{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,27]],"date-time":"2026-04-27T13:40:09Z","timestamp":1777297209355,"version":"3.51.4"},"publisher-location":"New York, NY, USA","reference-count":42,"publisher":"ACM","funder":[{"name":"the National Key Research and Development (R&D) Program of China","award":["2023YFB2904000"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFB2904000"]}]},{"name":"the National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["U25B2024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U25B2024"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]]},"DOI":"10.1145\/3774904.3792381","type":"proceedings-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T21:54:34Z","timestamp":1775771674000},"page":"2929-2939","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Proteus: Towards Accurate and Low-overhead In-Network Malicious Traffic Detection"],"prefix":"10.1145","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6128-3065","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Longlong","family":"Zhu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-6346-8275","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Linying","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-9925-1497","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qing","family":"Shu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-5346-9577","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zedi","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-9056-8534","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiashuo","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-8364-1611","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuhan","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-7737-6283","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shaopeng","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7753-0294","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hongyan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6379-0244","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dong","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7958-9687","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chunming","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0249-9664","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiang","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_1_1","first-page":"719","volume-title":"HeteroSketch: Coordinating Network-wide Monitoring in Heterogeneous and Dynamic Networks. In 19th USENIX Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation (NSDI 22)","author":"Agarwal Anup","year":"2022","unstructured":"Anup Agarwal, Zaoxing Liu, and Srinivasan Seshan. 2022. HeteroSketch: Coordinating Network-wide Monitoring in Heterogeneous and Dynamic Networks. In 19th USENIX Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation (NSDI 22). USENIX Association, 719-741."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_2_1","unstructured":"Barefoot Network. Barefoot Tofino. 2025. https:\/\/www.barefootnetworks.com\/technology\/#tofino."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_3_1","volume-title":"ECML PKDD Workshop: Languages for Data Mining and Machine Learning. 108-122","author":"Buitinck Lars","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lars Buitinck, Gilles Louppe, Mathieu Blondel, Fabian Pedregosa, Andreas Mueller, Olivier Grisel, Vlad Niculae, Peter Prettenhofer, Alexandre Gramfort, Jaques Grobler, Robert Layton, Jake VanderPlas, Arnaud Joly, Brian Holt, and Ga\u00ebl Varoquaux. 2013. API design for machine learning software: experiences from the scikit-learn project. In ECML PKDD Workshop: Languages for Data Mining and Machine Learning. 108-122."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_4_1","unstructured":"Coralie Busse-Grawitz Roland Meier Alexander Dietm\u00fcller Tobias B\u00fchler and Laurent Vanbever. 2022. pForest: In-Network Inference with Random Forests. arXiv:1909.05680 [cs.NI] https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1909.05680"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_5_1","volume-title":"DUNE: Distributed Inference in the User Plane. In IEEE INFOCOM 2025 - IEEE Conference on Computer Communications. 1-10","author":"B\u00fct\u00fcn Beyza","year":"2025","unstructured":"Beyza B\u00fct\u00fcn, David De Andres Hernandez, Michele Gucciardo, and Marco Fiore. 2025. DUNE: Distributed Inference in the User Plane. In IEEE INFOCOM 2025 - IEEE Conference on Computer Communications. 1-10."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2939672.2939785"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_7_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"MTP: Avoiding control plane overload with measurement task placement","author":"Chen Xiang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Xiang Chen, Qun Huang, Peiqiao Wang, Hongyan Liu, Yuxin Chen, Dong Zhang, Haifeng Zhou, and Chunming Wu. 2021a. MTP: Avoiding control plane overload with measurement task placement. In IEEE INFOCOM. 1-10.","journal-title":"IEEE INFOCOM."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IWQOS52092.2021.9521329"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_9_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"SPEED","author":"Chen Xiang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Xiang Chen, Hongyan Liu, Qun Huang, Peiqiao Wang, Dong Zhang, Haifeng Zhou, and Chunming Wu. 2020. SPEED: Resource-Efficient and High-Performance Deployment for Data Plane Programs. In IEEE ICNP. 1-12.","journal-title":"Resource-Efficient and High-Performance Deployment for Data Plane Programs. In IEEE ICNP."