{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T15:02:39Z","timestamp":1784646159529,"version":"3.55.0"},"publisher-location":"New York, NY, USA","reference-count":57,"publisher":"ACM","content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]]},"DOI":"10.1145\/3774904.3792395","type":"proceedings-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,27]],"date-time":"2026-04-27T12:38:33Z","timestamp":1777293513000},"page":"3952-3963","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Large Language Model for OWL Proofs"],"prefix":"10.1145","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4262-4001","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hui","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4643-6750","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiaoyan","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4103-3389","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Uli","family":"Sattler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-40970-2_32"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Michael Ashburner Catherine A Ball Judith A Blake David Botstein Heather Butler J Michael Cherry Allan P Davis Kara Dolinski Selina S Dwight Janan T Eppig et al. 2000. Gene ontology: tool for the unification of biology. Nature genetics Vol. 25 1 (2000) 25-29.","DOI":"10.1038\/75556"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/9781139025355"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_4_1","volume-title":"Financial ontology: A knowledge-driven approach to financial data and information","author":"Bennett Markus C.","unstructured":"Markus C. Bennett. 2013. Financial ontology: A knowledge-driven approach to financial data and information. Springer Science & Business Media."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_5_1","volume-title":"Simone Paolo Ponzetto, and Marco Rospocher","author":"Bombieri Marco","year":"2025","unstructured":"Marco Bombieri, Paolo Fiorini, Simone Paolo Ponzetto, and Marco Rospocher. 2025. Do LLMs Dream of Ontologies? ACM Transactions on Intelligent Systems and Technology (2025)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_6_1","volume-title":"Zooming in on Ontologies: Minimal Modules and Best Excerpts. In 16th International Semantic Web Conference, Proceedings, Part I. Springer, 173-189","author":"Chen Jieying","year":"2017","unstructured":"Jieying Chen, Michel Ludwig, Yue Ma, and Dirk Walther. 2017. Zooming in on Ontologies: Minimal Modules and Best Excerpts. In 16th International Semantic Web Conference, Proceedings, Part I. Springer, 173-189."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_7_1","volume-title":"Ontology embedding: a survey of methods, applications and resources","author":"Chen Jiaoyan","year":"2025","unstructured":"Jiaoyan Chen, Olga Mashkova, Fernando Zhapa-Camacho, Robert Hoehndorf, Yuan He, and Ian Horrocks. 2025. Ontology embedding: a survey of methods, applications and resources. IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering (2025)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.24963\/ijcai.2020\/537"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_9_1","first-page":"512","article-title":"Knowledge-based approaches to security: An overview of ontology use in security management","volume":"30","author":"Fitz-Gerald Ann M.","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ann M. Fitz-Gerald and Gregory J. Wilkin. 2010. Knowledge-based approaches to security: An overview of ontology use in security management. Int. J. Inf. Manag., Vol. 30, 6 (2010), 512-520.","journal-title":"Int. J. Inf. Manag."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2023.emnlp-main.398"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_11_1","volume-title":"European Conference on Artificial Intelligence. 345-350","author":"Gatens William","year":"2014","unstructured":"William Gatens, Boris Konev, and Frank Wolter. 2014. Lower and Upper Approximations for Depleting Modules of Description Logic Ontologies.. In European Conference on Artificial Intelligence. 345-350."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_12_1","volume-title":"Athens","volume":"427","author":"Giglou Hamed Babaei","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hamed Babaei Giglou, Jennifer D'Souza, and S\u00f6ren Auer. 2023. LLMs4OL: Large Language Models for Ontology Learning. In The Semantic Web - ISWC 2023 - 22nd International Semantic Web Conference, Athens, Greece, November 6-10, 2023, Proceedings, Part I (Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Vol. 14265), Terry R. Payne, Valentina Presutti, Guilin Qi, Mar\u00eda Poveda-Villal\u00f3n, Giorgos Stoilos, Laura Hollink, Zoi Kaoudi, Gong Cheng, and Juanzi Li (Eds.). Springer, 408-427."