{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]],"date-time":"2026-04-23T08:01:02Z","timestamp":1776931262546,"version":"3.51.2"},"publisher-location":"New York, NY, USA","reference-count":71,"publisher":"ACM","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2027,4,13]],"date-time":"2027-04-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1807574400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":365,"URL":"http:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"NSF (National Science Foundation)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DGE-2140004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DGE-2140004"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]]},"DOI":"10.1145\/3772318.3791504","type":"proceedings-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T04:12:36Z","timestamp":1776053556000},"page":"1-15","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Ability Heuristics for Conducting Accessibility Inspections"],"prefix":"10.1145","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8670-1761","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claire L.","family":"Mitchell","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Information School, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2820-6751","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Junhan","family":"Kong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Information School, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2008-4136","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jesse J.","family":"Martinez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Paul G. Allen School of Computer Science &amp; Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0276-9417","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shaun K.","family":"Kane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Google Research, Boulder, Colorado, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7461-4783","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amy J.","family":"Ko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Information School, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1607-0778","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexis","family":"Hiniker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Information School, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3675-5491","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jacob O.","family":"Wobbrock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Information School, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_2_2","unstructured":"2025. google\/GSCXScanner. https:\/\/github.com\/google\/GSCXScanner original-date: 2019-02-27T22:10:27Z."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_3_2","unstructured":"Apple. 2025. Accessibility. https:\/\/developer.apple.com\/design\/human-interface-guidelines\/accessibility"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_4_2","unstructured":"Apple. 2026. Accessibility Inspector. https:\/\/developer.apple.com\/documentation\/accessibility\/accessibility-inspector"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3308561.3356107"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3290607.3299056"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_7_2","first-page":"63","volume-title":"Usability inspection methods","author":"Bias Randolph\u00a0G.","year":"1994","unstructured":"Randolph\u00a0G. Bias. 1994. The pluralistic usability walkthrough: coordinated empathies. In Usability inspection methods. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., USA, 63\u201376."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1378773.1378806"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Virginia Braun and Victoria Clarke. 2006. Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology 3 2 (Jan. 2006) 77\u2013101. 10.1191\/1478088706qp063oa","DOI":"10.1191\/1478088706qp063oa"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_10_2","unstructured":"Alastair Campbell Chuck Adams Rachael\u00a0Bradley Montgomery Michael Cooper and Andrew Kirkpatrick. 2024. Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) 2.2. https:\/\/www.w3.org\/TR\/WCAG22\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_11_2","unstructured":"Chrome. 2025. Introduction to Lighthouse. https:\/\/developer.chrome.com\/docs\/lighthouse\/overview"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Chris Creed Maadh Al-Kalbani Arthur Theil Sayan Sarcar and Ian Williams. 2024. Inclusive AR\/VR: accessibility barriers for immersive technologies. Universal Access in the Information Society 23 1 (March 2024) 59\u201373. 10.1007\/s10209-023-00969-0","DOI":"10.1007\/s10209-023-00969-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3615335.3623049"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_14_2","unstructured":"Android Developers. [n. d.]. Make your Android app more accessible. https:\/\/developer.android.com\/courses\/pathways\/make-your-android-app-accessible"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"John Dudley Lulu Yin Vanja Garaj and Per\u00a0Ola Kristensson. 2023. Inclusive Immersion: a review of efforts to improve accessibility in virtual reality augmented reality and the metaverse. Virtual Reality 27 4 (Dec. 2023) 2989\u20133020. 10.1007\/s10055-023-00850-8Company: Springer Distributor: Springer Institution: Springer Label: Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10055-023-00850-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_16_2","unstructured":"Barrie Ellis Gareth Ford-Williams Lynsey Graham Dimitris Grammenos Ian Hamilton Ed Lee Jake Manion and Thomas Westin. 2017. Game Accessibility Guidelines. https:\/\/gameaccessibilityguidelines.com\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1294211.1294253"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Jill Gerhardt\u2010Powals. 1996. Cognitive engineering principles for enhancing human\u2010computer performance. International Journal of Human\u2013Computer Interaction 8 2 (April 1996) 189\u2013211. 