{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T03:49:04Z","timestamp":1776052144746,"version":"3.50.1"},"publisher-location":"New York, NY, USA","reference-count":29,"publisher":"ACM","content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]]},"DOI":"10.1145\/3772363.3798336","type":"proceedings-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T01:55:24Z","timestamp":1776045324000},"page":"1-6","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["\"It Talks Like a Patient, But Feels Different\": Co-Designing AI Standardized Patients with Medical Learners"],"prefix":"10.1145","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-4898-2521","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhiqi","family":"Gao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Data Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-0093-9188","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guo","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Artificial Intelligence, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-7107-1865","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Huarui","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-9830-1614","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dongyijie","family":"Primo Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, Guangdong, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-1183-8191","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Haoming","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Data Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0182-6595","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bingquan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Data Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6951-8340","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiahuan","family":"Pei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6791-104X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jie","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MIT Media Lab, MIT, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1501-9914","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Benyou","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Data Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3290605.3300233"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Tariq\u00a0Osman Andersen Francisco Nunes Lauren Wilcox Enrico Coiera and Yvonne Rogers. 2023. Introduction to the Special Issue on Human-Centred AI in Healthcare: Challenges Appearing in the Wild. ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction 30 2 Article 25 (2023). 10.1145\/3589961","DOI":"10.1145\/3589961"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Howard\u00a0S Barrows. 1993. An overview of the uses of standardized patients for teaching and evaluating clinical skills. Academic Medicine 68 6 (1993) 443\u2013451.","DOI":"10.1097\/00001888-199306000-00002"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3610978.3640592"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Virginia Braun and Victoria Clarke. 2006. Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology 3 2 (2006) 77\u2013101. 10.1191\/1478088706qp063oa","DOI":"10.1191\/1478088706qp063oa"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Virginia Braun and Victoria Clarke. 2019. Reflecting on reflexive thematic analysis. Qualitative Research in Sport Exercise and Health 11 4 (2019) 589\u2013597. 10.1080\/2159676X.2019.1628806","DOI":"10.1080\/2159676X.2019.1628806"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_8_2","unstructured":"Tom\u00a0B Brown Benjamin Mann Nick Ryder et\u00a0al. 2020. Language Models are Few-Shot Learners. arXiv preprint arXiv:https:\/\/arXiv.org\/abs\/2005.14165 (2020)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_9_2","volume-title":"Constructing Grounded Theory: A Practical Guide Through Qualitative Analysis","author":"Charmaz Kathy","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kathy Charmaz. 2006. Constructing Grounded Theory: A Practical Guide Through Qualitative Analysis. SAGE."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jennifer\u00a0A Cleland Kazuya Abe and Jan-Joost Rethans. 2009. The use of simulated patients in medical education: AMEE Guide No 42. Medical Teacher 31 6 (2009) 477\u2013486.","DOI":"10.1080\/01421590903002821"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"David\u00a0A Cook Patricia\u00a0J Erwin and Marc\u00a0M Triola. 2010. Computerized virtual patients in health professions education: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Academic Medicine 85 10 (2010) 1589\u20131602.","DOI":"10.1097\/ACM.0b013e3181edfe13"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"David\u00a0A Cook and Marc\u00a0M Triola. 2009. Virtual patients: a critical literature review and proposed next steps. Medical Education 43 4 (2009) 303\u2013311.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2923.2008.03286.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Joseph Cross Tarron Kayalackakom Raymond\u00a0E. Robinson Andrea Vaughans Roopa Sebastian Ricardo Hood Courtney Lewis Sumanth Devaraju Prasanna Honnavar Sheetal Naik Jillwin Joseph Nikhilesh Anand Abdalla Mohammed Asjah Johnson Eliran Cohen Teniola Adeniji Aisling\u00a0Nnenna Nnaji and Julia\u00a0Elizabeth George. 2025. Assessing ChatGPT\u2019s Capability as a New Age Standardized Patient: Qualitative Study. JMIR Medical Education 11 (2025) e63353. 