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_13_1","volume-title":"B, and C: Ontology Learning through Prompts with LLMs. In LLMs4OL 2024: The 1st Large Language Models for Ontology Learning Challenge, co-located with ISWC","author":"Goyal Pankaj Kumar","year":"2024","unstructured":"Pankaj Kumar Goyal, Sumit Singh, and Uma Shanker Tiwary. 2024. silp_nlp at LLMs4OL 2024 Tasks A, B, and C: Ontology Learning through Prompts with LLMs. In LLMs4OL 2024: The 1st Large Language Models for Ontology Learning Challenge, co-located with ISWC 2024, Vol. 4. Open Conference Proceedings, 31-38."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1613\/jair.2375"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_15_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Joint International Conference on Biological Ontology and BioCreative","author":"Griffiths Emma J.","year":"2016","unstructured":"Emma J. Griffiths, Damion M. Dooley, Pier Luigi Buttigieg, Robert Hoehndorf, Fiona S. L. Brinkman, and William W. L. Hsiao. 2016. FoodON: A Global Farm-to-Fork Food Ontology. In Proceedings of the Joint International Conference on Biological Ontology and BioCreative, Corvallis, Oregon, United States, August 1-4, 2016 (CEUR Workshop Proceedings, Vol. 1747), Pankaj Jaiswal, Robert Hoehndorf, Cecilia N. Arighi, and Austin Meier (Eds.). CEUR-WS.org."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2024.emnlp-main.1229"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/SW-243568"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2023.findings-acl.213"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_19_1","volume-title":"Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 38: Annual Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems 2024","author":"He Yuan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Yuan He, Moy Yuan, Jiaoyan Chen, and Ian Horrocks. 2024b. Language Models as Hierarchy Encoders. In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 38: Annual Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems 2024, NeurIPS 2024, Vancouver, BC, Canada, December 10 - 15, 2024, Amir Globersons, Lester Mackey, Danielle Belgrave, Angela Fan, Ulrich Paquet, Jakub M. Tomczak, and Cheng Zhang (Eds.)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2025.acl-long.837"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_21_1","first-page":"18","article-title":"From Semantic Web to Semantic Technologies: What's New","volume":"69","author":"H\u00e9der Mate","year":"2014","unstructured":"Mate H\u00e9der. 2014. From Semantic Web to Semantic Technologies: What's New? Knowl.-Based Syst., Vol. 69 (2014), 18-23.","journal-title":"Knowl.-Based Syst."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_22_1","unstructured":"Alexey Ignatiev Joao Marques-Silva Carlos Mencia and Rafael Penaloza. [n.d.]. Debugging EL Ontologies through Horn MUS Enumeration. ([n.d.])."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_23_1","volume-title":"Do Large Language Models Excel in Complex Logical Reasoning with Formal Language? CoRR","author":"Jiang Jin","year":"2025","unstructured":"Jin Jiang, Jianing Wang, Yuchen Yan, Yang Liu, Jianhua Zhu, Mengdi Zhang, Xunliang Cai, and Liangcai Gao. 2025. Do Large Language Models Excel in Complex Logical Reasoning with Formal Language? CoRR, Vol. abs\/2505.16998 (2025). arXiv:2505.16998"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.websem.2005.09.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_25_1","unstructured":"Yevgeny Kazakov Markus Kr\u00f6tzsch and Frantisek Simancik. 2012. ELK reasoner: architecture and evaluation.. In ORE."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_26_1","volume-title":"European Conference on Artificial Intelligence. 55-59","author":"Konev Boris","year":"2008","unstructured":"Boris Konev, Carsten Lutz, Dirk Walther, and Frank Wolter. 2008. Semantic Modularity and Module Extraction in Description Logics.. In European Conference on Artificial Intelligence. 55-59."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3600006.3613165"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhong-Zhi Li Duzhen Zhang Ming-Liang Zhang Jiaxin Zhang Zengyan Liu Yuxuan Yao Haotian Xu Junhao Zheng Pei-Jie Wang Xiuyi Chen et al. 2025. From system 1 to system 2: A survey of reasoning large language models. arXiv preprint arXiv:2502.17419 (2025).","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2025.3637037"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_29_1","volume-title":"Kyle Richardson, Ashish Sabharwal, Radha Poovendran, Peter Clark, and Yejin Choi.","author":"Lin Bill Yuchen","year":"2025","unstructured":"Bill Yuchen Lin, Ronan Le Bras, Kyle Richardson, Ashish Sabharwal, Radha Poovendran, Peter Clark, and Yejin Choi. 2025. ZebraLogic: On the Scaling Limits of LLMs for Logical Reasoning. CoRR, Vol. abs\/2502.01100 (2025). arXiv:2502.01100"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_30_1","volume-title":"Robin Keskis\u00e4rkk\u00e4, Aldo Gangemi, Eva Blomqvist, and Andrea Giovanni Nuzzolese.","author":"Lippolis Anna Sofia","year":"2025","unstructured":"Anna Sofia Lippolis, Mohammad Javad Saeedizade, Robin Keskis\u00e4rkk\u00e4, Aldo Gangemi, Eva Blomqvist, and Andrea Giovanni Nuzzolese. 