{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,4]],"date-time":"2026-07-04T08:15:38Z","timestamp":1783152938797,"version":"3.54.6"},"publisher-location":"New York, NY, USA","reference-count":42,"publisher":"ACM","content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]]},"DOI":"10.1145\/3774904.3792341","type":"proceedings-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T21:54:34Z","timestamp":1775771674000},"page":"2870-2880","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["WebGeoInfer: Structure-Free Multi-Stage Framework for Geolocation Inference from Exposed Device Web Interfaces"],"prefix":"10.1145","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-1975-8062","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Huipeng","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Xidian University, xian, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2750-7031","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Li","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xidian University, xian, China and Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Network and System Security, xian, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5201-5074","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lu","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xidian University, xian, China and Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Network and System Security, xian, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4797-0253","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lichuan","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xidian University, xian, China and Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Blockchain and Secure Computing, xian, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-1286-7834","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xinyue","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xidian University, xian, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-4286-4003","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Junbo","family":"Jia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xidian University, xian, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-3265-4078","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anyuan","family":"Sang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science &amp; Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICISA.2013.6579445"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_2_1","volume-title":"SCADA vulnerabilities and attacks: A review of the state-of-the-art and open issues. Computers & security","author":"Alanazi Manar","year":"2023","unstructured":"Manar Alanazi, Abdun Mahmood, and Mohammad Jabed Morshed Chowdhury. 2023. SCADA vulnerabilities and attacks: A review of the state-of-the-art and open issues. Computers & security, Vol. 125 (2023), 103028."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2021.acl-demo.15"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13658816.2022.2133125"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3539618.3591920"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yupeng Chang Xu Wang Jindong Wang Yuan Wu Linyi Yang Kaijie Zhu Hao Chen Xiaoyuan Yi Cunxiang Wang Yidong Wang et al. 2024. A survey on evaluation of large language models. ACM transactions on intelligent systems and technology Vol. 15 3 (2024) 1-45.","DOI":"10.1145\/3641289"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_7_1","volume-title":"IPdb: A High-precision IP Level Industry Categorization of Web Services. In THE WEB CONFERENCE","author":"Chen Hongxu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Hongxu Chen, Guanglei Song, Zhiliang Wang, Jiahai Yang, Songyun Wu, Jinlei Lin, Lin He, and Chenglong Li. [n.d.]. IPdb: A High-precision IP Level Industry Categorization of Web Services. In THE WEB CONFERENCE 2025."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/NOMS59830.2024.10575906"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2533888.2533939"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3457611"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3476774"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_12_1","first-page":"3543","article-title":"GNN-Geo: a graph neural network-based fine-grained IP geolocation framework","volume":"10","author":"Ding Shichang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Shichang Ding, Xiangyang Luo, Jinwei Wang, and Xiaoming Fu. 2023. GNN-Geo: a graph neural network-based fine-grained IP geolocation framework. IEEE Transactions on Network Science and Engineering, Vol. 10, 6 (2023), 3543-3560.","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Network Science and Engineering"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3402413.3402415"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_14_1","volume-title":"22nd ACM Conference on Computer and Communications Security.","author":"Durumeric Zakir","unstructured":"Zakir Durumeric, David Adrian, Ariana Mirian, Michael Bailey, and J. Alex Halderman. 2015. A Search Engine Backed by Internet-Wide Scanning. In 22nd ACM Conference on Computer and Communications Security."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/AINA.2010.39"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3131365.3131380"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3543507.3583236"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2024.nlp4pi-1.24"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2656877.2656879"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_20_1","volume-title":"Location accuracy of commercial IP address geolocation databases. Information technology and control","author":"Komosny Dan","year":"2017","unstructured":"Dan Komosny, Miroslav Voznak, and Saeed Ur Rehman. 