{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T10:03:38Z","timestamp":1776420218054,"version":"3.51.2"},"publisher-location":"New York, NY, USA","reference-count":111,"publisher":"ACM","content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]]},"DOI":"10.1145\/3772318.3791910","type":"proceedings-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T04:12:28Z","timestamp":1776053548000},"page":"1-19","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Should the AI Speak First? Evaluating Proactive vs. Reactive Facilitation in Mixed-Reality Medical Training"],"prefix":"10.1145","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5060-7893","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Duo","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana Champaign, Champaign, Illinois, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-0718-6882","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wenxuan","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-3507-5635","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jianwei","family":"Ni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Liberal Arts & Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0368-0032","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qingxiao","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computer Science and Engineering, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-9437-9863","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuhan","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-3823-4840","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kyrian","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6429-0233","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mike","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Communications Research, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1982-6489","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Caroline G. L.","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3640794.3665561"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stephen Aiello Thomas Cochrane and Charles Sevigny. 2023. The affordances of clinical simulation immersive technology within healthcare education: a scoping review. Virtual Reality 27 4 (2023) 3485\u20133503.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10055-022-00745-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abdulmohsen\u00a0H Al-Elq. 2010. Simulation-based medical teaching and learning. Journal of family and Community Medicine 17 1 (2010) 35\u201340.","DOI":"10.4103\/1319-1683.68787"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guillaume Alinier and Denis Oriot. 2022. Simulation-based education: deceiving learners with good intent. Advances in Simulation 7 1 (2022) 8.","DOI":"10.1186\/s41077-022-00206-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tatiana Bachkirova and Rob Kemp. 2025. \u2018AI coaching\u2019: democratising coaching service or offering an ersatz? Coaching: An International Journal of Theory Research and Practice 18 1 (2025) 27\u201345.","DOI":"10.1080\/17521882.2024.2368598"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_7_2","unstructured":"Saptarashmi Bandyopadhyay Vikas Bahirwani Lavisha Aggarwal Bhanu Guda Lin Li and Andrea Colaco. 2025. YETI (YET to Intervene) Proactive Interventions by Multimodal AI Agents in Augmented Reality Tasks. arXiv preprint arXiv:https:\/\/arXiv.org\/abs\/2501.09355 (2025)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3745812.3745858"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/VRW62533.2024.00241"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_10_2","first-page":"17","volume-title":"International workshop on computational autonomy","author":"Bradshaw Jeffrey\u00a0M","year":"2003","unstructured":"Jeffrey\u00a0M Bradshaw, Paul\u00a0J Feltovich, Hyuckchul Jung, Shriniwas Kulkarni, William Taysom, and Andrzej Uszok. 2003. Dimensions of adjustable autonomy and mixed-initiative interaction. In International workshop on computational autonomy. Springer, 17\u201339."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Virginia Braun and Victoria Clarke. 2006. Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative research in psychology 3 2 (2006) 77\u2013101.","DOI":"10.1191\/1478088706qp063oa"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Claire\u00a0L Burns. 2015. Using debriefing and feedback in simulation to improve participant performance: an educator\u2019s perspective. International journal of medical education 6 (2015) 118.","DOI":"10.5116\/ijme.55fb.3d3a"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mukundan Chariar Shreyas Rao Aryan Irani Shilpa Suresh and CS Asha. 2023. AI trainer: Autoencoder based approach for squat analysis and correction. IEEE Access 11 (2023) 107135\u2013107149.","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2023.3316009"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3706598.3714002"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3706598.3714052"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3706598.3713794"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Diana-Margarita C\u00f3rdova-Esparza. 