2025a. Large Language Models Assisting Ontology Evaluation. CoRR, Vol. abs\/2507.14552 (2025). arXiv:2507.14552"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-94575-5_18"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_32_1","volume-title":"Logical reasoning in large language models: A survey. arXiv preprint arXiv:2502.09100","author":"Liu Hanmeng","year":"2025","unstructured":"Hanmeng Liu, Zhizhang Fu, Mengru Ding, Ruoxi Ning, Chaoli Zhang, Xiaozhang Liu, and Yue Zhang. 2025. Logical reasoning in large language models: A survey. arXiv preprint arXiv:2502.09100 (2025)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.24963\/ijcai.2020\/501"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_34_1","volume-title":"Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 37 (NeurIPS","author":"Lo Andy","year":"2024","unstructured":"Andy Lo, Albert Q. Jiang, Wenda Li, and Mateja Jamnik. 2024. End-to-End Ontology Learning with Large Language Models. In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 37 (NeurIPS 2024)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_35_1","first-page":"555","volume-title":"ECAI 2014 - 21st European Conference on Artificial Intelligence","author":"Ludwig Michel","year":"2014","unstructured":"Michel Ludwig and Dirk Walther. 2014. The Logical Difference for (mathscrE)(mathscrL)(mathscrH)(mboxr, )-Terminologies using Hypergraphs. In ECAI 2014 - 21st European Conference on Artificial Intelligence, 18-22 August 2014, Prague, Czech Republic - Including Prestigious Applications of Intelligent Systems (PAIS 2014) (Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence and Applications, Vol. 263), Torsten Schaub, Gerhard Friedrich, and Barry O'Sullivan (Eds.). IOS Press, 555-560."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_36_1","volume-title":"International Semantic Web Conference. Springer, 126-143","author":"Mai Huu Tan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Huu Tan Mai, Cuong Xuan Chu, and Heiko Paulheim. 2024. Do LLMs really adapt to domains? an ontology learning perspective. In International Semantic Web Conference. Springer, 126-143."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_37_1","volume-title":"Beyond accuracy: evaluating the reasoning behavior of large Language models-A survey. arXiv preprint arXiv:2404.01869","author":"Mondorf Philipp","year":"2024","unstructured":"Philipp Mondorf and Barbara Plank. 2024. Beyond accuracy: evaluating the reasoning behavior of large Language models-A survey. arXiv preprint arXiv:2404.01869 (2024)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2024.acl-long.739"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_39_1","volume-title":"Reasoning over Description Logic-based Contexts with Transformers. arXiv preprint arXiv:2311.08941","author":"Poulis Angelos","year":"2023","unstructured":"Angelos Poulis, Eleni Tsalapati, and Manolis Koubarakis. 2023. Reasoning over Description Logic-based Contexts with Transformers. arXiv preprint arXiv:2311.08941 (2023)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_40_1","volume-title":"ISWC 2024, 23rd International Semantic Web Conference.","author":"Rebboud Youssra","year":"2024","unstructured":"Youssra Rebboud, Pasquale Lisena, Lionel Tailhardat, and Raphael Troncy. 2024. Benchmarking llm-based ontology conceptualization: A proposal. In ISWC 2024, 23rd International Semantic Web Conference."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_41_1","volume-title":"Language Models Are Greedy Reasoners: A Systematic Formal Analysis of Chain-of-Thought. In The Eleventh International Conference on Learning Representations, ICLR 2023","author":"Saparov Abulhair","year":"2023","unstructured":"Abulhair Saparov and He He. 2023. Language Models Are Greedy Reasoners: A Systematic Formal Analysis of Chain-of-Thought. In The Eleventh International Conference on Learning Representations, ICLR 2023, Kigali, Rwanda, May 1-5, 2023. OpenReview.net."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_42_1","first-page":"78","article-title":"Which kind of module should I extract","volume":"477","author":"Sattler Ulrike","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ulrike Sattler, Thomas Schneider, and Michael Zakharyaschev. 2009. Which kind of module should I extract? Description Logics, Vol. 477 (2009), 78.","journal-title":"Description Logics"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/D19-1458"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_44_1","volume-title":"SNOMED CT: the comprehensive clinical healthcare terminology. Accessed","author":"International SNOMED","year":"2025","unstructured":"SNOMED International. 