{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,4]],"date-time":"2026-07-04T08:17:32Z","timestamp":1783153052494,"version":"3.54.6"},"publisher-location":"New York, NY, USA","reference-count":68,"publisher":"ACM","funder":[{"name":"National Science Foundation","award":["2409005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2409005"]}]},{"name":"National Science Foundation","award":["2321444"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2321444"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]]},"DOI":"10.1145\/3774904.3792193","type":"proceedings-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,27]],"date-time":"2026-04-27T13:28:36Z","timestamp":1777296516000},"page":"5144-5154","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Broken Promise: Differential Analysis of Functional Discrepancies Between WebAssembly and Native Binaries"],"prefix":"10.1145","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-7802-3003","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiao","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Hubei Key Laboratory of Distributed System Security, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4467-2859","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alan","family":"Romano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-4929-1478","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liyan","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-4187-0690","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qiwen","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hubei Key Laboratory of Distributed System Security, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4536-3537","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cai","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hubei Key Laboratory of Distributed System Security, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1175-4409","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Weihang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_1_1","unstructured":"[n.d.]. Binaryen. http:\/\/webassembly.github.io\/binaryen\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_2_1","unstructured":"[n.d.]. Clang C Language Family Frontend for LLVM. https:\/\/clang.llvm.org\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_3_1","unstructured":"[n.d.]. Full-Speed Fuzzing: Reducing Fuzzing Overhead through Coverage-Guided Tracing | IEEE Conference Publication | IEEE Xplore. https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/8835316"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_4_1","unstructured":"[n.d.]. The GNU C Library. https:\/\/www.gnu.org\/software\/libc\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_5_1","unstructured":"libtiff [n.d.]. libtiff. libtiff. https:\/\/gitlab.com\/libtiff\/libtiff"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_6_1","unstructured":"[n.d.]. The LLVM Compiler Infrastructure Project. https:\/\/llvm.org\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_7_1","unstructured":"[n.d.]. The Musl C Library. https:\/\/musl.libc.org\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_8_1","unstructured":"[n.d.]. Use Cases - WebAssembly. https:\/\/webassembly.org\/docs\/use-cases\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_9_1","unstructured":"[n.d.]. WasmDiff. https:\/\/github.com\/WebAssembly-Diff\/wasmdiffs."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_10_1","unstructured":"[n.d.]. WasmEdge. https:\/\/github.com\/WasmEdge\/WasmEdge\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_11_1","unstructured":"[n.d.]. wasmtime. https:\/\/github.com\/bytecodealliance\/wasmtime\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_12_1","unstructured":"[n.d.]. WAVM. https:\/\/github.com\/WAVM\/WAVM\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_13_1","unstructured":"[n.d.]. WebAssembly specification. https:\/\/webassembly.org\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_14_1","unstructured":"2021. Discrepancies problems in instantiateWasm. https:\/\/github.com\/emscripten-core\/emscripten\/issues\/14777."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_15_1","unstructured":"2023. An Emscripten Issue. https:\/\/github.com\/emscripten-core\/emsdk\/pull\/1248."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_16_1","unstructured":"2025. Discrepancy between dart analyze and dart compile js wasm. https:\/\/github.com\/dart-lang\/sdk\/issues\/60235."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_17_1","unstructured":"2025. Inconsistent Pixel Data Between WASM and Binary Executable. https:\/\/github.com\/ffmpegwasm\/ffmpeg.wasm\/issues\/818."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_18_1","unstructured":"2025. Libsndfile. https:\/\/github.com\/libsndfile\/libsndfile."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_19_1","unstructured":"2025. libtomcrypt. https:\/\/github.com\/libtom\/libtomcrypt."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_20_1","unstructured":"2025. php-cgi. https:\/\/github.com\/docker-library\/php."