2025. Ai-powered educational agents: Opportunities innovations and ethical challenges. Information 16 6 (2025) 469.","DOI":"10.3390\/info16060469"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_18_2","unstructured":"Edoardo\u00a0Sebastiano De\u00a0Duro Giuseppe\u00a0Alessandro Veltri Hudson Golino and Massimo Stella. 2025. Measuring and identifying factors of individuals\u2019 trust in Large Language Models. arXiv preprint arXiv:https:\/\/arXiv.org\/abs\/2502.21028 (2025)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang Deng Lizi Liao Wenqiang Lei Grace\u00a0Hui Yang Wai Lam and Tat-Seng Chua. 2025. Proactive conversational ai: A comprehensive survey of advancements and opportunities. ACM Transactions on Information Systems 43 3 (2025) 1\u201345.","DOI":"10.1145\/3715097"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3626772.3657843"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Christopher Diebel Marc Goutier Martin Adam and Alexander Benlian. 2025. When AI-Based Agents Are Proactive: Implications for Competence and System Satisfaction in Human\u2013AI Collaboration. Business & Information Systems Engineering (2025) 1\u201320.","DOI":"10.1007\/s12599-024-00918-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_22_2","unstructured":"Dinithi Dissanayake and Suranga Nanayakkara. 2025. Navigating the State of Cognitive Flow: Context-Aware AI Interventions for Effective Reasoning Support. arXiv preprint arXiv:https:\/\/arXiv.org\/abs\/2504.16021 (2025)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lauren Dugan Kyle Rei Arisa Ueno Joshua Mahutga Timothy Hantz and Madhu Varma. 2023. Assessing Best Practices in a Simulated Lumbar Puncture Workshop with Medical Students (P4-2.004). Neurology 100 17_supplement_2 (2023) 1475.","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000201946"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3706598.3713395"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chukwuka Elendu Dependable\u00a0C Amaechi Alexander\u00a0U Okatta Emmanuel\u00a0C Amaechi Tochi\u00a0C Elendu Chiamaka\u00a0P Ezeh and Ijeoma\u00a0D Elendu. 2024. The impact of simulation-based training in medical education: A review. Medicine 103 27 (2024) e38813.","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000038813"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Renaud Felten Kevin Bigaut Thomas Wirth Laurent Kremer Lucas Gauer C\u00e9cile Arnold Ir\u00e8ne Ollivier Julien Godet Marc Scherlinger Maxime Dubois et\u00a0al. 2025. Advancing medical training with augmented reality and haptic feedback simulator: outcomes of a randomized controlled trial on lumbar puncture. BMC Medical Education 25 1 (2025) 1231.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12909-025-07536-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kristin\u00a0L Fraser Michael\u00a0J Meguerdichian Jolene\u00a0T Haws Vincent\u00a0J Grant Komal Bajaj and Adam Cheng. 2018. Cognitive load theory for debriefing simulations: implications for faculty development. Advances in Simulation 3 1 (2018) 28.","DOI":"10.1186\/s41077-018-0086-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mingyu Fu Wei Fang Shan Gao Jianhao Hong and Yizhou Chen. 2022. Edge computing-driven scene-aware intelligent augmented reality assembly. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology 119 11 (2022) 7369\u20137381.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00170-022-08758-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen Gao Xiaochong Lan Nian Li Yuan Yuan Jingtao Ding Zhilun Zhou Fengli Xu and Yong Li. 2024. Large language models empowered agent-based modeling and simulation: A survey and perspectives. Humanities and Social Sciences Communications 11 1 (2024) 1\u201324.","DOI":"10.1057\/s41599-024-03611-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"David Gent and Ranjev Kainth. 2022. Simulation-based procedure training (SBPT) in rarely performed procedures: a blueprint for theory-informed design considerations. Advances in Simulation 7 1 (2022) 13.","DOI":"10.1186\/s41077-022-00205-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Joanna Goode Kirsten Peterson Joyce Malyn-Smith and Gail Chapman. 2020. Online professional development for high school computer science teachers: Features that support an equity-based professional learning community. Computing in Science & Engineering 22 5 (2020) 51\u201359.","DOI":"10.1109\/MCSE.2020.2989622"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marc Goutier Christopher Diebel Martin Adam and Alexander Benlian. 2024. Proactive and Reactive Help from Intelligent Agents in Identity-Relevant Tasks. (2024).","DOI":"10.24251\/HICSS.2024.048"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carolin Gra\u00dfmann and Carsten\u00a0C Schermuly. 