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This article comprehensively classifies current Ethereum SC vulnerabilities and attacks. It also surveys 108 ML-based detection methods, covering both traditional models and a structured taxonomy of advanced approaches such as GNN-based, LLM-based, contrastive learning, ensemble, hybrid, meta-learning, and transfer learning techniques. The strengths, limitations, and practical challenges of these methods are systematically analyzed, with particular attention to factors such as detection stages, classification problems, dataset characteristics, feature engineering, performance evaluation, generalizability, detection capability, model aging, and ethical and privacy implications. Additionally, existing datasets on SC vulnerabilities are reviewed and consolidated. By integrating these insights, this work provides actionable guidelines and a foundation for building secure, resilient, and trustworthy SC ecosystems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3772367","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,22]],"date-time":"2025-10-22T10:50:11Z","timestamp":1761130211000},"page":"1-37","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Leveraging Machine Learning Models to Improve Smart Contract Security: A Survey of Vulnerabilities and Detection Methods"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"58","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8262-5025","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shikah J.","family":"Alsunaidi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals","place":["Dhahran, Saudi Arabia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2146-9348","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hamoud","family":"Aljamaan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals","place":["Dhahran, Saudi Arabia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1058-0996","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammad","family":"Hammoudeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals","place":["Dhahran, Saudi Arabia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-33-6835-4_5"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/info15060302"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s41870-024-02324-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics11182937"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5267\/j.ijdns.2024.4.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCISci.2019.8716424"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics13234616"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3545574"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_3_4_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1007\/s10462-023-10652-8","article-title":"Cost-sensitive learning for imbalanced medical data: A review","volume":"57","author":"Araf Imane","year":"2024","unstructured":"Imane Araf, Ali Idri, and Ikram Chairi. 2024. 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