{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T16:06:38Z","timestamp":1780675598080,"version":"3.54.1"},"publisher-location":"New York, NY, USA","reference-count":39,"publisher":"ACM","funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["72271233"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["72271233"]}]},{"name":"Suzhou Key Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence and Social Governance Technologies","award":["SZS2023007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SZS2023007"]}]},{"name":"Smart Social Governance Technology and Innovative Application Platform","award":["YZCXPT2023101"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["YZCXPT2023101"]}]},{"name":"Innovation System of the Integration between Industry and Education for Smart Governance","award":["CJRH2024101"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CJRH2024101"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]]},"DOI":"10.1145\/3774904.3792490","type":"proceedings-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,27]],"date-time":"2026-04-27T12:38:33Z","timestamp":1777293513000},"page":"3183-3194","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Towards Robust Detection of Chinese Toxic Variants via Dynamic Knowledge Graph\u2013LLM Reasoning"],"prefix":"10.1145","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0494-125X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shaochen","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Renmin University of China, Beijing, Beijing, China and City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-1319-3915","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kefei","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Renmin University of China, Beijing, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7992-9063","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wei","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Renmin University of China, Beijing, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1609\/aaai.v39i22.34510"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_2_1","volume-title":"STATE ToxiCN: A Benchmark for Spanlevel Target-Aware Toxicity Extraction in Chinese Hate Speech Detection. arXiv preprint arXiv:2501.15451","author":"Bai Zewen","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zewen Bai, Shengdi Yin, Junyu Lu, Jingjie Zeng, Haohao Zhu, Yuanyuan Sun, Liang Yang, and Hongfei Lin. 2025. STATE ToxiCN: A Benchmark for Spanlevel Target-Aware Toxicity Extraction in Chinese Hate Speech Detection. arXiv preprint arXiv:2501.15451 (2025)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_3_1","volume-title":"Harish Tayyar Madabushi, and Iryna Gurevych","author":"Bigoulaeva Irina","year":"2025","unstructured":"Irina Bigoulaeva, Harish Tayyar Madabushi, and Iryna Gurevych. 2025. The inherent limits of pretrained llms: The unexpected convergence of instruction tuning and in-context learning capabilities. arXiv preprint arXiv:2501.08716 (2025)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_4_1","volume-title":"HateBERT: Retraining BERT for abusive language detection in English. arXiv preprint arXiv:2010.12472","author":"Caselli Tommaso","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tommaso Caselli, Valerio Basile, Jelena Mitrovi?, and Michael Granitzer. 2020. HateBERT: Retraining BERT for abusive language detection in English. arXiv preprint arXiv:2010.12472 (2020)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_5_1","volume-title":"COLD: A benchmark for Chinese offensive language detection. arXiv preprint arXiv:2201.06025","author":"Deng Jiawen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Jiawen Deng, Jingyan Zhou, Hao Sun, Chujie Zheng, Fei Mi, Helen Meng, and Minlie Huang. 2022. COLD: A benchmark for Chinese offensive language detection. arXiv preprint arXiv:2201.06025 (2022)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_6_1","volume-title":"The World Wide Web Conference. 2771-2777","author":"Gong Hongyu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hongyu Gong, Yuchen Li, Suma Bhat, and Pramod Viswanath. 2019. Contextsensitive malicious spelling error correction. In The World Wide Web Conference. 