2021. Coaching with artificial intelligence: Concepts and capabilities. Human Resource Development Review 20 1 (2021) 106\u2013126.","DOI":"10.1177\/1534484320982891"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Foteini Grivokostopoulou Konstantinos Kovas and Isidoros Perikos. 2020. The effectiveness of embodied pedagogical agents and their impact on students learning in virtual worlds. Applied Sciences 10 5 (2020) 1739.","DOI":"10.3390\/app10051739"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fernando Gutierrez and John Atkinson. 2011. Adaptive feedback selection for intelligent tutoring systems. Expert Systems with Applications 38 5 (2011) 6146\u20136152.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2010.11.058"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-4115(08)62386-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_37_2","unstructured":"Yann Hicke Jadon Geathers Niroop Rajashekar Colleen Chan Anyanate\u00a0Gwendolyne Jack Justin Sewell Mackenzi Preston Susannah Cornes Dennis Shung and Rene Kizilcec. 2025. MedSimAI: simulation and formative feedback generation to enhance deliberate practice in medical education. arXiv preprint arXiv:https:\/\/arXiv.org\/abs\/2503.05793 (2025)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3491140.3528276"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_39_2","first-page":"537","volume-title":"International Conference on ICT for Sustainable Development","author":"Hingmire Amruta","year":"2024","unstructured":"Amruta Hingmire, Rushikesh Mashalkar, Shrinand Mathpati, Gajanan Kulkarni, and Girish Nagarkar. 2024. Revolutionary AI-Based Fitness Trainer: A Comprehensive Review. In International Conference on ICT for Sustainable Development. Springer, 537\u2013547."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Friederike Holderried Christian Stegemann-Philipps Anne Herrmann-Werner Teresa Festl-Wietek Martin Holderried Carsten Eickhoff Moritz Mahling et\u00a0al. 2024. A language model\u2013powered simulated patient with automated feedback for history taking: Prospective study. JMIR Medical Education 10 1 (2024) e59213.","DOI":"10.2196\/59213"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/302979.303030"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qiaolei Jiang Yadi Zhang and Wenjing Pian. 2022. Chatbot as an emergency exist: Mediated empathy for resilience via human-AI interaction during the COVID-19 pandemic. Information processing & management 59 6 (2022) 103074.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ipm.2022.103074"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brigitte Jordan and Austin Henderson. 1995. Interaction analysis: Foundations and practice. The journal of the learning sciences 4 1 (1995) 39\u2013103.","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327809jls0401_2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISMAR.2018.00039"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-52240-7_26"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kenneth\u00a0R Koedinger Julie\u00a0L Booth and David Klahr. 2013. Instructional complexity and the science to constrain it. Science 342 6161 (2013) 935\u2013937.","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1238056"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3706598.3713344"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Konstantinos Koukourikos Areti Tsaloglidou Lambrini Kourkouta Ioanna\u00a0V Papathanasiou Christos Iliadis Aikaterini Fratzana and Aspasia Panagiotou. 2021. Simulation in clinical nursing education. Acta Informatica Medica 29 1 (2021) 15.","DOI":"10.5455\/aim.2021.29.15-20"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/RO-MAN57019.2023.10309574"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3565472.3595611"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Prashant Kumar and Susan Somerville. 2024. Exploring in-person self-led debriefings for groups of learners in simulation-based education: an integrative review. Advances in Simulation 9 1 (2024) 5.","DOI":"10.1186\/s41077-023-00274-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Geonsun Lee Dae\u00a0Yeol Lee Guan-Ming Su and Dinesh Manocha. 2024. \u201cmay i speak?\u201d: Multi-modal attention guidance in social vr group conversations. IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics 30 5 (2024) 2287\u20132297.","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2024.3372119"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_53_2","unstructured":"Geonsun Lee Min Xia Nels Numan Xun Qian David Li Yanhe Chen Achin Kulshrestha Ishan Chatterjee Yinda Zhang Dinesh Manocha et\u00a0al. 2025. Sensible Agent: A Framework for Unobtrusive Interaction with Proactive AR Agents. (2025)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3613904.3642230"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3706598.3714188"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3696410.3714592"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3539618.3594250"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3706598.3713760"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3613904.3642947"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_60_2","unstructured":"Yaxi