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_21_1","unstructured":"2025. The security of WebAssembly. https:\/\/webassembly.org\/docs\/security\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_22_1","unstructured":"2025. WASI libc implementation for WebAssembly. https:\/\/github.com\/WebAssembly\/wasi-libc\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_23_1","unstructured":"Sara Baradaran Liyan Huang Mukund Raghothaman and Weihang Wang. 2024. Reusing Legacy Code in WebAssembly: Key Challenges of Cross-Compilation and Code Semantics Preservation. arXiv:2412.20258 [cs.SE] https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2412.20258"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Paul Black. 2018. Juliet 1.3 Test Suite: Changes From 1.2. doi:10.6028\/NIST.TN.1995","DOI":"10.6028\/NIST.TN.1995"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3133956.3134020"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Shangtong Cao Ningyu He Xinyu She Yixuan Zhang Mu Zhang and Haoyu Wang. 2023. WRTester: Differential Testing of WebAssembly Runtimes via Semantic-aware Binary Generation. (2023). doi:10.48550\/ARXIV.2312.10456","DOI":"10.48550\/ARXIV.2312.10456"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3363562","article-title":"A survey of compiler testing","volume":"53","author":"Chen Junjie","year":"2020","unstructured":"Junjie Chen, Jibesh Patra, Michael Pradel, Yingfei Xiong, Hongyu Zhang, Dan Hao, and Lu Zhang. 2020. A survey of compiler testing. ACM Computing Surveys (CSUR) 53, 1 (2020), 1-36.","journal-title":"ACM Computing Surveys (CSUR)"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3533767.3534218"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_29_1","volume-title":"Standardizing WASI: A system interface to run WebAssembly outside the web. Mozilla Hacks\u2013the Web developer blog","author":"Clark Lin","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lin Clark. 2019. Standardizing WASI: A system interface to run WebAssembly outside the web. Mozilla Hacks\u2013the Web developer blog (2019)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_30_1","unstructured":"commonmark. [n.d.]. cmark. https:\/\/github.com\/commonmark\/cmark."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_31_1","unstructured":"Emscripten Contributors. [n.d.]. Main \u2013 Emscripten 3.1.55-Git (Dev) Documentation. https:\/\/emscripten.org\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_32_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 42nd Annual ACM SIGPLAN-SIGACT Symposium on Principles of Programming Languages. 329-341","author":"Preda Mila Dalla","year":"2015","unstructured":"Mila Dalla Preda, Roberto Giacobazzi, Arun Lakhotia, and Isabella Mastroeni. 2015. Abstract symbolic automata: Mixed syntactic\/semantic similarity analysis of executables. In Proceedings of the 42nd Annual ACM SIGPLAN-SIGACT Symposium on Principles of Programming Languages. 329-341."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/2867541.2867769"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_34_1","unstructured":"enferex. [n.d.]. pdfresurrect. https:\/\/github.com\/enferex\/pdfresurrect."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_35_1","volume-title":"14th USENIX Workshop on Offensive Technologies (WOOT 20)","author":"Fioraldi Andrea","year":"2020","unstructured":"Andrea Fioraldi, Dominik Maier, Heiko Ei\u00dffeldt, and Marc Heuse. 2020. AFL++: Combining Incremental Steps of Fuzzing Research. In 14th USENIX Workshop on Offensive Technologies (WOOT 20). USENIX Association. https:\/\/www.usenix.org\/conference\/woot20\/presentation\/fioraldi"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3510003.3510228"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3062341.3062363"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_38_1","volume-title":"Eunomia: Enabling User-specified Fine-Grained Search in Symbolically Executing WebAssembly Binaries. arXiv preprint arXiv:2304.07204.","author":"He Ningyu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ningyu He, Zhehao Zhao, Jikai Wang, Yubin Hu, Shengjian Guo, Haoyu Wang, Guangtai Liang, Ding Li, Xiangqun Chen, and Yao Guo. 2023. Eunomia: Enabling User-specified Fine-Grained Search in Symbolically Executing WebAssembly Binaries. arXiv preprint arXiv:2304.07204."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3442381.3450138"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3696410.3714693"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_41_1","volume-title":"An evaluation of webassembly and ebpf as offloading mechanisms in the context of computational storage. arXiv preprint arXiv:2111.01947","author":"Huang Wenjun","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wenjun Huang and Marcus Paradies. 2021. An evaluation of webassembly and ebpf as offloading mechanisms in the context of computational storage. arXiv preprint arXiv:2111.01947 (2021)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3359789.3359846"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SP46215.2023.10179394"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ASE56229.2023.00088"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_45_1","volume-title":"Kalign\u2013an accurate and fast multiple sequence alignment algorithm. BMC bioinformatics 6, 1","author":"Lassmann Timo","year":"2005","unstructured":"Timo Lassmann and Erik LL Sonnhammer. 