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_10_1","volume-title":"Hermes: Low-Overhead Inter-Switch Coordination in Network-Wide Data Plane Program Deployment","author":"Chen Xiang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Xiang Chen, Hongyan Liu, Qingjiang Xiao, Qun Huang, Dong Zhang, Haifeng Zhou, Boyang Zhou, Chunming Wu, Xuan Liu, and Qiang Yang. 2024a. Hermes: Low-Overhead Inter-Switch Coordination in Network-Wide Data Plane Program Deployment. IEEE\/ACM Transactions on Networking (2024), 2842-2857."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_11_1","volume-title":"Eagle: Toward Scalable and Near-Optimal Network-Wide Sketch Deployment in Network Measurement. In ACM SIGCOMM. 291\u2013310.","author":"Chen Xiang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Xiang Chen, Qingjiang Xiao, Hongyan Liu, Qun Huang, Dong Zhang, Xuan Liu, Longbing Hu, Haifeng Zhou, Chunming Wu, and Kui Ren. 2024b. Eagle: Toward Scalable and Near-Optimal Network-Wide Sketch Deployment in Network Measurement. In ACM SIGCOMM. 291\u2013310."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1214\/aos\/1013203451"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_13_1","volume-title":"Per-Flow Network Measurement With Distributed Sketch","author":"Gu Liyuan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Liyuan Gu, Ye Tian, Wei Chen, Zhongxiang Wei, Cenman Wang, and Xinming Zhang. 2023. Per-Flow Network Measurement With Distributed Sketch. IEEE\/ACM Transactions on Networking (2023)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_14_1","unstructured":"Gurobi Optimizer. 2025. http:\/\/www.gurobi.com."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_15_1","first-page":"1573","volume-title":"21st USENIX Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation (NSDI 24)","author":"Jafri Syed Usman","year":"2024","unstructured":"Syed Usman Jafri, Sanjay Rao, Vishal Shrivastav, and Mohit Tawarmalani. 2024a. Leo: Online ML-based Traffic Classification at Multi-Terabit Line Rate. In 21st USENIX Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation (NSDI 24). USENIX Association, 1573-1591."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_16_1","volume-title":"USENIX Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation (NSDI).","author":"Jafri Syed Usman","year":"2024","unstructured":"Syed Usman Jafri, Sanjay Rao, Vishal Shrivastav, and Mohit Tawarmalani. 2024b. Leo: online ML-based traffic classification at multi-terabit line rate. In USENIX Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation (NSDI)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_17_1","first-page":"121","article-title":"Netcache: Balancing key-value stores with fast in-network caching","author":"Jin Xin","year":"2017","unstructured":"Xin Jin, Xiaozhou Li, Haoyu Zhang, Robert Soul\u00e9, Jeongkeun Lee, Nate Foster, Changhoon Kim, and Ion Stoica. 2017. Netcache: Balancing key-value stores with fast in-network caching. In ACM SOSP. 121-136.","journal-title":"ACM SOSP."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3548606.3560606"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2011.111002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/INFOCOM52122.2024.10621157"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_21_1","volume-title":"In-Forest: Distributed In-Network Classification with Ensemble Models. In 2023 IEEE 31st International Conference on Network Protocols (ICNP). IEEE, 1-12","author":"Lin Jiaye","year":"2023","unstructured":"Jiaye Lin, Qing Li, Guorui Xie, Yong Jiang, Zhenhui Yuan, Changlin Jiang, and Yuan Yang. 2023. In-Forest: Distributed In-Network Classification with Ensemble Models. In 2023 IEEE 31st International Conference on Network Protocols (ICNP). IEEE, 1-12."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNET.2024.3413388"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_23_1","unstructured":"Mininet. 2025. http:\/\/mininet.org\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MilCIS.2015.7348942"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_25_1","unstructured":"P4C. [n.d.]. https:\/\/github.com\/p4lang\/p4c."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_26_1","first-page":"108","article-title":"Toward generating a new intrusion detection dataset and intrusion traffic characterization","volume":"1","author":"Sharafaldin Iman","year":"2018","unstructured":"Iman Sharafaldin, Arash Habibi Lashkari, Ali A Ghorbani, et al., 2018. Toward generating a new intrusion detection dataset and intrusion traffic characterization. ICISSp, Vol. 1, 2018 (2018), 108-116.","journal-title":"ICISSp"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_27_1","volume-title":"Developing Realistic Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) Attack Dataset and Taxonomy. In 2019 International Carnahan Conference on Security Technology (ICCST). 1-8.","author":"Sharafaldin Iman","unstructured":"Iman Sharafaldin, Arash Habibi Lashkari, Saqib Hakak, and Ali A. Ghorbani. 2019. Developing Realistic Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) Attack Dataset and Taxonomy. In 2019 International Carnahan Conference on Security Technology (ICCST). 1-8."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3696410.3714742"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_29_1","first-page":"1551","article-title":"AutoSketch","author":"Sun Haifeng","year":"2024","unstructured":"Haifeng Sun, Qun Huang, Jinbo Sun, Wei Wang, Jiaheng Li, Fuliang Li, Yungang Bao, Xin Yao, and Gong Zhang. 2024. AutoSketch: Automatic Sketch-Oriented Compiler for Query-driven Network Telemetry. 