Lu Shenzhi Yang Cheng Qian Guirong Chen Qinyu Luo Yesai Wu Huadong Wang Xin Cong Zhong Zhang Yankai Lin et\u00a0al. 2024. Proactive agent: Shifting llm agents from reactive responses to active assistance. arXiv preprint arXiv:https:\/\/arXiv.org\/abs\/2410.12361 (2024)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xueming Luo Marco\u00a0Shaojun Qin Zheng Fang and Zhe Qu. 2021. Artificial intelligence coaches for sales agents: Caveats and solutions. Journal of Marketing 85 2 (2021) 14\u201332.","DOI":"10.1177\/0022242920956676"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Subhankar Maity and Aniket Deroy. 2024. Generative ai and its impact on personalized intelligent tutoring systems. arXiv preprint arXiv:https:\/\/arXiv.org\/abs\/2410.10650 (2024).","DOI":"10.36227\/techrxiv.172954174.48041095\/v1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3653666.3656108"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Edward McAuley Terry Duncan and Vance\u00a0V Tammen. 1989. Psychometric properties of the Intrinsic Motivation Inventory in a competitive sport setting: A confirmatory factor analysis. Research quarterly for exercise and sport 60 1 (1989) 48\u201358.","DOI":"10.1080\/02701367.1989.10607413"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Michelle McLean. 2003. What can we learn from facilitator and student perceptions of facilitation skills and roles in the first year of a problem-based learning curriculum? BMC Medical Education 3 1 (2003) 9.","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6920-3-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_66_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3641825.3687748"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_67_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ryo Nakahashi and Seiji Yamada. 2021. Balancing performance and human autonomy with implicit guidance agent. Frontiers in artificial intelligence 4 (2021) 736321.","DOI":"10.3389\/frai.2021.736321"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_68_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mohit Nayak Jari Kangas and Roope Raisamo. 2025. A Study of NLP-Based Speech Interfaces in Medical Virtual Reality. Multimodal Technologies and Interaction 9 6 (2025) 50.","DOI":"10.3390\/mti9060050"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_69_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-78642-7_70"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_70_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Heather\u00a0L O\u2019Brien Paul Cairns and Mark Hall. 2018. A practical approach to measuring user engagement with the refined user engagement scale (UES) and new UES short form. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies 112 (2018) 28\u201339.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2018.01.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_71_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Veljko Pejovic and Mirco Musolesi. 2015. Anticipatory mobile computing: A survey of the state of the art and research challenges. ACM Computing Surveys (CSUR) 47 3 (2015) 1\u201329.","DOI":"10.1145\/2693843"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_72_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/FIE61694.2024.10893581"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_73_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3706598.3715579"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_74_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3706598.3713357"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_75_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2750858.2805840"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_76_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Harish\u00a0Chaandar Ravichandar Avnish Kumar and Ashwin Dani. 2018. Gaze and motion information fusion for human intention inference. International Journal of Intelligent Robotics and Applications 2 2 (2018) 136\u2013148.","DOI":"10.1007\/s41315-018-0051-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_77_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Florian Recker Ricarda Neubauer Yi Dong Anna\u00a0Maria Gschmack Christian Jenssen Kathleen M\u00f6ller Michael Blaivas Prats\u00a0Michael Ignacio Claudia Lucius Johannes Ruppert et\u00a0al. 2024. Exploring the dynamics of ultrasound training in medical education: current trends debates and approaches to didactics and hands-on learning. BMC Medical Education 24 1 (2024) 1311.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12909-024-06092-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_78_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Etienne Rivi\u00e8re Danielle Saucier Alexandre Lafleur Miriam Lacasse and Gilles Chiniara. 