{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,4]],"date-time":"2026-07-04T08:18:53Z","timestamp":1783153133265,"version":"3.54.6"},"publisher-location":"New York, NY, USA","reference-count":53,"publisher":"ACM","funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["62277033"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62277033"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]]},"DOI":"10.1145\/3774904.3792245","type":"proceedings-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,27]],"date-time":"2026-04-27T13:28:36Z","timestamp":1777296516000},"page":"6067-6078","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Personalized Learning Path Planning through Goal-Driven Learner State Modeling"],"prefix":"10.1145","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-7971-6096","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joy Jia Yin","family":"Lim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Technology, Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-8772-1104","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ye","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3430-4048","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jifan","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institution of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2370-306X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xin","family":"Cong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Statistics and Data Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-3681-1896","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Zhang-Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7709-2543","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhiyuan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5754-2623","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Huiqin","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institution of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8907-3526","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lei","family":"Hou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6244-0664","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juanzi","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3040-4391","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bin","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Technology, Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hasan Abu-Rasheed Mareike Dornh\u00f6fer Christian Weber G\u00e1bor Kismih\u00f3k Ulrike Buchmann and Madjid Fathi. 2023. Building Contextual Knowledge Graphs for Personalized Learning Recommendations Using Text Mining and Semantic Graph Completion. In 2023 IEEE International Conference on Advanced Learning Technologies (ICALT). 36-40. doi:10.1109\/ICALT58122.2023.00016","DOI":"10.1109\/ICALT58122.2023.00016"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/EDUCON60312.2024.10578654"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09588221.2023.2246519"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_4_1","unstructured":"Anthropic. 2025. Claude 3.7 Sonnet System Card. https:\/\/assets.anthropic.com\/m\/785e231869ea8b3b\/original\/claude-3-7-sonnet-system-card.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10648-021-09615-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_6_1","volume-title":"Krathwohl","author":"Bloom Benjamin S.","year":"1956","unstructured":"Benjamin S. Bloom, Max D. Engelhart, Edward J. Furst, Walter H. Hill, and David R. Krathwohl. 1956. Taxonomy of Educational Objectives: The Classification of Educational Goals, Handbook I: Cognitive Domain. David McKay Company, New York."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11858-023-01487-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11280-024-01276-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3746469.3746471"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2839607"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_11_1","volume-title":"Sport psychology: Theory, applications and issues (2 ed.)","author":"Chi Li","unstructured":"Li Chi. 2004. Achievement goal theory. In Sport psychology: Theory, applications and issues (2 ed.), Tony Morris and John Summers (Eds.). John Wiley & Sons Australia, 152-174."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_12_1","unstructured":"Zhendong Chu Shen Wang Jian Xie Tinghui Zhu Yibo Yan Jinheng Ye Aoxiao Zhong Xuming Hu Jing Liang Philip S Yu et al. 2025. Llm agents for education: Advances and applications. arXiv preprint arXiv:2503.11733 (2025)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSC.2020.2964552"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10648-024-09855-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18535\/ijsshi\/v10i01.02"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_16_1","unstructured":"DeepSeek-AI. 2025. DeepSeek-R1: Incentivizing Reasoning Capability in LLMs via Reinforcement Learning. arXiv:2501.12948 [cs.CL] https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2501.12948"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11528-023-00844-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_18_1","unstructured":"Lumbardh Elshani and Krenare Pireva Nu\u00e7i. 2021. Constructing a personalized learning path using genetic algorithms approach. arXiv:2104.11276 [cs.AI] https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2104.11276"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_19_1","volume-title":"Informatics","volume":"10","author":"Mon Bisni Fahad","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bisni Fahad Mon, Asma Wasfi, Mohammad Hayajneh, Ahmad Slim, and Najah Abu Ali. 2023. Reinforcement learning in education: A literature review. In Informatics, Vol. 10. MDPI, 74."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_20_1","volume-title":"Cahya Edi Setyawan, and Malikus Saleh","author":"Fitrianto Ibnu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ibnu Fitrianto, Cahya Edi Setyawan, and Malikus Saleh. 2024. Utilizing Artificial Intelligence for Personalized Arabic Language Learning Plans. International Journal of Post Axial: Futuristic Teaching and Learning (2024), 30-40."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_21_1","unstructured":"Jiawei Gu Xuhui Jiang Zhichao Shi Hexiang Tan Xuehao Zhai Chengjin Xu Wei Li Yinghan Shen Shengjie Ma Honghao Liu et al. 2024. A survey on llm-as-a-judge. arXiv preprint arXiv:2411.15594 (2024)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1390334.1390352"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TLT.2024.3384765"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jianhua Hu Huixiang Gao Qing Yuan and Ganchang Shi. 2024a. Dynamic content generation in large language models with real-time constraints.","DOI":"10.31219\/osf.io\/xje3w"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_25_1","article-title":"AI-driven solutions for personalized knowledge dissemination and inclusive library user experiences","volume":"4","author":"Ikwuanusi Ugochukwu Francis","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ugochukwu Francis Ikwuanusi, Peter Adeyemo Adepoju, and Chinekwu Somtochukwu Odionu. 