2771-2777."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1609\/aaai.v38i16.29770"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_8_1","volume-title":"Fortifying toxic speech detectors against veiled toxicity. arXiv preprint arXiv:2010.03154","author":"Han Xiaochuang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Xiaochuang Han and Yulia Tsvetkov. 2020. Fortifying toxic speech detectors against veiled toxicity. arXiv preprint arXiv:2010.03154 (2020)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SP54263.2024.00061"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_10_1","volume-title":"Llm self defense: By self examination, llms know they are being tricked. arXiv e-prints","author":"Helbling Alec","year":"2023","unstructured":"Alec Helbling, Mansi Phute, Matthew Hull, and Duen Horng Chau. 2023. Llm self defense: By self examination, llms know they are being tricked. arXiv e-prints (2023), arXiv-2308."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_11_1","first-page":"3","article-title":"Lora: Low-rank adaptation of large language models","volume":"1","author":"Hu Edward J","year":"2022","unstructured":"Edward J Hu, Yelong Shen, Phillip Wallis, Zeyuan Allen-Zhu, Yuanzhi Li, Shean Wang, Lu Wang, Weizhu Chen, et al. 2022. Lora: Low-rank adaptation of large language models. ICLR 1, 2 (2022), 3.","journal-title":"ICLR"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.osnem.2021.100182"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_13_1","volume-title":"Kg-gpt: A general framework for reasoning on knowledge graphs using large language models. arXiv preprint arXiv:2310.11220","author":"Kim Jiho","year":"2023","unstructured":"Jiho Kim, Yeonsu Kwon, Yohan Jo, and Edward Choi. 2023. Kg-gpt: A general framework for reasoning on knowledge graphs using large language models. arXiv preprint arXiv:2310.11220 (2023)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_14_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the First Workshop on Bridging Human-Computer Interaction and Natural Language Processing. 14-20","author":"Lees Alyssa","year":"2021","unstructured":"Alyssa Lees, Daniel Borkan, Ian Kivlichan, Jorge Nario, and Tesh Goyal. 2021. Capturing covertly toxic speech via crowdsourcing. In Proceedings of the First Workshop on Bridging Human-Computer Interaction and Natural Language Processing. 14-20."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_15_1","volume-title":"International Conference on Wireless Artificial Intelligent Computing Systems and Applications. Springer, 209-220","author":"Li Yanlin","year":"2024","unstructured":"Yanlin Li, Ning Chen, Guangrong Zhao, and Yiran Shen. 2024. Kd-eye: Lightweight pupil segmentation for eye tracking on vr headsets via knowledge distillation. In International Conference on Wireless Artificial Intelligent Computing Systems and Applications. Springer, 209-220."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_16_1","volume-title":"MIST: Towards Multi-dimensional Implicit Bias and Stereotype Evaluation of LLMs via Theory of Mind. arXiv preprint arXiv:2506.14161","author":"Li Yanlin","year":"2025","unstructured":"Yanlin Li, Hao Liu, Huimin Liu, YinweiWei, and Yupeng Hu. 2025. MIST: Towards Multi-dimensional Implicit Bias and Stereotype Evaluation of LLMs via Theory of Mind. arXiv preprint arXiv:2506.14161 (2025)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_17_1","volume-title":"ChineseHarm- Bench: A Chinese Harmful Content Detection Benchmark. arXiv preprint arXiv:2506.10960","author":"Liu Kangwei","year":"2025","unstructured":"Kangwei Liu, Siyuan Cheng, Bozhong Tian, Xiaozhuan Liang, Yuyang Yin, Meng Han, Ningyu Zhang, Bryan Hooi, Xi Chen, and Shumin Deng. 2025. ChineseHarm- Bench: A Chinese Harmful Content Detection Benchmark. arXiv preprint arXiv:2506.10960 (2025)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_18_1","volume-title":"Facilitating fine-grained detection of Chinese toxic language: Hierarchical taxonomy, resources, and benchmarks. arXiv preprint arXiv:2305.04446","author":"Lu Junyu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Junyu Lu, Bo Xu, Xiaokun Zhang, Changrong Min, Liang Yang, and