2018. Twelve tips for efficient procedural simulation. Medical Teacher 40 7 (2018) 743\u2013751.","DOI":"10.1080\/0142159X.2017.1391375"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_79_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Andrei Romancenco Iurie S\u0103ratil\u0103 Ivan Ababiy Gheorghe Rojnoveanu Otilia Dandara and Larisa Spinei. 2024. Bridging theory and practice: enhancing medical education through simulation-based training methods. Revista de \u015etiin\u0163e ale S\u0103n\u0103t\u0103\u0163ii din Moldova2 (2024) 68\u201373.","DOI":"10.52645\/MJHS.2024.2.09"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_80_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lauren\u00a0A Sattler Chad Schuety Mark Nau Daniel\u00a0V Foster John Hunninghake Tyson Sjulin and Joshua Boster. 2020. Simulation-based medical education improves procedural confidence in core invasive procedures for military internal medicine residents. Cureus 12 12 (2020).","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.11998"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_81_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Taylor Sawyer Marjorie White Pavan Zaveri Todd Chang Anne Ades Heather French JoDee Anderson Marc Auerbach Lindsay Johnston and David Kessler. 2015. Learn see practice prove do maintain: an evidence-based pedagogical framework for procedural skill training in medicine. Academic Medicine 90 8 (2015) 1025\u20131033.","DOI":"10.1097\/ACM.0000000000000734"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_82_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2800835.2800961"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_83_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2750858.2807547"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_84_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CogSIMA51574.2021.9475925"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_85_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aidin Shahrezaei Maryam Sohani Soroush Taherkhani and Seyed\u00a0Yahya Zarghami. 2024. The impact of surgical simulation and training technologies on general surgery education. BMC Medical Education 24 1 (2024) 1297.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12909-024-06299-w"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_86_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mark Sherer James\u00a0E Maddux Blaise Mercandante Steven Prentice-Dunn Beth Jacobs and Ronald\u00a0W Rogers. 1982. The self-efficacy scale: Construction and validation. Psychological reports 51 2 (1982) 663\u2013671.","DOI":"10.2466\/pr0.1982.51.2.663"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_87_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Matt Sibbald Kyla Caners and Bingxian Wang. 2019. Managing cognitive load in simulations: exploring the role of simulation technologists. Canadian Medical Education Journal 10 4 (2019) e48.","DOI":"10.36834\/cmej.68093"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_88_2","volume-title":"StatPearls [Internet]","author":"Singh Maninder","year":"2023","unstructured":"Maninder Singh and Andrew Restivo. 2023. Task trainers in procedural skills acquisition in medical simulation. In StatPearls [Internet]. StatPearls Publishing."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_89_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Olle Ten\u00a0Cate Natasha Khursigara-Slattery Richard\u00a0L Cruess Stanley\u00a0J Hamstra Yvonne Steinert and Robert Sternszus. 2024. Medical competence as a multilayered construct. Medical Education 58 1 (2024) 93\u2013104.","DOI":"10.1111\/medu.15162"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_90_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3636555.3636896"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_91_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maria\u00a0Suong Tj\u00f8nn\u00e5s Anita Das Cecilie V\u00e5penstad and Solveig\u00a0Osborg Ose. 2022. Simulation-based skills training: a qualitative interview study exploring surgical trainees\u2019 experience of stress. Advances in Simulation 7 1 (2022) 33.","DOI":"10.1186\/s41077-022-00231-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_92_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3613904.3641912"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_93_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3544548.3581292"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_94_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aldo Uriarte-Portillo Ram\u00f3n Zatarain-Cabada Mar\u00eda\u00a0Luc\u00eda Barr\u00f3n-Estrada Mar\u00eda\u00a0Blanca Ib\u00e1\u00f1ez and Luc\u00eda-Margarita Gonz\u00e1lez-Barr\u00f3n. 2023. Intelligent augmented reality for learning geometry. Information 14 4 (2023) 