{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T03:49:01Z","timestamp":1776052141864,"version":"3.50.1"},"publisher-location":"New York, NY, USA","reference-count":62,"publisher":"ACM","content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]]},"DOI":"10.1145\/3772363.3798575","type":"proceedings-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T01:55:24Z","timestamp":1776045324000},"page":"1-6","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["When Flattery Backfires: How Sycophancy and Interaction Context Shape Perceived Authenticity and Trust in Large Language AI Models"],"prefix":"10.1145","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-9401-3957","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joshua","family":"Mu-En Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Communication, National Chengchi University, Taipei, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-9650-3525","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Clarence Chi-Hong","family":"Weng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Communication, National ChengChi University, Taipei, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0586-1398","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yoyo Tsung-Yu","family":"Hou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Digital Content and Technologies, National Chengchi University, Taipei city, Taiwan and Information Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Onur Asan Alparslan\u00a0Emrah Bayrak and Avishek Choudhury. 2020. Artificial intelligence and human trust in healthcare: focus on clinicians. Journal of medical Internet research 22 6 (2020) e15154.","DOI":"10.2196\/15154"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Robert Bowman Orla Cooney Joseph\u00a0W Newbold Anja Thieme Leigh Clark Gavin Doherty and Benjamin Cowan. 2024. Exploring how politeness impacts the user experience of chatbots for mental health support. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies 184 (2024) 103181.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2023.103181"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Diana Boxer. 1993. Social distance and speech behavior: The case of indirect complaints. Journal of pragmatics 19 2 (1993) 103\u2013125.","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-2166(93)90084-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511813085"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Judee\u00a0K Burgoon. 1993. Interpersonal expectations expectancy violations and emotional communication. Journal of language and social psychology 12 1-2 (1993) 30\u201348.","DOI":"10.1177\/0261927X93121003"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Judee\u00a0K Burgoon. 2015. Expectancy violations theory. The international encyclopedia of interpersonal communication (2015) 1\u20139.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118540190.wbeic102"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Judee\u00a0K Burgoon Joseph\u00a0A Bonito Paul\u00a0Benjamin Lowry Sean\u00a0L Humpherys Gregory\u00a0D Moody James\u00a0E Gaskin and Justin\u00a0Scott Giboney. 2016. Application of expectancy violations theory to communication with and judgments about embodied agents during a decision-making task. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies 91 (2016) 24\u201336.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2016.02.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_9_2","first-page":"569","volume-title":"Handbook of communication and social interaction skills","author":"Burleson Brant\u00a0R","year":"2003","unstructured":"Brant\u00a0R Burleson. 2003. Emotional support skills. In Handbook of communication and social interaction skills. Routledge, 569\u2013612."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_10_2","unstructured":"Mar\u00eda\u00a0Victoria Carro. 2024. Flattering to deceive: The impact of sycophantic behavior on user trust in large language model. arXiv preprint arXiv:https:\/\/arXiv.org\/abs\/2412.02802 (2024)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_11_2","unstructured":"Myra Cheng Sunny Yu Cinoo Lee Pranav Khadpe Lujain Ibrahim and Dan Jurafsky. 2025. Social sycophancy: A broader understanding of llm sycophancy. arXiv preprint arXiv:https:\/\/arXiv.org\/abs\/2505.13995 (2025)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_12_2","unstructured":"Ajeya Cotra. 2023. Why AI alignment could be hard with modern deep learning. https:\/\/www.cold-takes.com\/why-ai-alignment-could-be-hard-with-modern-deep-learning\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3543829.3544518"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zohar Elyoseph Dorit Hadar-Shoval Kfir Asraf and Maya Lvovsky. 2023. ChatGPT outperforms humans in emotional awareness evaluations. Frontiers in psychology 14 (2023) 1199058.