2017. Location accuracy of commercial IP address geolocation databases. Information technology and control, Vol. 46, 3 (2017), 333-344."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1201\/9781003466284-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_22_1","volume-title":"ProbeGeo: A Comprehensive Landmark Mining Framework Based on Web Content","author":"Lin Jinlei","year":"2024","unstructured":"Jinlei Lin, Chenglong Li, Wenwen Gong, Guanglei Song, Linna Fan, Zhiliang Wang, and Jiahai Yang. 2024. ProbeGeo: A Comprehensive Landmark Mining Framework Based on Web Content. IEEE\/ACM Transactions on Networking (2024)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comcom.2024.108019"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_24_1","volume-title":"Discover the ICS Landmarks Based on Multi-stage Clue Mining. In International Conference on Wireless Algorithms, Systems, and Applications. Springer, 139-151","author":"Liu Jie","year":"2022","unstructured":"Jie Liu, Jinfa Wang, Peipei Liu, Hongsong Zhu, and Limin Sun. 2022. Discover the ICS Landmarks Based on Multi-stage Clue Mining. In International Conference on Wireless Algorithms, Systems, and Applications. Springer, 139-151."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_25_1","volume-title":"Social User Geolocation Method Based on POI Location Feature Enhancement in Context. In International Conference on Computational & Experimental Engineering and Sciences. Springer, 132-152","author":"Liu Yu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Yu Liu, Yaqiong Qiao, Yimin Liu, and Shaoyong Du. 2024. Social User Geolocation Method Based on POI Location Feature Enhancement in Context. In International Conference on Computational & Experimental Engineering and Sciences. Springer, 132-152."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2023.109946"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/383059.383073"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_28_1","volume-title":"Anton Lozhkov, Margaret Mitchell, Colin Raffel, Leandro Von Werra, and Thomas Wolf.","author":"Penedo Guilherme","year":"2024","unstructured":"Guilherme Penedo, Hynek Kydl\u00ed\u010dek, Loubna Ben allal, Anton Lozhkov, Margaret Mitchell, Colin Raffel, Leandro Von Werra, and Thomas Wolf. 2024. The FineWeb Datasets: Decanting the Web for the Finest Text Data at Scale. In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, A. Globerson, L. Mackey, D. Belgrave, A. Fan, U. Paquet, J. Tomczak, and C. Zhang (Eds.), Vol. 37. Curran Associates, Inc., 30811-30849. https:\/\/proceedings.neurips.cc\/paper_files\/paper\/2024\/file\/370df50ccfdf8bde18f8f9c2d9151bda-Paper-Datasets_and_Benchmarks_Track.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2020.2987688"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3749219"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SP46214.2022.9833730"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21015\/vtcs.v11i1.1493"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_33_1","volume-title":"Towards  Geolocation. In 8th USENIX Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation (NSDI 11)","author":"Wang Yong","year":"2011","unstructured":"Yong Wang, Daniel Burgener, Marcel Flores, Aleksandar Kuzmanovic, and Cheng Huang. 2011. Towards Geolocation. In 8th USENIX Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation (NSDI 11)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3534678.3539049"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2736277.2741659"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_36_1","volume-title":"International Conference on Information Systems Security and Privacy. Springer, 1-24","author":"Wu Yixiong","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yixiong Wu, Shangru Song, Jianwei Zhuge, Tingting Yin, Tianyi Li, Junmin Zhu, Guannan Guo, Yue Liu, and Jianju Hu. 2021. Icscope: Detecting and measuring vulnerable ics devices exposed on the internet. In International Conference on Information Systems Security and Privacy. Springer, 1-24."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3459637.3482491"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics13010015"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcip.2021.100433"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3711909"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3488560.3498424"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_42_1","volume-title":"A Survey on Geolocation on the Internet","author":"Zilberman Aviram","year":"2024","unstructured":"Aviram Zilberman, Adi Offer, Bar Pincu, Yoni Glickshtein, Roi Kant, Oleg Brodt, Andikan Otung, Rami Puzis, Asaf Shabtai, and Yuval Elovici. 2024. A Survey on Geolocation on the Internet. IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials (2024)."}],"event":{"name":"WWW '26: The ACM Web Conference 2026","location":"Dubai United Arab Emirates","sponsor":["SIGWEB ACM Special Interest Group on Hypertext, Hypermedia, and Web"]},"container-title":["Proceedings of the ACM Web Conference 2026"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3774904.3792341","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,4]],"date-time":"2026-07-04T07:21:36Z","timestamp":1783149696000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3774904.3792341"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,12]]},"references-count":42,"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3774904.3792341","10.1145\/3774904"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3774904.3792341","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-04-12","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}