{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T13:49:08Z","timestamp":1776088148553,"version":"3.50.1"},"publisher-location":"New York, NY, USA","reference-count":34,"publisher":"ACM","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2027,4,13]],"date-time":"2027-04-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1807574400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":365,"URL":"http:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DRL #2400471, DGE-2234667"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DRL #2400471, DGE-2234667"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]]},"DOI":"10.1145\/3772363.3778701","type":"proceedings-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T01:55:28Z","timestamp":1776045328000},"page":"1-5","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Data Literacy for the 21st Century: Perspectives from Visualization, Cognitive Science, Artificial Intelligence, and Education"],"prefix":"10.1145","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2350-8686","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lily W.","family":"Ge","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Computer Science, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4892-6801","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael S","family":"Horn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computer Science, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7613-0029","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Duri","family":"Long","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Communication Studies, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0097-3254","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Judith E.","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9446-0419","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthew","family":"Kay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computer Science and Communication Studies, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the annual meeting of the cognitive science society","volume":"45","author":"Binder Felix\u00a0Jedidja","year":"2023","unstructured":"Felix\u00a0Jedidja Binder, Logan\u00a0Matthew Cross, Yoni Friedman, Robert Hawkins, Daniel\u00a0LK Yamins, and Judith\u00a0E Fan. 2023. Advancing cognitive science and ai with cognitive-ai benchmarking. In Proceedings of the annual meeting of the cognitive science society , Vol.\u00a045. 3\u00a0pages."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Jeremy Boy Ronald\u00a0A. Rensink Enrico Bertini and Jean-Daniel Fekete. 2014. A Principled Way of Assessing Visualization Literacy. IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics 20 12 (2014) 1963\u20131972. 10.1109\/TVCG.2014.2346984","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2014.2346984"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Erik Brockbank Arnav Verma Hannah Lloyd Holly Huey Lace Padilla and Judith\u00a0E Fan. 2025. Evaluating convergence between two data visualization literacy assessments. Cognitive Research: Principles and Implications 10 1 (2025) 15.","DOI":"10.1186\/s41235-025-00622-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_5_2","unstructured":"Mac Bryla. 2018. Data literacy: A critical skill for the 21st century. Retrieved September 29 2025 from https:\/\/www.tableau.com\/blog\/data-literacy-critical-skill-21st-century-94221"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jacob Carlson Michael Fosmire CC Miller and Megan\u00a0Sapp Nelson. 2011. Determining data information literacy needs: A study of students and research faculty. portal: Libraries and the Academy 11 2 (2011) 629\u2013657.","DOI":"10.1353\/pla.2011.0022"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Yuan Cui Lily\u00a0W. Ge Yiren Ding Lane Harrison Fumeng Yang and Matthew Kay. 2025. Promises and Pitfalls: Using Large Language Models to Generate Visualization Items. IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics 31 1 (2025) 1094\u20131104. 10.1109\/TVCG.2024.3456309","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2024.3456309"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Yuan Cui Lily\u00a0W. Ge Yiren Ding Fumeng Yang Lane Harrison and Matthew Kay. 2024. Adaptive Assessment of Visualization Literacy. IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics 30 1 (2024) 628\u2013637. 10.1109\/TVCG.2023.3327165","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2023.3327165"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3706599.3719876"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_10_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society","volume":"47","author":"Fan Judith\u00a0E","year":"2025","unstructured":"Judith\u00a0E Fan, Kristine Zheng, Benjamin Motz, Shayan Doroudi, Ji Son, and Candace Thille. 2025. Minds at School: Advancing cognitive science by measuring and modeling human learning in situ. In Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society , Vol.\u00a047. 2\u00a0pages."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lily\u00a0W. Ge Anne-Flore Cabouat Karen Bonilla Yuan Cui Yiren Ding No\u00eblle Rakotondravony Mackenzie\u00a0Michael Creamer Jasmine\u00a0Tan Otto Maryam Hedayati Bum\u00a0Chul Kwon Angela Locoro Lane Harrison Petra Isenberg Michael Correll and Matthew Kay. 2025. An Autoethnography on Visualization Literacy: A Wicked Measurement Problem. IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics (2025) 1\u201311. 