10.1080\/10447319609526147","DOI":"10.1080\/10447319609526147"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3597638.3614548"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2207676.2208662"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_21_2","unstructured":"Google. 2026. Get started with Accessibility Scanner - Android Accessibility Help. https:\/\/support.google.com\/accessibility\/android\/answer\/6376570?hl=en"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_22_2","volume-title":"Design at work: cooperative design of computer systems","author":"Greenbaum Joan","year":"1992","unstructured":"Joan Greenbaum and Morten Kyng (Eds.). 1992. Design at work: cooperative design of computer systems. L. Erlbaum Associates Inc., USA."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-4115(08)62386-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_24_2","unstructured":"Sture Holm. 1979. A Simple Sequentially Rejective Multiple Test Procedure. Scandinavian Journal of Statistics 6 2 (1979) 65\u201370. https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/4615733"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_25_2","unstructured":"Deque\u00a0Systems Inc. 2025. Axe DevTool. https:\/\/chromewebstore.google.com\/detail\/axe-devtools-web-accessib\/lhdoppojpmngadmnindnejefpokejbdd?hl=en-US&pli=1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/108844.108862"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_27_2","first-page":"141","volume-title":"Usability Inspection Methods","author":"Kahn Michael\u00a0J.","year":"1993","unstructured":"Michael\u00a0J. Kahn and Amanda Prail. 1993. Formal Usability Inspections. In Usability Inspection Methods, Jakob Nielsen and Robert\u00a0L. Mack (Eds.). Hewlett-Packard, 141\u2013171."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Simeon Keates and P.\u00a0John Clarkson. 2002. Countering design exclusion through inclusive design. SIGCAPH Comput. Phys. Handicap.73-74 (June 2002) 69\u201376. 10.1145\/960201.957218","DOI":"10.1145\/960201.957218"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3663547.3746364"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"J.\u00a0Richard Landis and Gary\u00a0G. Koch. 1977. The Measurement of Observer Agreement for Categorical Data. Biometrics 33 1 (1977) 159\u2013174. 10.2307\/2529310","DOI":"10.2307\/2529310"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/97243.97279"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-044481862-1.50096-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_33_2","volume-title":"Design Intervention: Toward a More Humane Architecture","author":"Mace Ron.\u00a0L.","year":"1991","unstructured":"Ron.\u00a0L. Mace, G.\u00a0J. Hardie, and J.\u00a0P. Place. 1991. Accessible environments: Toward universal design. In Design Intervention: Toward a More Humane Architecture, Wolfgang F.\u00a0E. Preiser, Jacqueline\u00a0C. Vischer, and Edward\u00a0T. White (Eds.). John Wiley & Sons Inc."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3517428.3544803"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3663547.3759729"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"J. Mankoff H. Fait and R. Juang. 2005. Evaluating accessibility by simulating the experiences of users with vision or motor impairments. IBM Systems Journal 44 3 (2005) 505\u2013517. 10.1147\/sj.443.0505","DOI":"10.1147\/sj.443.0505"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1878803.1878807"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3173574.3173808"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_39_2","unstructured":"Meta. 2020. Introducing the Accessibility VRCs. https:\/\/developers.meta.com\/horizon\/blog\/introducing-the-accessibility-vrcs\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_40_2","unstructured":"Meta. 2025. Accessibility at Meta. https:\/\/transparency.meta.com\/features\/accessibility-at-meta"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_41_2","unstructured":"Microsoft. 2022. Accessibility Guidelines and Requirements. https:\/\/learn.microsoft.com\/en-us\/style-guide\/accessibility\/accessibility-guidelines-requirements"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_42_2","unstructured":"Microsoft. 2025. Ask Microsoft Accessibility. https:\/\/askma.microsoft.com\/?source=SMCA11y"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_43_2","unstructured":"Microsoft. 2026. Adaptive accessories help & learning. https:\/\/support.microsoft.com\/en-us\/adaptiveaccessories"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_44_2","unstructured":"Microsoft. 2026. Improve accessibility with the Accessibility Checker - Microsoft Support. https:\/\/support.microsoft.com\/en-us\/office\/improve-accessibility-with-the-accessibility-checker-a16f6de0-2f39-4a2b-8bd8-5ad801426c7f"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3491101.3519845"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Claire\u00a0L. Mitchell Gabriel\u00a0J. Cler Susan\u00a0K. Fager Paola Contessa Serge\u00a0H. Roy Gianluca De\u00a0Luca Joshua\u00a0C. Kline and Jennifer\u00a0M. Vojtech. 2022. Ability-Based Methods for Personalized Keyboard Generation. Multimodal Technologies and Interaction 6 8 (Aug. 2022) 67. 10.3390\/mti6080067","DOI":"10.3390\/mti6080067"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Rolf Molich and Jakob Nielsen. 1990. Improving a human-computer dialogue. Commun. ACM 33 3 (March 1990) 338\u2013348. 10.1145\/77481.77486","DOI":"10.1145\/77481.77486"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Michael\u00a0J. Muller and Sarah Kuhn. 1993. Participatory design. Commun. ACM 36 6 (June 1993) 24\u201328. 10.1145\/153571.255960","DOI":"10.1145\/153571.255960"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/191666.191729"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/189200.189209"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/259963.260531"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/97243.97281"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/169059.169173"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/169059.169173"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3501709.3544295"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Alannah Oleson Meron Solomon Christopher Perdriau and Amy Ko. 2023. Teaching Inclusive Design Skills with the CIDER Assumption Elicitation Technique. ACM Trans. Comput.