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To address the modeling bias resulting from this amplitude dominance, we refine the index of difficulty as IDx = log_2(A\/(W + c) + 1). Rather than treating c as a mere fitting parameter, we interpret it as an intrinsic property of pointing dynamics: it quantifies the systematic deviation from the canonical speed-accuracy tradeoff implied by the \"as quickly and accurately as possible\" instruction. By calibrating c with the proposed anti-overfitting criteria, we improve model fits for both finger and pen input, raising R\u00b2 to above 0.97. We present the calibration rules, interpret c across contexts, validate IDx robustness via leave-one-out cross-validation, and demonstrate its generalizability on data from prior studies\u2014including a large tabletop experiment. Finally, we translate the findings into practical guidelines for UI and experimental design.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3773067","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,13]],"date-time":"2025-11-13T08:12:18Z","timestamp":1763021538000},"page":"210-232","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Characterizing Amplitude-Dominated Performance: A Refinement of Fitts' Law for Target Acquisition on Large-Format Touchscreens"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4336-9954","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xinyong","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Renmin University of China, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00222895.1992.9941613"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2682623"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2559206.2574791"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 33rd Annual ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI \u201915)","author":"Avrahami Daniel","year":"2015","unstructured":"Daniel Avrahami. 2015. 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