2025. SNOMED CT: the comprehensive clinical healthcare terminology. Accessed July 2025."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2021.findings-acl.317"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2021.emnlp-main.303"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_47_1","volume-title":"European Semantic Web Conference. Springer, 92-101","author":"Tufek Nilay","year":"2024","unstructured":"Nilay Tufek, Aparna Saissre Thuluva, Valentin Philipp Just, Fajar J Ekaputra, Tathagata Bandyopadhyay, Marta Sabou, and Allan Hanbury. 2024. Validating semantic artifacts with large language models. In European Semantic Web Conference. Springer, 92-101."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2023.acl-long.173"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_49_1","volume-title":"C-Pack: Packaged Resources To Advance General Chinese Embedding. CoRR","author":"Xiao Shitao","year":"2023","unstructured":"Shitao Xiao, Zheng Liu, Peitian Zhang, and Niklas Muennighoff. 2023. C-Pack: Packaged Resources To Advance General Chinese Embedding. CoRR, Vol. abs\/2309.07597 (2023). arXiv:2309.07597"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TKDE.2025.3536008"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_51_1","volume-title":"Language Models as Ontology Encoders. CoRR","author":"Yang Hui","year":"2025","unstructured":"Hui Yang, Jiaoyan Chen, Yuan He, Yongsheng Gao, and Ian Horrocks. 2025. Language Models as Ontology Encoders. CoRR, Vol. abs\/2507.14334 (2025). arXiv:2507.14334"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hui Yang Jiaoyan Chen and Uli Sattler. 2026. Large Language Model for OWL Proofs. arXiv:2601.12444 [cs.AI] https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2601.12444","DOI":"10.1145\/3774904.3792395"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.24963\/ijcai.2023\/374"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_54_1","volume-title":"IJCAR 2022, Haifa, Israel, August 8-10, 2022, Proceedings (Lecture Notes in Computer Science","volume":"328","author":"Yang Hui","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hui Yang, Yue Ma, and Nicole Bidoit. 2022. Hypergraph-Based Inference Rules for Computing EL(mbox, )-Ontology Justifications. In Automated Reasoning - 11th International Joint Conference, IJCAR 2022, Haifa, Israel, August 8-10, 2022, Proceedings (Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Vol. 13385), Jasmin Blanchette, Laura Kov\u00e1cs, and Dirk Pattinson (Eds.). Springer, 310-328."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_55_1","volume-title":"The 37th AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence, AAAI. Accepted.","author":"Yang Hui","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hui Yang, Yue Ma, and Nicole Bidoit. 2023b. Efficient extraction of (mathcalEL)-Ontology deductive modules. In The 37th AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence, AAAI. Accepted."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_56_1","volume-title":"ReClor: A Reading Comprehension Dataset Requiring Logical Reasoning. In 8th International Conference on Learning Representations, ICLR 2020","author":"Yu Weihao","year":"2020","unstructured":"Weihao Yu, Zihang Jiang, Yanfei Dong, and Jiashi Feng. 2020. ReClor: A Reading Comprehension Dataset Requiring Logical Reasoning. In 8th International Conference on Learning Representations, ICLR 2020, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, April 26-30, 2020. OpenReview.net."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_57_1","volume-title":"OntoURL: A Benchmark for Evaluating Large Language Models on Symbolic Ontological Understanding, Reasoning and Learning. CoRR","author":"Zhang Xiao","year":"2025","unstructured":"Xiao Zhang, Huiyuan Lai, Qianru Meng, and Johan Bos. 2025. OntoURL: A Benchmark for Evaluating Large Language Models on Symbolic Ontological Understanding, Reasoning and Learning. CoRR, Vol. abs\/2505.11031 (2025). arXiv:2505.11031"}],"event":{"name":"WWW '26: The ACM Web Conference 2026","location":"Dubai United Arab Emirates","sponsor":["SIGWEB ACM Special Interest Group on Hypertext, Hypermedia, and Web"]},"container-title":["Proceedings of the ACM Web Conference 2026"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3774904.3792395","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,4]],"date-time":"2026-07-04T07:32:23Z","timestamp":1783150343000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3774904.3792395"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,12]]},"references-count":57,"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3774904.3792395","10.1145\/3774904"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3774904.3792395","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-04-12","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}