-Hum. Interact. 30 1 (March 2023) 6:1\u20136:49. 10.1145\/3549074","DOI":"10.1145\/3549074"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_57_2","first-page":"377","volume-title":"The 8th Human Interface Symposium (HIS92)","author":"Polson Peter","year":"1992","unstructured":"Peter Polson, John Rieman, Cathleen Wharton, Judith Olson, and M. Kitajima. 1992. Usability inspection methods: rationale and examples. In The 8th Human Interface Symposium (HIS92) , Vol.\u00a01992. 377\u2013384. https:\/\/www.colorado.edu\/ics\/sites\/default\/files\/attached-files\/92-07.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-68059-0_22"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sayan Sarcar Jussi\u00a0PP Jokinen Antti Oulasvirta Zhenxin Wang Chaklam Silpasuwanchai Asian Institute\u00a0of Technology Asian Institute\u00a0of Technology and Xiangshi Ren. 2018. Ability-Based Optimization of Touchscreen Interactions. IEEE Pervasive Computing 17 1 (2018) 15\u201326. www.computer.org\/pervasive","DOI":"10.1109\/MPRV.2018.011591058"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2996267.2996275"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_61_2","unstructured":"Lisa Seeman-Horwitz Rachael\u00a0Bradley Montgomery Steve Lee and Ruoxi Ran. 2021. Making Content Usable for People with Cognitive and Learning Disabilities. https:\/\/www.w3.org\/TR\/coga-usable\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_62_2","volume-title":"Designing the User Interface: Strategies for Effective Human-Computer Interaction (6th ed.)","author":"Shneiderman Ben","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ben Shneiderman, Catherine Plaisant, Maxine Cohen, Steven Jacobs, Niklas Elmqvist, and Nicholas Diakopoulos. 2016. Designing the User Interface: Strategies for Effective Human-Computer Interaction (6th ed.). Pearson. http:\/\/www.cs.umd.edu\/hcil\/DTUI6"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_63_2","volume-title":"Universal design handbook (2nd ed ed.)","author":"Story Molly\u00a0Follette","year":"2011","unstructured":"Molly\u00a0Follette Story. 2011. The Principles of Universal Design. In Universal design handbook (2nd ed ed.), Wolfgang F.\u00a0E. Preiser and Korydon\u00a0H. Smith (Eds.). McGraw-Hill, New York. OCLC: 702446007."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_64_2","series-title":"(i-CREATe 2017)","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 11th International Convention on Rehabilitation Engineering and Assistive Technology","author":"Umanski Daniil","year":"2017","unstructured":"Daniil Umanski and Yael Avni. 2017. PLAY-ABLE: Developing Ability-Based Play Activities for Children with Special Needs. In Proceedings of the 11th International Convention on Rehabilitation Engineering and Assistive Technology(i-CREATe 2017). Singapore Therapeutic, Assistive & Rehabilitative Technologies (START) Centre, Midview City, SGP, 1\u20134."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_65_2","unstructured":"European Union. 2016. General Data Protection Regulation. https:\/\/gdpr.eu\/tag\/gdpr\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_66_2","unstructured":"European Union. 2019. Directive (EU) 2019\/882 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 17 April 2019 on the accessibility requirements for products and services (Text with EEA relevance). http:\/\/data.europa.eu\/eli\/dir\/2019\/882\/oj"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_67_2","unstructured":"WebAIM. 2026. WAVE Web Accessibility Evaluation Tools. https:\/\/wave.webaim.org\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_68_2","first-page":"141","volume-title":"Usability Inspection Methods","author":"Wixon Dennis","year":"1994","unstructured":"Dennis Wixon, Sandra Jones, Linda Tse, and George Casaday. 1994. Inspections and Design Reviews: Framework, History, and Reflection. In Usability Inspection Methods, Jakob Nielsen and Robert\u00a0L. Mack (Eds.). John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 141\u2013171."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_69_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Jacob\u00a0O. Wobbrock Krzysztof\u00a0Z. Gajos Shaun\u00a0K. Kane and Gregg\u00a0C. Vanderheiden. 2018. Ability-Based Design. Commun. ACM 61 6 (May 2018) 62\u201371. 10.1145\/3148051","DOI":"10.1145\/3148051"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_70_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Jacob\u00a0O. Wobbrock Shaun\u00a0K. Kane Krzysztof\u00a0Z. Gajos Susumu Harada and Jon Froehlich. 2011. Ability-based design: Concept principles and examples. ACM Transactions on Accessible Computing 3 3 (April 2011) 1\u201327. 10.1145\/1952383.1952384","DOI":"10.1145\/1952383.1952384"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_71_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3706598.3713797"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_72_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Jonathan Zong Crystal Lee Alan Lundgard JiWoong Jang Daniel Hajas and Arvind Satyanarayan. 2022. Rich Screen Reader Experiences for Accessible Data Visualization. Computer Graphics Forum 41 3 (2022) 15\u201327. 10.1111\/cgf.14519","DOI":"10.1111\/cgf.14519"}],"event":{"name":"CHI 2026: CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems","location":"Barcelona Spain","acronym":"CHI '26","sponsor":["SIGCHI ACM Special Interest Group on Computer-Human Interaction"]},"container-title":["Proceedings of the 2026 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3772318.3791504","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3772318.3791504","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T09:59:53Z","timestamp":1776419993000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3772318.3791504"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]]},"references-count":71,"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3772318.3791504","10.1145\/3772318"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3772318.3791504","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-04-13","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}