245.","DOI":"10.3390\/info14040245"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_95_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3708557.3716145"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_96_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-60609-0_7"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_97_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Juan\u00a0C Vassallo B\u00e1rbara Gouguenheim Anal\u00eda Ghiglione N\u00e9lida Bravo Carla\u00a0I Prudencio Florencia Villois Yamila Abadie Ana Zubieta Carol Golini Victoria Villar et\u00a0al. 2015. Lumbar puncture training using simulation-based educational strategies. Experience in a clinical pediatric residency. Arch Argent Pediatr 113 6 (2015) 544\u2013549.","DOI":"10.5546\/aap.2015.eng.544"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_98_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Margaret Verkuyl Efrem Violato Theresa Southam M\u00e9lanie Lavoie-Tremblay Sandra Goldsworthy Diane MacEachern and Lynda Atack. 2024. Facilitators\u2019 experiences with virtual simulation and their impact on learning. Advances in Simulation 9 1 (2024) 54.","DOI":"10.1186\/s41077-024-00323-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_99_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3706599.3721208"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_100_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/AIxVR67263.2026.00014"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_101_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/AIxVR67263.2026.00016"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_102_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-49695-1_15"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_103_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3290605.3300511"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_104_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Giles Westerfield Antonija Mitrovic and Mark Billinghurst. 2015. Intelligent augmented reality training for motherboard assembly. International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education 25 1 (2015) 157\u2013172.","DOI":"10.1007\/s40593-014-0032-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_105_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qingming Wu Yubin Wang Lili Lu Yong Chen Hui Long and Jun Wang. 2022. Virtual simulation in undergraduate medical education: a scoping review of recent practice. Frontiers in medicine 9 (2022) 855403.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2022.855403"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_106_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3654777.3676336"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_107_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Recai Yilmaz Mohamad Bakhaidar Ahmad Alsayegh Nour Abou\u00a0Hamdan Ali\u00a0M Fazlollahi Trisha Tee Ian Langleben Alexander Winkler-Schwartz Denis Laroche Carlo Santaguida et\u00a0al. 2024. Real-Time multifaceted artificial intelligence vs In-Person instruction in teaching surgical technical skills: a randomized controlled trial. Scientific Reports 14 1 (2024) 15130.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-65716-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_108_2","unstructured":"Meriem Zerkouk Miloud Mihoubi and Belkacem Chikhaoui. 2025. A Comprehensive Review of AI-based Intelligent Tutoring Systems: Applications and Challenges. arXiv preprint arXiv:https:\/\/arXiv.org\/abs\/2507.18882 (2025)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_109_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3706598.3713110"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_110_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3696630.3728603"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_111_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3491102.3501855"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_112_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Youness Zidoun and Abdelmoniem\u00a0EL Mardi. 2024. Artificial Intelligence (AI)-Based simulators versus simulated patients in undergraduate programs: A protocol for a randomized controlled trial. BMC Medical Education 24 1 (2024) 1260.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12909-024-06236-x"}],"event":{"name":"CHI 2026: CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems","location":"Barcelona Spain","acronym":"CHI '26","sponsor":["SIGCHI ACM Special Interest Group on Computer-Human Interaction"]},"container-title":["Proceedings of the 2026 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3772318.3791910","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T09:18:46Z","timestamp":1776417526000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3772318.3791910"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]]},"references-count":111,"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3772318.3791910","10.1145\/3772318"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3772318.3791910","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-04-13","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}