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2023.1199058"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Katrin Etzrodt Jihyun Kim Margot\u00a0J van\u00a0der Goot Andrew Prahl Mina Choi Matthew\u00a0JA Craig Marco Dehnert Sven Engesser Katharina Frehmann Luis Grande et\u00a0al. 2024. What HMC teaches us about authenticity. Human-Machine Communication 8 (2024) 227\u2013251.","DOI":"10.30658\/hmc.8.11"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_16_2","first-page":"893","volume-title":"Proceedings of the AAAI\/ACM Conference on AI, Ethics, and Society","volume":"8","author":"Fanous Aaron","year":"2025","unstructured":"Aaron Fanous, Jacob Goldberg, Ank Agarwal, Joanna Lin, Anson Zhou, Sonnet Xu, Vasiliki Bikia, Roxana Daneshjou, and Sanmi Koyejo. 2025. Syceval: Evaluating llm sycophancy. In Proceedings of the AAAI\/ACM Conference on AI, Ethics, and Society , Vol.\u00a08. 893\u2013900."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mauajama Firdaus Arunav Shandilya Asif Ekbal and Pushpak Bhattacharyya. 2022. Being polite: Modeling politeness variation in a personalized dialog agent. IEEE Transactions on Computational Social Systems 10 4 (2022) 1455\u20131464.","DOI":"10.1109\/TCSS.2022.3182986"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_18_2","volume-title":"Group dynamics","author":"Forsyth Donelson\u00a0R","year":"2014","unstructured":"Donelson\u00a0R Forsyth. 2014. Group dynamics. Wadsworth Cengage Learning."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ella Glikson and Anita\u00a0Williams Woolley. 2020. Human trust in artificial intelligence: Review of empirical research. Academy of management annals 14 2 (2020) 627\u2013660.","DOI":"10.5465\/annals.2018.0057"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Erving Goffman. 1955. On face-work: An analysis of ritual elements in social interaction. Psychiatry 18 3 (1955) 213\u2013231.","DOI":"10.1080\/00332747.1955.11023008"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-05204-1_5"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Michael\u00a0B Gurtman. 1992. Trust distrust and interpersonal problems: a circumplex analysis. Journal of personality and social psychology 62 6 (1992) 989.","DOI":"10.1037\/\/0022-3514.62.6.989"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Isabel Kathleen\u00a0Fornell Haugeland Asbj\u00f8rn F\u00f8lstad Cameron Taylor and Cato\u00a0Alexander Bj\u00f8rkli. 2022. Understanding the user experience of customer service chatbots: An experimental study of chatbot interaction design. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies 161 (2022) 102788.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2022.102788"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thorsten Hennig-Thurau Markus Groth Michael Paul and Dwayne\u00a0D Gremler. 2006. Are all smiles created equal? How emotional contagion and emotional labor affect service relationships. Journal of marketing 70 3 (2006) 58\u201373.","DOI":"10.1509\/jmkg.70.3.058"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Devon Johnson and Kent Grayson. 2005. Cognitive and affective trust in service relationships. Journal of Business research 58 4 (2005) 500\u2013507.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0148-2963(03)00140-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alexandra\u00a0D Kaplan Theresa\u00a0T Kessler J\u00a0Christopher Brill and Peter\u00a0A Hancock. 2023. Trust in artificial intelligence: Meta-analytic findings. Human factors 65 2 (2023) 337\u2013359.","DOI":"10.1177\/00187208211013988"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jihyun Kim Kelly Merrill\u00a0Jr and Chad Collins. 2021. AI as a friend or assistant: The mediating role of perceived usefulness in social AI vs. functional AI. Telematics and Informatics 64 (2021) 101694.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tele.2021.101694"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alexander Kunze Stephen\u00a0J Summerskill Russell Marshall and Ashleigh\u00a0J Filtness. 2019. Automation transparency: implications of uncertainty communication for human-automation interaction and interfaces. Ergonomics 62 3 (2019) 345\u2013360.","DOI":"10.1080\/00140139.2018.1547842"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.54855\/paic.2461"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eun-Ju Lee. 2008. Flattery may get computers somewhere sometimes: The moderating role of output modality computer gender and user gender. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies 66 11 (2008) 789\u2013800.