao Yuchen Hao Yundi Qian Yunlu Li Yuzi He Zach Rait Zachary DeVito Zef Rosnbrick Zhaoduo Wen Zhenyu Yang Zhiwei Zhao and Zhiyu Ma. 2024. The Llama 3 Herd of Models. arxiv:https:\/\/arXiv.org\/abs\/2407.21783\u00a0[cs.AI] https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2407.21783"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_20_2","unstructured":"Google\u00a0Meet Help. 2025. Take notes for me in Google Meet. https:\/\/support.google.com\/meet\/answer\/14754931?hl=en&ref_topic=14073938&sjid=8116723683457863554-NC. [Accessed 05-08-2025]."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_21_2","volume-title":"International Conference on Learning Representations","author":"Hu Edward\u00a0J","year":"2022","unstructured":"Edward\u00a0J Hu, Yelong Shen, Phillip Wallis, Zeyuan Allen-Zhu, Yuanzhi Li, Shean Wang, Lu Wang, and Weizhu Chen. 2022. LoRA: Low-Rank Adaptation of Large Language Models. In International Conference on Learning Representations. https:\/\/openreview.net\/forum?id=nZeVKeeFYf9"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/642611.642616"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"iNaturalist contributors. 2025. iNaturalist Research-grade Observations. 10.15468\/AB3S5X","DOI":"10.15468\/AB3S5X"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chandra Irugalbandara Ashish Mahendra Roland Daynauth Tharuka\u00a0Kasthuri Arachchige Jayanaka Dantanarayana Krisztian Flautner Lingjia Tang Yiping Kang and Jason Mars. 2024. Scaling Down to Scale Up: A Cost-Benefit Analysis of Replacing OpenAI\u2019s LLM with Open Source SLMs in Production. arxiv:https:\/\/arXiv.org\/abs\/2312.14972\u00a0[cs.SE] https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2312.14972","DOI":"10.1109\/ISPASS61541.2024.00034"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Forest Isbell Patricia Balvanera Akira\u00a0S Mori Jin-Sheng He James\u00a0M Bullock Ganga\u00a0Ram Regmi Eric\u00a0W Seabloom Simon Ferrier Osvaldo\u00a0E Sala Nathaly\u00a0R Guerrero-Ram\u00edrez Julia Tavella Daniel\u00a0J Larkin Bernhard Schmid Charlotte\u00a0L Outhwaite Pairot Pramual Elizabeth\u00a0T Borer Michel Loreau Taiwo\u00a0Crossby Omotoriogun David\u00a0O Obura Maggie Anderson Cristina Portales-Reyes Kevin Kirkman Pablo\u00a0M Vergara Adam\u00a0Thomas Clark Kimberly\u00a0J Komatsu Owen\u00a0L Petchey Sarah\u00a0R Weiskopf Laura\u00a0J Williams Scott\u00a0L Collins Nico Eisenhauer Christopher\u00a0H Trisos Delphine Renard Alexandra\u00a0J Wright Poonam Tripathi Jane Cowles Jarrett\u00a0EK Byrnes Peter\u00a0B Reich Andy Purvis Zati Sharip Mary\u00a0I O\u2019Connor Clare\u00a0E Kazanski Nick\u00a0M Haddad Eulogio\u00a0H Soto Laura\u00a0E Dee Sandra D\u00edaz Chad\u00a0R Zirbel Meghan\u00a0L Avolio Shaopeng Wang Zhiyuan Ma Jingjing Liang Hanan\u00a0C Farah Justin\u00a0Andrew Johnson Brian\u00a0W Miller Yann Hautier Melinda\u00a0D Smith Johannes\u00a0MH Knops Bonnie\u00a0JE Myers Zuzana\u00a0V Harm\u00e1\u010dkov\u00e1 Jorge Cort\u00e9s Michael\u00a0BJ Harfoot Andrew Gonzalez Tim Newbold Jacqueline Oehri Marina Maz\u00f3n Cynnamon Dobbs and Meredith\u00a0S Palmer. 2023. Expert perspectives on global biodiversity loss and its drivers and impacts on people. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 21 2 (2023) 94\u2013103. 10.1002\/fee.2536 arXiv:https:\/\/esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/fee.2536","DOI":"10.1002\/fee.2536"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Roland Kays Sarah\u00a0C. Davidson Matthias Berger Gil Bohrer Wolfgang Fiedler Andrea Flack Julian Hirt Clemens Hahn Dominik Gauggel Benedict Russell Andrea K\u00f6lzsch Ashley Lohr Jesko Partecke Michael Quetting Kamran Safi Anne Scharf Gabriel Schneider Ilona Lang Friedrich Schaeuffelhut Matthias Landwehr Martin Storhas Louis van Schalkwyk Candace Vinciguerra Rolf Weinzierl and Martin Wikelski. 2021. The Movebank system for studying global animal movement and demography. Methods in Ecology and Evolution 13 2 (Dec. 2021) 419\u2013431. 10.1111\/2041-210x.13767","DOI":"10.1111\/2041-210x.13767"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Philip\u00a0J Kroth Nancy Morioka-Douglas Sharry Veres Katherine Pollock Stewart Babbott Sara Poplau Katherine Corrigan and Mark Linzer. 