1551-1572. https:\/\/www.usenix.org\/conference\/nsdi24\/presentation\/sun","journal-title":"Automatic Sketch-Oriented Compiler for Query-driven Network Telemetry."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_30_1","unstructured":"Tofino2. [n.d.]. https:\/\/www.intel.com\/content\/www\/us\/en\/products\/network-io\/programmable-ethernet-switch\/tofino-2-series.html."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tnnls.2020.2978386"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_32_1","volume-title":"Intelligent In-Network Attack Detection on Programmable Switches with Soterv2","author":"Xie Guorui","year":"2024","unstructured":"Guorui Xie, Qing Li, Chupeng Cui, Ruoyu Li, Lianbo Ma, Zhuyun Qi, and Yong Jiang. 2024. Intelligent In-Network Attack Detection on Programmable Switches with Soterv2. IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing (2024), 1-17."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/INFOCOM48880.2022.9796936"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_34_1","volume-title":"Dryad: Deploying Adaptive Trees on Programmable Switches for Networking Classification. In 2023 IEEE 31st International Conference on Network Protocols (ICNP). 1-11","author":"Xie Guorui","year":"2023","unstructured":"Guorui Xie, Qing Li, Jiaye Lin, Gianni Antichi, Dan Zhao, Zhenhui Yuan, Ruoyu Li, and Yong Jiang. 2023a. Dryad: Deploying Adaptive Trees on Programmable Switches for Networking Classification. In 2023 IEEE 31st International Conference on Network Protocols (ICNP). 1-11."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_35_1","volume-title":"Dryad: Deploying Adaptive Trees on Programmable Switches for Networking Classification. In IEEE International Conference on Network Protocols (ICNP).","author":"Xie Guorui","year":"2023","unstructured":"Guorui Xie, Qing Li, Jiaye Lin, Gianni Antichi, Dan Zhao, Zhenhui Yuan, Ruoyu Li, and Yong Jiang. 2023b. Dryad: Deploying Adaptive Trees on Programmable Switches for Networking Classification. In IEEE International Conference on Network Protocols (ICNP)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MeditCom61057.2024.10621188"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_37_1","volume-title":"In-Network Address Caching for Virtual Networks. In ACM SIGCOMM (ACM SIGCOMM '24)","author":"Zeno Lior","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lior Zeno, Ang Chen, and Mark Silberstein. 2024. In-Network Address Caching for Virtual Networks. In ACM SIGCOMM (ACM SIGCOMM '24). 735\u2013749."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_38_1","volume-title":"Zhen Zhang, Yuhui Deng, and Zhetao Li.","author":"Zhang Mai","year":"2025","unstructured":"Mai Zhang, Lin Cui, Xiaoquan Zhang, Fung Po Tso, Zhen Zhang, Yuhui Deng, and Zhetao Li. 2025. Quark: Implementing Convolutional Neural Networks Entirely on Programmable Data Plane."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_39_1","first-page":"1621","volume-title":"21st USENIX Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation (NSDI 24)","author":"Zhang Yinda","year":"2024","unstructured":"Yinda Zhang, Peiqing Chen, and Zaoxing Liu. 2024. OctoSketch: Enabling Real-Time, Continuous Network Monitoring over Multiple Cores. In 21st USENIX Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation (NSDI 24). 1621-1639."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_40_1","volume-title":"DINC: Toward Distributed In-Network Computing. ACM CONEXT","author":"Zheng Changgang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Changgang Zheng, Haoyue Tang, Mingyuan Zang, Xinpeng Hong, Aosong Feng, Leandros Tassiulas, and Noa Zilberman. 2023. DINC: Toward Distributed In-Network Computing. ACM CONEXT (2023)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_41_1","first-page":"2555","article-title":"IIsy","volume":"32","author":"Zheng Changgang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Changgang Zheng, Zhaoqi Xiong, Thanh T. Bui, Siim Kaupmees, Riyad Bensoussane, Antoine Bernabeu, Shay Vargaftik, Yaniv Ben-Itzhak, and Noa Zilberman. 2024. IIsy: Hybrid In-Network Classification Using Programmable Switches. IEEE\/ACM Trans. Netw., Vol. 32, 3 (2024), 2555\u20132570.","journal-title":"Hybrid In-Network Classification Using Programmable Switches. IEEE\/ACM Trans. Netw."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_42_1","first-page":"6203","volume-title":"An Efficient Design of Intelligent Network Data Plane. In 32nd USENIX Security Symposium (USENIX Security 23)","author":"Zhou Guangmeng","year":"2023","unstructured":"Guangmeng Zhou, Zhuotao Liu, Chuanpu Fu, Qi Li, and Ke Xu. 2023. An Efficient Design of Intelligent Network Data Plane. In 32nd USENIX Security Symposium (USENIX Security 23). USENIX Association, 6203-6220."}],"event":{"name":"WWW '26: The ACM Web Conference 2026","location":"Dubai United Arab Emirates","sponsor":["SIGWEB ACM Special Interest Group on Hypertext, Hypermedia, and Web"]},"container-title":["Proceedings of the ACM Web Conference 2026"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3774904.3792381","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,27]],"date-time":"2026-04-27T12:50:36Z","timestamp":1777294236000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3774904.3792381"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,12]]},"references-count":42,"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3774904.3792381","10.1145\/3774904"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3774904.3792381","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-04-12","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}