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2008.07.009"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"John\u00a0D Lee and Katrina\u00a0A See. 2004. Trust in automation: Designing for appropriate reliance. Human factors 46 1 (2004) 50\u201380.","DOI":"10.1518\/hfes.46.1.50.30392"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jae-gil Lee and Kwan\u00a0Min Lee. 2022. Polite speech strategies and their impact on drivers\u2019 trust in autonomous vehicles. Computers in Human Behavior 127 (2022) 107015.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2021.107015"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kelley\u00a0J Main Darren\u00a0W Dahl and Peter\u00a0R Darke. 2007. Deliberative and automatic bases of suspicion: Empirical evidence of the sinister attribution error. Journal of Consumer Psychology 17 1 (2007) 59\u201369.","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327663jcp1701_9"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-92611-2_5"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roger\u00a0C Mayer James\u00a0H Davis and F\u00a0David Schoorman. 1995. An integrative model of organizational trust. Academy of management review 20 3 (1995) 709\u2013734.","DOI":"10.2307\/258792"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Felicitas Morhart Lucia Mal\u00e4r Am\u00e9lie Gu\u00e8vremont Florent Girardin and Bianca Grohmann. 2015. Brand authenticity: An integrative framework and measurement scale. Journal of consumer psychology 25 2 (2015) 200\u2013218.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcps.2014.11.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Clifford Nass and Youngme Moon. 2000. Machines and mindlessness: Social responses to computers. Journal of social issues 56 1 (2000) 81\u2013103.","DOI":"10.1111\/0022-4537.00153"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Raymond\u00a0S Nickerson. 1998. Confirmation bias: A ubiquitous phenomenon in many guises. Review of general psychology 2 2 (1998) 175\u2013220.","DOI":"10.1037\/1089-2680.2.2.175"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_39_2","unstructured":"OpenAI. 2025. Sycophancy in GPT-4O: What happened and what we\u2019re doing about it | openai. https:\/\/openai.com\/index\/sycophancy-in-gpt-4o\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Palima Pandey and Alok\u00a0Kumar Rai. 2024. Modeling consequences of brand authenticity in anthropomorphized ai-assistants: a human-robot interaction perspective. PURUSHARTHA-A journal of Management Ethics and Spirituality 17 1 (2024) 116\u2013135.","DOI":"10.21844\/16202117108"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_41_2","unstructured":"Henry Papadatos and Rachel Freedman. 2024. Linear probe penalties reduce llm sycophancy. arXiv preprint arXiv:https:\/\/arXiv.org\/abs\/2412.00967 (2024)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tiejun Qi Hongshen Liu and Zhihui Huang. 2025. An assistant or A friend? The role of parasocial relationship of human-computer interaction. Computers in Human Behavior 167 (2025) 108625.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2025.108625"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_43_2","unstructured":"Leonardo Ranaldi and Giulia Pucci. 2023. When large language models contradict humans? large language models\u2019 sycophantic behaviour. arXiv preprint arXiv:https:\/\/arXiv.org\/abs\/2311.09410 (2023)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_44_2","unstructured":"Byron Reeves and Clifford Nass. 1996. The media equation: How people treat computers television and new media like real people. Cambridge UK 10 10 (1996) 19\u201336."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Patrizia Ribino. 2023. The role of politeness in human\u2013machine interactions: a systematic literature review and future perspectives. Artificial Intelligence Review 56 Suppl 1 (2023) 445\u2013482.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10462-023-10540-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alisa Rieger Tim Draws Mari\u00ebt Theune and Nava Tintarev. 2024. Nudges to mitigate confirmation bias during web search on debated topics: Support vs. manipulation. ACM Transactions on the Web 18 2 (2024) 1\u201327.","DOI":"10.1145\/3635034"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Breagin\u00a0K Riley and Andrea Dixon. 2024. Emotional and cognitive trust in artificial intelligence: A framework for identifying research opportunities. Current Opinion in Psychology 58 (2024) 101833.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copsyc.2024.101833"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-02675-6_53"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lennart Seitz. 2024. Artificial empathy in healthcare chatbots: Does it feel authentic? Computers in Human Behavior: Artificial Humans 2 1 (2024) 100067.