2018. The electronic elephant in the room: physicians and the electronic health record. JAMIA open 1 1 (2018) 49\u201356.","DOI":"10.1093\/jamiaopen\/ooy016"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jos\u00e9\u00a0J Lahoz-Monfort and Michael\u00a0JL Magrath. 2021. A comprehensive overview of technologies for species and habitat monitoring and conservation. BioScience 71 10 (2021) 1038\u20131062.","DOI":"10.1093\/biosci\/biab073"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Louis Liebenberg Justin Steventon !Nate Brahman Karel Benadie James Minye Horekhwe\u00a0(Karoha) Langwane and Quashe\u00a0(\/Uase) Xhukwe. 2017. Smartphone Icon User Interface design for non-literate trackers and its implications for an inclusive citizen science. Biological Conservation 208 (April 2017) 155\u2013162. 10.1016\/j.biocon.2016.04.033","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocon.2016.04.033"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Tsai-Ling Liu Timothy\u00a0C. Hetherington Ajay Dharod Tracey Carroll Richa Bundy Hieu Nguyen Henry\u00a0E. Bundy McKenzie Isreal Andrew McWilliams and Jeffrey\u00a0A. Cleveland. 2024. Does AI-Powered Clinical Documentation Enhance Clinician Efficiency? A Longitudinal Study. NEJM AI 1 12 (Nov. 2024). 10.1056\/aioa2400659","DOI":"10.1056\/aioa2400659"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_31_2","unstructured":"Microsoft : Abdelrahman Abouelenin Atabak Ashfaq Adam Atkinson Hany Awadalla Nguyen Bach Jianmin Bao Alon Benhaim Martin Cai Vishrav Chaudhary Congcong Chen Dong Chen Dongdong Chen Junkun Chen Weizhu Chen Yen-Chun Chen Yi ling Chen Qi Dai Xiyang Dai Ruchao Fan Mei Gao Min Gao Amit Garg Abhishek Goswami Junheng Hao Amr Hendy Yuxuan Hu Xin Jin Mahmoud Khademi Dongwoo Kim Young\u00a0Jin Kim Gina Lee Jinyu Li Yunsheng Li Chen Liang Xihui Lin Zeqi Lin Mengchen Liu Yang Liu Gilsinia Lopez Chong Luo Piyush Madan Vadim Mazalov Arindam Mitra Ali Mousavi Anh Nguyen Jing Pan Daniel Perez-Becker Jacob Platin Thomas Portet Kai Qiu Bo Ren Liliang Ren Sambuddha Roy Ning Shang Yelong Shen Saksham Singhal Subhojit Som Xia Song Tetyana Sych Praneetha Vaddamanu Shuohang Wang Yiming Wang Zhenghao Wang Haibin Wu Haoran Xu Weijian Xu Yifan Yang Ziyi Yang Donghan Yu Ishmam Zabir Jianwen Zhang Li\u00a0Lyna Zhang Yunan Zhang and Xiren Zhou. 2025. Phi-4-Mini Technical Report: Compact yet Powerful Multimodal Language Models via Mixture-of-LoRAs. arxiv:https:\/\/arXiv.org\/abs\/2503.01743\u00a0[cs.CL] https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2503.01743"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_32_2","unstructured":"William\u00a0Moreto Mike\u00a0Belecky Rohit\u00a0Singh. 2019. Life on the Frontline 2019: A Global Survey of the Working Conditions of Rangers."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Birger Mo\u00ebll and Fredrik Sand\u00a0Aronsson. 2025. Journaling with large language models: a novel UX paradigm for AI-driven personal health management. Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence Volume 8 - 2025 (2025). 10.3389\/frai.2025.1567580","DOI":"10.3389\/frai.2025.1567580"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3448696.3448708"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-0378-8_10"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_36_2","volume-title":"Participant observation: A guide for fieldworkers","author":"Musante Kathleen","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kathleen Musante and Billie\u00a0R DeWalt. 2010. Participant observation: A guide for fieldworkers. Bloomsbury Publishing PLC."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_37_2","unstructured":"Khanyisile Ngcobo. 2025. Elon Musk\u2019s Starlink and the racially charged row over operating in South Africa \u2014 bbc.com. https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/articles\/cly3d8gd8mno."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_38_2","unstructured":"Rod\u00a0Nickel Nqobile\u00a0Dludla. 2024. Musk\u2019s Starlink ordered to cease operations in Namibia. https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/technology\/musks-starlink-ordered-cease-operations-namibia-2024-11-28\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_39_2","unstructured":"Cornell\u00a0Lab of Ornithology. 