Hongfei Lin. 2023. Facilitating fine-grained detection of Chinese toxic language: Hierarchical taxonomy, resources, and benchmarks. arXiv preprint arXiv:2305.04446 (2023)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_19_1","volume-title":"Graph-constrained reasoning: Faithful reasoning on knowledge graphs with large language models. arXiv preprint arXiv:2410.13080","author":"Luo Linhao","year":"2024","unstructured":"Linhao Luo, Zicheng Zhao, Gholamreza Haffari, Yuan-Fang Li, Chen Gong, and Shirui Pan. 2024. Graph-constrained reasoning: Faithful reasoning on knowledge graphs with large language models. arXiv preprint arXiv:2410.13080 (2024)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_20_1","volume-title":"Breaking the Cloak! Unveiling Chinese Cloaked Toxicity with Homophone Graph and Toxic Lexicon. arXiv preprint arXiv:2505.22184","author":"Ma Xuchen","year":"2025","unstructured":"Xuchen Ma, Jianxiang Yu,Wenming Shao, Bo Pang, and Xiang Li. 2025. Breaking the Cloak! Unveiling Chinese Cloaked Toxicity with Homophone Graph and Toxic Lexicon. arXiv preprint arXiv:2505.22184 (2025)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_21_1","volume-title":"Machine learning suites for online toxicity detection. arXiv preprint arXiv:1810.01869","author":"Noever David","year":"2018","unstructured":"David Noever. 2018. Machine learning suites for online toxicity detection. arXiv preprint arXiv:1810.01869 (2018)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2021.acl-long.329"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_23_1","volume-title":"Sentence-bert: Sentence embeddings using siamese bert-networks. arXiv preprint arXiv:1908.10084","author":"Reimers Nils","year":"2019","unstructured":"Nils Reimers and Iryna Gurevych. 2019. Sentence-bert: Sentence embeddings using siamese bert-networks. arXiv preprint arXiv:1908.10084 (2019)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/W17-1101"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2022.acl-long.65"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_26_1","volume-title":"A Chinese dataset for evaluating the safeguards in large language models. arXiv preprint arXiv:2402.12193","author":"Wang Yuxia","year":"2024","unstructured":"Yuxia Wang, Zenan Zhai, Haonan Li, Xudong Han, Lizhi Lin, Zhenxuan Zhang, Jingru Zhao, Preslav Nakov, and Timothy Baldwin. 2024. A Chinese dataset for evaluating the safeguards in large language models. arXiv preprint arXiv:2402.12193 (2024)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_27_1","volume-title":"Kicgpt: Large language model with knowledge in context for knowledge graph completion. arXiv preprint arXiv:2402.02389","author":"Wei Yanbin","year":"2024","unstructured":"Yanbin Wei, Qiushi Huang, James T Kwok, and Yu Zhang. 2024. Kicgpt: Large language model with knowledge in context for knowledge graph completion. arXiv preprint arXiv:2402.02389 (2024)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_28_1","volume-title":"Chinese offensive language detection: current status and future directions. arXiv preprint arXiv:2403.18314","author":"Xiao Yunze","year":"2024","unstructured":"Yunze Xiao, Houda Bouamor, and Wajdi Zaghouani. 2024. Chinese offensive language detection: current status and future directions. arXiv preprint arXiv:2403.18314 (2024)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_29_1","volume-title":"Kenny Tsu Wei Choo, and Roy Ka-wei Lee","author":"Xiao Yunze","year":"2024","unstructured":"Yunze Xiao, Yujia Hu, Kenny Tsu Wei Choo, and Roy Ka-wei Lee. 2024. Toxicloakcn: Evaluating robustness of offensive language detection in chinese with cloaking perturbations. arXiv preprint arXiv:2406.12223 (2024)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_30_1","volume-title":"Generate-on-graph: Treat llm as both agent and kg in incomplete knowledge graph question answering. arXiv preprint arXiv:2404.14741","author":"Xu Yao","year":"2024","unstructured":"Yao Xu, Shizhu He, Jiabei Chen, Zihao Wang, Yangqiu Song, Hanghang Tong, Guang Liu, Kang Liu, and Jun Zhao. 2024. Generate-on-graph: Treat llm as both agent and kg in incomplete knowledge graph question answering. arXiv preprint arXiv:2404.14741 (2024)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_31_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Trolling, Aggression and Cyberbullying. 