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2024.100067"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_50_2","first-page":"1343","volume-title":"Proceedings of the AAAI\/ACM Conference on AI, Ethics, and Society","volume":"7","author":"Shang Ruoxi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ruoxi Shang, Gary Hsieh, and Chirag Shah. 2024. Trusting your AI agent emotionally and cognitively: Development and validation of a semantic differential scale for AI trust. In Proceedings of the AAAI\/ACM Conference on AI, Ethics, and Society , Vol.\u00a07. 1343\u20131356."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_51_2","unstructured":"Mrinank Sharma Meg Tong Tomasz Korbak David Duvenaud Amanda Askell Samuel\u00a0R Bowman Newton Cheng Esin Durmus Zac Hatfield-Dodds Scott\u00a0R Johnston et\u00a0al. 2023. Towards understanding sycophancy in language models. https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2310.13548 arXiv:https:\/\/arXiv.org\/abs\/2310.13548."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jan-Philipp Stein and Peter Ohler. 2017. Venturing into the uncanny valley of mind\u2014The influence of mind attribution on the acceptance of human-like characters in a virtual reality setting. Cognition 160 (2017) 43\u201350.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2016.12.010"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_53_2","unstructured":"Yuan Sun and Ting Wang. 2025. Be friendly not friends: How llm sycophancy shapes user trust. arXiv preprint arXiv:https:\/\/arXiv.org\/abs\/2502.10844 (2025)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Scott Thiebes Sebastian Lins and Ali Sunyaev. 2021. Trustworthy artificial intelligence: S. Thiebes et al. Electronic Markets 31 2 (2021) 447\u2013464.","DOI":"10.1007\/s12525-020-00441-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sherry Turkle. 2007. Authenticity in the age of digital companions. Interaction studies 8 3 (2007) 501\u2013517.","DOI":"10.1075\/is.8.3.11tur"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roos Vonk. 2002. Self-serving interpretations of flattery: Why ingratiation works. Journal of personality and social psychology 82 4 (2002) 515.","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.82.4.515"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_57_2","unstructured":"Jerry Wei Da Huang Yifeng Lu Denny Zhou and Quoc\u00a0V Le. 2023. Simple synthetic data reduces sycophancy in large language models. arXiv preprint arXiv:https:\/\/arXiv.org\/abs\/2308.03958 (2023)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alex\u00a0M Wood P\u00a0Alex Linley John Maltby Michael Baliousis and Stephen Joseph. 2008. The authentic personality: A theoretical and empirical conceptualization and the development of the Authenticity Scale. Journal of counseling psychology 55 3 (2008) 385.","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0167.55.3.385"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yipeng Xi and Luu Thuc\u00a0Ngan Mai. 2025. Shifting tides: How public perceptions of GPT regulation evolved before and after GPT-4 on Quora. Telecommunications Policy (2025) 103001.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.telpol.2025.103001"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3719160.3736637"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_61_2","unstructured":"Xintong Yao and Yipeng Xi. 2025. From assistants to digital beings: Exploring anthropomorphism humanness perception and AI anxiety in large-language-model chatbots. Social Science Computer Review (2025) 08944393251354976."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gerald Zaltman and Christine Moorman. 1988. The importance of personal trust in the use of research. Journal of Advertising Research 28 5 (1988) 16\u201324.","DOI":"10.1080\/00218499.1988.12467733"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_63_2","unstructured":"Marc Zao-Sanders. 2025. How people are really using Gen AI in 2025. https:\/\/hbr.org\/2025\/04\/how-people-are-really-using-gen-ai-in-2025"}],"event":{"name":"CHI EA '26: Extended Abstracts of the 2026 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems","location":"Barcelona , Spain","acronym":"CHI EA '26","sponsor":["SIGCHI ACM Special Interest Group on Computer-Human Interaction"]},"container-title":["Proceedings of the Extended Abstracts of the 2026 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3772363.3798575","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T03:22:50Z","timestamp":1776050570000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3772363.3798575"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]]},"references-count":62,"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3772363.3798575","10.1145\/3772363"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3772363.3798575","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-04-13","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}