2021. eBird: An online database of bird distribution and abundance [web application]. http:\/\/www.ebird.org"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_40_2","unstructured":"World\u00a0Health Organization. 2025. Health workforce. https:\/\/www.who.int\/health-topics\/health-workforce. [Accessed 05-08-2025]."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_41_2","unstructured":"Etosha\u00a0National Park. [n. d.]. Etosha Climate \u2014 etoshanationalpark.co.za. https:\/\/etoshanationalpark.co.za\/etosha-travel-tips\/etosha-climate\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stuart\u00a0L Pimm Sky Alibhai Richard Bergl Alex Dehgan Chandra Giri Zo\u00eb Jewell Lucas Joppa Roland Kays and Scott Loarie. 2015. Emerging technologies to conserve biodiversity. Trends in ecology & evolution 30 11 (2015) 685\u2013696.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2015.08.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Alec Radford Jong\u00a0Wook Kim Tao Xu Greg Brockman Christine McLeavey and Ilya Sutskever. 2022. Robust Speech Recognition via Large-Scale Weak Supervision. 10.48550\/ARXIV.2212.04356","DOI":"10.48550\/ARXIV.2212.04356"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Domoina\u00a0J. Rakotobe and Nancy\u00a0J. Stevens. 2024. Closing staffing gaps in Madagascar\u2019s protected areas to achieve the 30 by 30 conservation target. Conservation Science and Practice 6 5 (April 2024). 10.1111\/csp2.13118","DOI":"10.1111\/csp2.13118"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_45_2","unstructured":"Kirollos Risk. 2025. Fuse.js: Lightweight fuzzy-search in JavaScript. https:\/\/www.fusejs.io\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"James\u00a0E. Siegler Neha\u00a0N. Patel and C.\u00a0Jessica Dine. 2015. Prioritizing Paperwork Over Patient Care: Why Can\u2019t We Do Both?Journal of Graduate Medical Education 7 1 (March 2015) 16\u201318. 10.4300\/jgme-d-14-00494.1","DOI":"10.4300\/jgme-d-14-00494.1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aaron\u00a0A Tierney Gregg Gayre Brian Hoberman Britt Mattern Manuel Ballesca Patricia Kipnis Vincent Liu and Kristine Lee. 2024. Ambient artificial intelligence scribes to alleviate the burden of clinical documentation. NEJM Catalyst Innovations in Care Delivery 5 3 (2024) CAT\u201323.","DOI":"10.1056\/CAT.23.0404"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Aaron\u00a0A. Tierney Gregg Gayre Brian Hoberman Britt Mattern Manuel Ballesca Sarah\u00a0B. Wilson\u00a0Hannay Kate Castilla Cindy\u00a0S. Lau Patricia Kipnis Vincent Liu and Kristine Lee. 2025. Ambient Artificial Intelligence Scribes: Learnings after 1 Year and over 2.5 Million Uses. NEJM Catalyst 6 5 (April 2025). 10.1056\/cat.25.0040","DOI":"10.1056\/cat.25.0040"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_49_2","volume-title":"Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems","author":"Vaswani Ashish","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ashish Vaswani, Noam Shazeer, Niki Parmar, Jakob Uszkoreit, Llion Jones, Aidan\u00a0N Gomez, \u0141\u00a0ukasz Kaiser, and Illia Polosukhin. 2017. Attention is All you Need. In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems , I.\u00a0Guyon, U.\u00a0Von Luxburg, S.\u00a0Bengio, H.\u00a0Wallach, R.\u00a0Fergus, S.\u00a0Vishwanathan, and R.\u00a0Garnett (Eds.), Vol.\u00a030. Curran Associates, Inc.https:\/\/proceedings.neurips.cc\/paper_files\/paper\/2017\/file\/3f5ee243547dee91fbd053c1c4a845aa-Paper.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Viswanath Venkatesh Michael\u00a0G Morris Gordon\u00a0B Davis and Fred\u00a0D Davis. 2003. User acceptance of information technology: Toward a unified view. MIS quarterly (2003) 425\u2013478.","DOI":"10.2307\/30036540"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anthony Waldron Daniel\u00a0C Miller Dave Redding Arne Mooers Tyler\u00a0S Kuhn Nate Nibbelink J\u00a0Timmons Roberts Joseph\u00a0A Tobias and John\u00a0L Gittleman. 