6-12","author":"Yang Hsu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hsu Yang and Chuan-Jie Lin. 2020. Tocp: A dataset for chinese profanity processing. In Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Trolling, Aggression and Cyberbullying. 6-12."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_32_1","volume-title":"Sccd: A session-based dataset for chinese cyberbullying detection. arXiv preprint arXiv:2501.15042","author":"Yang Qingpo","year":"2025","unstructured":"Qingpo Yang, Yakai Chen, Zihui Xu, Yu-ming Shang, Sanchuan Guo, and Xi Zhang. 2025. Sccd: A session-based dataset for chinese cyberbullying detection. arXiv preprint arXiv:2501.15042 (2025)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_33_1","volume-title":"Chinesesafe: A chinese benchmark for evaluating safety in large language models. arXiv preprint arXiv:2410.18491","author":"Zhang Hengxiang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hengxiang Zhang, Hongfu Gao, Qiang Hu, Guanhua Chen, Lili Yang, Bingyi Jing, Hongxin Wei, Bing Wang, Haifeng Bai, and Lei Yang. 2024. Chinesesafe: A chinese benchmark for evaluating safety in large language models. arXiv preprint arXiv:2410.18491 (2024)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_34_1","volume-title":"Don't Go To Extremes: Revealing the Excessive Sensitivity and Calibration Limitations of LLMs in Implicit Hate Speech Detection. arXiv preprint arXiv:2402.11406","author":"Zhang Min","year":"2024","unstructured":"Min Zhang, Jianfeng He, Taoran Ji, and Chang-Tien Lu. 2024. Don't Go To Extremes: Revealing the Excessive Sensitivity and Calibration Limitations of LLMs in Implicit Hate Speech Detection. arXiv preprint arXiv:2402.11406 (2024)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_35_1","first-page":"6052","article-title":"Knowgpt: Knowledge graph based prompting for large language models","volume":"37","author":"Zhang Qinggang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Qinggang Zhang, Junnan Dong, Hao Chen, Daochen Zha, Zailiang Yu, and Xiao Huang. 2024. Knowgpt: Knowledge graph based prompting for large language models. Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 37 (2024), 6052-6080.","journal-title":"Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3664647.3681327"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_37_1","volume-title":"Enhancing llm based hatred and toxicity detection with meta-toxic knowledge graph. arXiv preprint arXiv:2412.15268","author":"Zhao Yibo","year":"2024","unstructured":"Yibo Zhao, Jiapeng Zhu, Can Xu, Yao Liu, and Xiang Li. 2024. Enhancing llm based hatred and toxicity detection with meta-toxic knowledge graph. arXiv preprint arXiv:2412.15268 (2024)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_38_1","volume-title":"Hao Sun, Xiaocong Yang, et al.","author":"Zhou Hao","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hao Zhou, Pei Ke, Zheng Zhang, Yuxian Gu, Yinhe Zheng, Chujie Zheng, Yida Wang, Chen Henry Wu, Hao Sun, Xiaocong Yang, et al. 2021. Eva: An opendomain chinese dialogue system with large-scale generative pre-training. arXiv preprint arXiv:2108.01547 (2021)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2021.acl-long.556"}],"event":{"name":"WWW '26: The ACM Web Conference 2026","location":"Dubai United Arab Emirates","sponsor":["SIGWEB ACM Special Interest Group on Hypertext, Hypermedia, and Web"]},"container-title":["Proceedings of the ACM Web Conference 2026"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3774904.3792490","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T15:52:26Z","timestamp":1780674746000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3774904.3792490"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,12]]},"references-count":39,"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3774904.3792490","10.1145\/3774904"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3774904.3792490","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-04-12","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}