10.2196\/63353","DOI":"10.2196\/63353"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chukwuebuka Elendu Daniella\u00a0C Amaechi et\u00a0al. 2024. The impact of simulation-based training in medical education: A review. Medicine 103 27 (2024) e38813.","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000038813"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Andrea Ferrario Jana Sedlakova and Manuel Trachsel. 2024. The Role of Humanization and Robustness of Large Language Models in Conversational Artificial Intelligence for Individuals With Depression: A Critical Analysis. JMIR Mental Health 11 (2024) e56569.","DOI":"10.2196\/56569"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Olivia\u00a0L Flanagan and Kathleen\u00a0M Cummings. 2023. Standardized Patients in Medical Education: A Review of the Literature. Cureus 15 7 (2023) e42027.","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.42027"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_17_2","unstructured":"Yann Hicke Jadon Geathers Niroop Rajashekar et\u00a0al. 2025. MedSimAI: Simulation and Formative Feedback Generation to Enhance Deliberate Practice in Medical Education. arXiv preprint arXiv:https:\/\/arXiv.org\/abs\/2503.05793 (2025)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Friederike Holderried Christian Stegemann-Philipps Lea Herschbach et\u00a0al. 2024. A generative pretrained transformer (GPT)-powered chatbot as a simulated patient to practice history taking: prospective mixed methods study. JMIR Medical Education 10 1 (2024) e53961.","DOI":"10.2196\/53961"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eric\u00a0B Larson and Xin Yao. 2005. Clinical empathy as emotional labor in the patient-physician relationship. Jama 293 9 (2005) 1100\u20131106.","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.293.9.1100"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Dongliang Li and Syaheerah\u00a0Lebai Lutfi. 2026. Large Language Model-Based Virtual Patient Systems for History-Taking in Medical Education: Comprehensive Systematic Review. JMIR Medical Informatics 14 (2026) e79039. 10.2196\/79039","DOI":"10.2196\/79039"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Margaretha Meerdink and Javaid Khan. 2021. Comparison of the use of manikins and simulated patients in a multidisciplinary in situ medical simulation program for healthcare professionals in the United Kingdom. Journal of Educational Evaluation for Health Professions 18 (2021) 8.","DOI":"10.3352\/jeehp.2021.18.8"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Debra Nestel and Margaret Bearman. 2014. Simulated patient methodology in health professional education. (2014) 1\u201310.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118760673.ch1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_23_2","unstructured":"Charlie Parker Sam Scott and Alistair Geddes. 2019. Snowball sampling. SAGE research methods foundations (2019)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tonya Rutherford-Hemming Alaina Herrington and Thye\u00a0Peng Ngo. 2024. The use of standardized patients to teach communication skills\u2014A systematic review. Simulation in Healthcare 19 1S (2024) S122\u2013S128.","DOI":"10.1097\/SIH.0000000000000766"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Elizabeth B.-N. Sanders and Pieter\u00a0Jan Stappers. 2008. Co-creation and the new landscapes of design. CoDesign 4 1 (2008) 5\u201318. 10.1080\/15710880701875068","DOI":"10.1080\/15710880701875068"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Johanna Shapiro. 2011. 16 The Paradox of Teaching Empathy in Medical Education. Empathy: From bench to bedside (2011) 275.","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/8884.003.0023"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3706598.3714014"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Janina Sterz Nils Gutenberger Maria\u00a0Cristina Stefanescu et\u00a0al. 2022. Manikins versus simulated patients in emergency medicine training: a comparative analysis. European Journal of Trauma and Emergency Surgery 48 5 (2022) 3793\u20133801.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00068-021-01695-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_29_2","unstructured":"Tao Tu Anil Palepu Mike Schaekermann et\u00a0al. 2024. Towards Conversational Diagnostic AI. arXiv preprint arXiv:https:\/\/arXiv.org\/abs\/2401.05654 (2024)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3706599.3719693"}],"event":{"name":"CHI EA '26: Extended Abstracts of the 2026 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems","location":"Barcelona , Spain","acronym":"CHI EA '26","sponsor":["SIGCHI ACM Special Interest Group on Computer-Human Interaction"]},"container-title":["Proceedings of the Extended Abstracts of the 2026 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3772363.3798336","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T03:23:07Z","timestamp":1776050587000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3772363.3798336"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]]},"references-count":29,"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3772363.3798336","10.1145\/3772363"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3772363.3798336","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-04-13","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}