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Des. Autom. Electron. Syst."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Robust analog circuit design is becoming increasingly challenging due to process, voltage, and temperature (PVT) variations at advanced technology nodes. In this article, we formulate analog circuit synthesis as a robust optimization problem, and propose a Contextual Robust OptimiZAtion (CROZA) method for variation-aware analog circuit design. The proposed method uses Contextual Gaussian process to model both the design parameters and perturbation parameters, and a hybrid strategy of adversarially robust optimization and stochastically perturbed robust optimization to find robust solutions. Compared to state-of-the-art methods, our proposed approach achieves significant simulation and runtime speedups while delivering superior optimization results.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3774879","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,6]],"date-time":"2025-11-06T11:31:04Z","timestamp":1762428664000},"page":"1-19","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Variation-aware Analog Circuit Design via Contextual Modeling and Robust Optimization"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9111-8474","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiangli","family":"Huang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Integrated Chips and Systems, School of Computer Science, Fudan University","place":["Shanghai, China"]}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-2362-0361","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jinyi","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Integrated Chips and Systems, College of Integrated Circuits & Micro-Nano Electronics, Fudan University","place":["Shanghai, China"]}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2164-8175","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fan","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Integrated Chips and Systems, College of Integrated Circuits & Micro-Nano Electronics, Fudan University","place":["Shanghai, China"]}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-9216-1921","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Li","family":"Shang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Integrated Chips and Systems, School of Computer Science, Fudan University","place":["Shanghai, China"]}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7315-3150","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhaori","family":"Bi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Integrated Chips and Systems, College of Integrated Circuits & Micro-Nano Electronics, Fudan University","place":["Shanghai, China"]}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8936-3945","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Changhao","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Integrated Chips and Systems, College of Integrated Circuits & Micro-Nano Electronics, Fudan University","place":["Shanghai, China"]}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6748-1916","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wenchuang","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Precision Medicine Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University","place":["Chengdu, China"]}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2648-5232","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dian","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Integrated Chips and Systems, College of Integrated Circuits & Micro-Nano Electronics, Fudan University","place":["Shanghai, China"]}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8097-4053","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xuan","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Integrated Chips and Systems, College of Integrated Circuits & Micro-Nano Electronics, Fudan University","place":["Shanghai, China"]}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_1_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TAC.2010.2046044"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_3_2","unstructured":"Ilija Bogunovic Jonathan Scarlett Stefanie Jegelka and Volkan Cevher. 2018. 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