2023. AI-driven solutions for personalized knowledge dissemination and inclusive library user experiences. International Journal of Engineering Research Updates, Vol. 4, 2 (2023), 052-062.","journal-title":"International Journal of Engineering Research Updates"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-56063-7_42"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.55982\/openpraxis.16.1.612"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00521-022-07658-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_29_1","volume-title":"Latham","author":"Locke Edwin A.","year":"1990","unstructured":"Edwin A. Locke and Gary P. Latham. 1990. A Theory of Goal Setting & Task Performance. Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N.J."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MSP.2021.3055032"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.caeo.2024.100175"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2024.100277"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_33_1","volume-title":"Educational personalized learning path planning with large language models. arXiv preprint arXiv:2407.11773","author":"Ng Chee","year":"2024","unstructured":"Chee Ng and Yuen Fung. 2024. Educational personalized learning path planning with large language models. arXiv preprint arXiv:2407.11773 (2024)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_34_1","unstructured":"OpenAI. 2024. GPT-4o System Card. arXiv:2410.21276 [cs.CL] https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2410.21276"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1561\/1500000019"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-64302-6_20"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_37_1","unstructured":"Zhihong Shao Peiyi Wang Qihao Zhu Runxin Xu Junxiao Song Xiao Bi Haowei Zhang Mingchuan Zhang Y. K. Li Y. Wu and Daya Guo. 2024. DeepSeekMath: Pushing the Limits of Mathematical Reasoning in Open Language Models. arXiv:2402.03300 [cs.CL] https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2402.03300"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2024.3388474"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_39_1","volume-title":"Heffernan","author":"Singla Adish","year":"2021","unstructured":"Adish Singla, Anna N. Rafferty, Goran Radanovic, and Neil T. Heffernan. 2021. Reinforcement Learning for Education: Opportunities and Challenges. arXiv:2107.08828 [cs.LG] https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2107.08828"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_40_1","unstructured":"Qwen Team. 2025. Qwen3 Technical Report. arXiv:2505.09388 [cs.CL] https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2505.09388"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_41_1","article-title":"The integration of AI and machine learning in education and its potential to personalize and improve student learning experiences","volume":"7","author":"Tiwari Rudra","year":"2023","unstructured":"Rudra Tiwari. 2023. The integration of AI and machine learning in education and its potential to personalize and improve student learning experiences. International Journal of Scientific Research in Engineering and Management, Vol. 7, 02 (2023).","journal-title":"International Journal of Scientific Research in Engineering and Management"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3706599.3719857"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_43_1","unstructured":"Sajana Weerawardhena Paul Kassianik Blaine Nelson Baturay Saglam Anu Vellore Aman Priyanshu Supriti Vijay Massimo Aufiero Arthur Goldblatt Fraser Burch Ed Li Jianliang He Dhruv Kedia Kojin Oshiba Zhouran Yang Yaron Singer and Amin Karbasi. 2025. Llama-3.1-FoundationAI-SecurityLLM-8B-Instruct Technical Report. arXiv:2508.01059 [cs.CR] https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2508.01059"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3637528.3671498"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_45_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"ChatGPT: Challenges, opportunities, and implications for teacher education","volume":"23","author":"Whalen Jeromie","year":"2023","unstructured":"Jeromie Whalen, Chrystalla Mouza, et al., 2023. ChatGPT: Challenges, opportunities, and implications for teacher education. Contemporary Issues in Technology and Teacher Education, Vol. 23, 1 (2023), 1-23.","journal-title":"Contemporary Issues in Technology and Teacher Education"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3744367.3744437"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2024.114189"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_48_1","unstructured":"Jifan Yu Zheyuan Zhang Daniel Zhang-li Shangqing Tu Zhanxin Hao Rui Miao Li Haoxuan Li Yuanchun Wang Hanming Li Linlu Gong Jie Cao Jiayin Lin Jinchang Zhou Fei Qin Haohua Wang Jianxiao Jiang Lijun Deng Yisi Zhan Chaojun Xiao Xusheng Dai Xuan Yan Nianyi Lin Nan Zhang Ruixin Ni Yang Dang Lei Hou Yu Zhang Xu Han Manli Li Juanzi Li Zhiyuan Liu Huiqin Liu and Maosong Sun. 2024b. From MOOC to MAIC: Reshaping Online Teaching and Learning through LLM-driven Agents. arXiv:2409.03512 [cs.CY] https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2409.03512"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2023.111242"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_50_1","volume-title":"Pedagogical AI conversational agents in higher education: a conceptual framework and survey of the state of the art. Educational technology research and development","author":"Yusuf Habeeb","year":"2025","unstructured":"Habeeb Yusuf, Arthur Money, and Damon Daylamani-Zad. 2025. Pedagogical AI conversational agents in higher education: a conceptual framework and survey of the state of the art. Educational technology research and development, Vol. 73, 2 (2025), 815-874."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sasc.2024.200091"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.70393\/6a6374616d.323436"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.70393\/616a736d.323931"}],"event":{"name":"WWW '26: The ACM Web Conference 2026","location":"Dubai United Arab Emirates","sponsor":["SIGWEB ACM Special Interest Group on Hypertext, Hypermedia, and Web"]},"container-title":["Proceedings of the ACM Web Conference 2026"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3774904.3792245","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,4]],"date-time":"2026-07-04T07:52:06Z","timestamp":1783151526000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3774904.3792245"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,12]]},"references-count":53,"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3774904.3792245","10.1145\/3774904"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3774904.3792245","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-04-12","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}