2017. Reductions in global biodiversity loss predicted from conservation spending. Nature 551 7680 (2017) 364\u2013367.","DOI":"10.1038\/nature24295"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Jake Wall Jes Lefcourt Chris Jones Chris Doehring Dan O\u2019Neill Dennis Schneider Jordan Steward Joshua Krautwurst Tiffany Wong Bruce Jones Karen Goodfellow Ted Schmitt Kathleen Gobush Iain Douglas-Hamilton Frank Pope Eric Schmidt Jonathan Palmer Emma Stokes Andrea Reid L.\u00a0Mark Elbroch Peter Kulits Catherine Villeneuve Victor Matsanza Geoff Clinning Jordi van Oort Kristen Denninger\u00a0Snyder Alina Peter\u00a0Daati Wesley Gold Stephen Cunliffe Batian Craig Barry Cork Grant Burden Marc Goss Nathan Hahn Sarah Carroll Eric Gitonga Ray Rao Jared\u00a0A. Stabach Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Dulude-de Broin Patrick Omondi and George Wittemyer. 2024. EarthRanger: An open-source platform for ecosystem monitoring research and management. Methods in Ecology and Evolution 15 11 (2024) 1968\u20131979. 10.1111\/2041-210X.14399 arXiv:https:\/\/besjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/2041-210X.14399","DOI":"10.1111\/2041-210X.14399"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Jake Wall George Wittemyer Brian Klinkenberg and Iain Douglas-Hamilton. 2014. Novel opportunities for wildlife conservation and research with real-time monitoring. Ecological Applications 24 4 (2014) 593\u2013601. 10.1890\/13-1971.1 arXiv:https:\/\/esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1890\/13-1971.1","DOI":"10.1890\/13-1971.1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3313831.3376515"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Susan Wyche. 2022. Reimagining the Mobile Phone: Investigating Speculative Approaches to Design in Human-Computer Interaction for Development (HCI4D). Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction 6 CSCW2 (Nov. 2022) 1\u201327. 10.1145\/3555648","DOI":"10.1145\/3555648"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_56_2","unstructured":"Xiao Yan and Yi Ding. 2025. Are We There Yet? A Measurement Study of Efficiency for LLM Applications on Mobile Devices. arxiv:https:\/\/arXiv.org\/abs\/2504.00002\u00a0[cs.PF] https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2504.00002"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_57_2","unstructured":"An Yang Anfeng Li Baosong Yang Beichen Zhang Binyuan Hui Bo Zheng Bowen Yu Chang Gao Chengen Huang Chenxu Lv Chujie Zheng Dayiheng Liu Fan Zhou Fei Huang Feng Hu Hao Ge Haoran Wei Huan Lin Jialong Tang Jian Yang Jianhong Tu Jianwei Zhang Jianxin Yang Jiaxi Yang Jing Zhou Jingren Zhou Junyang Lin Kai Dang Keqin Bao Kexin Yang Le Yu Lianghao Deng Mei Li Mingfeng Xue Mingze Li Pei Zhang Peng Wang Qin Zhu Rui Men Ruize Gao Shixuan Liu Shuang Luo Tianhao Li Tianyi Tang Wenbiao Yin Xingzhang Ren Xinyu Wang Xinyu Zhang Xuancheng Ren Yang Fan Yang Su Yichang Zhang Yinger Zhang Yu Wan Yuqiong Liu Zekun Wang Zeyu Cui Zhenru Zhang Zhipeng Zhou and Zihan Qiu. 2025. Qwen3 Technical Report. arxiv:https:\/\/arXiv.org\/abs\/2505.09388\u00a0[cs.CL] https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2505.09388"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_58_2","unstructured":"Justin Zhao Timothy Wang Wael Abid Geoffrey Angus Arnav Garg Jeffery Kinnison Alex Sherstinsky Piero Molino Travis Addair and Devvret Rishi. 2024. LoRA Land: 310 Fine-tuned LLMs that Rival GPT-4 A Technical Report. arxiv:https:\/\/arXiv.org\/abs\/2405.00732\u00a0[cs.CL] https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2405.00732"}],"event":{"name":"CHI 2026: CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems","location":"Barcelona Spain","acronym":"CHI '26","sponsor":["SIGCHI ACM Special Interest Group on Computer-Human Interaction"]},"container-title":["Proceedings of the 2026 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3772318.3791359","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T08:32:09Z","timestamp":1782376329000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3772318.3791359"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]]},"references-count":57,"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3772318.3791359","10.1145\/3772318"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3772318.3791359","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-04-13","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}