10.1109\/TVCG.2025.3634792","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2025.3634792"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3544548.3581406"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3706598.3713364"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3613904.3642750"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3613905.3636289"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Michail Giannakos Michael Horn and Mutlu Cukurova. 2025. Learning design and technology in the age of AI. Behaviour & Information Technology 44 5 (2025) 883\u2013887. 10.1080\/0144929X.2025.2469394","DOI":"10.1080\/0144929X.2025.2469394"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Robert Gould. 2017. Data literacy is statistical literacy. Statistics Education Research Journal 16 1 (2017) 22\u201325. 10.52041\/serj.v16i1.209","DOI":"10.52041\/serj.v16i1.209"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3027063.3027091"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Maryam Hedayati and Matthew Kay. 2025. What University Students Learn In Visualization Classes. IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics 31 1 (2025) 1072\u20131082. 10.1109\/TVCG.2024.3456291","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2024.3456291"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-15-6747-6_5"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Michael\u00a0S Horn R\u00a0Jordan Crouser and Marina\u00a0U Bers. 2012. Tangible interaction and learning: the case for a hybrid approach. Personal and Ubiquitous Computing 16 4 (2012) 379\u2013389. 10.1007\/s00779-011-0404-2","DOI":"10.1007\/s00779-011-0404-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3027063.3027084"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3325480.3325504"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3313831.3376727"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3544549.3573808"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2559206.2559230"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3411763.3450406"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_28_2","unstructured":"Fateme Rajabiyazdi Mandy Keck Christina Stoiber Jonathan Roberts Hari Subramonyam Lily Ge Magdalena Boucher Benjamin Bach Lonni Besancon Mathis Brossier et\u00a0al. 2024. EduVis: 2 nd IEEE VIS Workshop on Visualization Education Literacy and Activities. St. Pete Beach Florida USA 1 (2024) 3."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_29_2","unstructured":"Chantel Ridsdale James Rothwell Michael Smit Hossam Ali-Hassan Michael Bliemel Dean Irvine Daniel Kelley Stan Matwin and Bradley Wuetherick. 2015. Strategies and best practices for data literacy education: Knowledge synthesis report. (2015) 123\u00a0pages."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Cameron\u00a0L. Roberts and Michael\u00a0S. Horn. 2025. Computational Thinking and Epistemic Heterogeneity: A Critical Review of Music+Coding. ACM Trans. Comput. Educ. 25 4 Article 45 (Sept. 2025) 27\u00a0pages. 10.1145\/3749995","DOI":"10.1145\/3749995"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_31_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the annual meeting of the cognitive science society","volume":"46","author":"Verma Arnav","year":"2024","unstructured":"Arnav Verma, Kushin Mukherjee, Christopher Potts, Elisa Kreiss, and Judith\u00a0E Fan. 2024. Evaluating human and machine understanding of data visualizations. In Proceedings of the annual meeting of the cognitive science society , Vol.\u00a046. 8\u00a0pages."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_32_2","unstructured":"Arnav Verma Kushin Mukherjee Christopher Potts Elisa Kreiss and Judith\u00a0E Fan. 2025. CHART-6: Human-Centered Evaluation of Data Visualization Understanding in Vision-Language Models. arXiv preprint arXiv:https:\/\/arXiv.org\/abs\/2505.17202 (2025) 12\u00a0pages."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3170427.3185374"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Annika Wolff Daniel Gooch Jose J\u00a0Cavero Montaner Umar Rashid and Gerd Kortuem. 2016. Creating an understanding of data literacy for a data-driven society. The Journal of Community Informatics 12 3 (2016) 18\u00a0pages. 10.15353\/joci.v12i3.3275","DOI":"10.15353\/joci.v12i3.3275"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Annika Wolff Michel Wermelinger and Marian Petre. 2019. Exploring design principles for data literacy activities to support children\u2019s inquiries from complex data. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies 129 (2019) 41\u201354. 10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2019.03.006","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2019.03.006"}],"event":{"name":"CHI EA '26: Extended Abstracts of the 2026 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems","location":"Barcelona , Spain","acronym":"CHI EA '26","sponsor":["SIGCHI ACM Special Interest Group on Computer-Human Interaction"]},"container-title":["Proceedings of the Extended Abstracts of the 2026 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3772363.3778701","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3772363.3778701","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T12:54:52Z","timestamp":1776084892000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3772363.3778701"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]]},"references-count":34,"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3772363.3778701","10.1145\/3772363"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3772363.3778701","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-04-13","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}