2005. Kalign\u2013an accurate and fast multiple sequence alignment algorithm. BMC bioinformatics 6, 1 (2005), 1-9."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3297858.3304068"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_47_1","volume-title":"Martin Toldam Torp, and Michael Pradel","author":"Lehmann Daniel","year":"2021","unstructured":"Daniel Lehmann, Martin Toldam Torp, and Michael Pradel. 2021. Fuzzm: Finding Memory Bugs through Binary-Only Instrumentation and Fuzzing of WebAssembly. arXiv:2110.15433 [cs.CR] https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2110.15433"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/INFOCOM42981.2021.9488424"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3498361.3538922"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3582016.3582053"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3597926.3598068"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/comjnl\/bxx046"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_53_1","volume-title":"Nomad: Cross-Platform Computational Offloading and Migration in Femtoclouds Using WebAssembly. In 2021 IEEE International Conference on Cloud Engineering (IC2E). IEEE, 168-178","author":"Nurul-Hoque Mohammed","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mohammed Nurul-Hoque and Khaled A Harras. 2021. Nomad: Cross-Platform Computational Offloading and Migration in Femtoclouds Using WebAssembly. In 2021 IEEE International Conference on Cloud Engineering (IC2E). IEEE, 168-178."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3453483.3454035"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ASE51524.2021.9678776"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3543507.3583235"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3611643.3616311"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_58_1","unstructured":"skeeto. [n.d.]. pdjson. https:\/\/github.com\/skeeto\/pdjson."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SPW59333.2023.00036"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3477314.3507308"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_61_1","volume-title":"WANA: Symbolic execution of wasm bytecode for cross-platform smart contract vulnerability detection. arXiv preprint arXiv:2007.15510","author":"Wang Dong","year":"2020","unstructured":"Dong Wang, Bo Jiang, and WK Chan. 2020. WANA: Symbolic execution of wasm bytecode for cross-platform smart contract vulnerability detection. arXiv preprint arXiv:2007.15510 (2020)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_62_1","unstructured":"wasmCloud Project Authors. 2022. WasmCloud. https:\/\/wasmcloud.com\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_63_1","volume-title":"Accessed","author":"WebAssembly Community Group","year":"2025","unstructured":"WebAssembly Community Group. 2025. WASI-enabled WebAssembly C\/C++ toolchain. https:\/\/github.com\/WebAssembly\/wasi-sdk. Accessed: July 19, 2025."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3696410.3714622"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_65_1","volume-title":"VM matters: a comparison of WASM VMS and EVMS in the performance of blockchain smart contracts. arXiv preprint arXiv:2012.01032","author":"Zheng Shuyu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Shuyu Zheng, Haoyu Wang, Lei Wu, Gang Huang, and Xuanzhe Liu. 2020. VM matters: a comparison of WASM VMS and EVMS in the performance of blockchain smart contracts. arXiv preprint arXiv:2012.01032 (2020)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shiyao Zhou Muhui Jiang Weimin Chen Hao Zhou Haoyu Wang and Xiapu Luo. 2023. WADIFF: A Differential Testing Framework for WebAssembly Runtimes. In 2023 38th IEEE\/ACM International Conference on Automated Software Engineering (ASE). https:\/\/api.semanticscholar.org\/CorpusID:265054525","DOI":"10.1109\/ASE56229.2023.00188"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3512345"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_68_1","unstructured":"zserge. [n.d.]. jsmn. https:\/\/github.com\/zserge\/jsmn."}],"event":{"name":"WWW '26: The ACM Web Conference 2026","location":"Dubai United Arab Emirates","sponsor":["SIGWEB ACM Special Interest Group on Hypertext, Hypermedia, and Web"]},"container-title":["Proceedings of the ACM Web Conference 2026"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3774904.3792193","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,4]],"date-time":"2026-07-04T07:39:53Z","timestamp":1783150793000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3774904.3792193"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,12]]},"references-count":68,"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3774904.3792193","10.1145\/3774904"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3774904.3792193","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-04-12","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}