{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T16:07:00Z","timestamp":1780675620533,"version":"3.54.1"},"publisher-location":"New York, NY, USA","reference-count":44,"publisher":"ACM","content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]]},"DOI":"10.1145\/3774904.3792508","type":"proceedings-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T21:54:39Z","timestamp":1775771679000},"page":"1662-1671","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Digital Skin, Digital Bias: Uncovering Tone-Based Biases in LLMs and Emoji Embeddings"],"prefix":"10.1145","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-0704-5906","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mingchen","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6700-719X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wajdi","family":"Aljedaani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Center for Artificial Intelligence Research and Ethics, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-9711-8185","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yingjie","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-5073-4014","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Navyasri","family":"Meka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4886-0918","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xuan","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8838-9476","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xinyue","family":"Ye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2129-1586","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Junhua","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6577-227X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yunhe","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_1_1","unstructured":"Mistral AI. 2024. Mistral-7B-Instruct-v0.3. https:\/\/huggingface.co\/mistralai\/Mistral-7B-Instruct-v0.3. Apache 2.0 License."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/S18-2011"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3290605.3300773"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_4_1","volume-title":"Emojional: Emoji Embeddings. In UK Workshop on Computational Intelligence. Springer, 312-324","author":"Barry Elena","year":"2021","unstructured":"Elena Barry, Shoaib Jameel, and Haider Raza. 2021. Emojional: Emoji Embeddings. In UK Workshop on Computational Intelligence. Springer, 312-324."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_5_1","volume-title":"Enriching Word Vectors with Subword Information. arXiv preprint arXiv:1607.04606","author":"Bojanowski Piotr","year":"2016","unstructured":"Piotr Bojanowski, Edouard Grave, Armand Joulin, and Tomas Mikolov. 2016. Enriching Word Vectors with Subword Information. arXiv preprint arXiv:1607.04606 (2016)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1461444810397031"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_7_1","first-page":"429","article-title":"When Keeping it Real Goes Wrong","volume":"6","author":"Brock Andr\u00e9","year":"2011","unstructured":"Andr\u00e9 Brock. 2011b. ''When Keeping it Real Goes Wrong'': Resident Evil 5, Racial Representation, and Gamers. Games and Culture, Vol. 6, 5 (2011), 429-452.","journal-title":"Resident Evil 5, Racial Representation, and Gamers. Games and Culture"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_8_1","first-page":"183","volume-title":"Science","volume":"356","author":"Caliskan Aylin","year":"2017","unstructured":"Aylin Caliskan, Joanna J Bryson, and Arvind Narayanan. 2017. Semantics derived automatically from language corpora contain human-like biases. Science, Vol. 356, 6334 (2017), 183-186."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13347-020-00415-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_10_1","volume-title":"Bert: Pre-training of deep bidirectional transformers for language understanding. arXiv preprint arXiv:1810.04805","author":"Devlin Jacob","year":"2018","unstructured":"Jacob Devlin, Ming-Wei Chang, Kenton Lee, and Kristina Toutanova. 2018. Bert: Pre-training of deep bidirectional transformers for language understanding. arXiv preprint arXiv:1810.04805 (2018)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_11_1","volume-title":"emoji2vec: Learning emoji representations from their description. arXiv preprint arXiv:1609.08359","author":"Eisner Ben","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ben Eisner, Tim Rockt\u00e4schel, Isabelle Augenstein, Matko Bo\u0161njak, and Sebastian Riedel. 2016. emoji2vec: Learning emoji representations from their description. arXiv preprint arXiv:1609.08359 (2016)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3370750"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_13_1","volume-title":"The validity and practicality of sun-reactive skin types I through VI. Archives of dermatology","author":"Fitzpatrick Thomas B","year":"1988","unstructured":"Thomas B Fitzpatrick. 1988. The validity and practicality of sun-reactive skin types I through VI. Archives of dermatology, Vol. 124, 6 (1988), 869-871."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1720347115"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/lnc3.12432"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_16_1","volume-title":"Thuy-vy Thi Nguyen, and Jiebo Luo","author":"Hu Tianran","year":"2017","unstructured":"Tianran Hu, Han Guo, Hao Sun, Thuy-vy Thi Nguyen, and Jiebo Luo. 2017. Spice up your chat: the intentions and sentiment effects of using emojis. In Eleventh international aaai conference on web and social media."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2016.02.088"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0144296","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0144296","article-title":"Sentiment of emojis","volume":"10","author":"Novak Petra Kralj","year":"2015","unstructured":"Petra Kralj Novak, Jasmina Smailovi\u0107, Borut Sluban, and Igor Mozeti\u010d. 2015. Sentiment of emojis. PloS one, Vol. 10, 12 (2015), e0144296.","journal-title":"PloS one"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_19_1","volume-title":"SentencePiece: A simple and language independent subword tokenizer and detokenizer for neural text processing. arXiv preprint arXiv:1808.06226","author":"Kudo Taku","year":"2018","unstructured":"Taku Kudo and John Richardson. 2018. SentencePiece: A simple and language independent subword tokenizer and detokenizer for neural text processing. arXiv preprint arXiv:1808.06226 (2018)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_20_1","volume-title":"International conference on machine learning. PMLR, 957-966","author":"Kusner Matt","year":"2015","unstructured":"Matt Kusner, Yu Sun, Nicholas Kolkin, and Kilian Weinberger. 2015. From word embeddings to document distances. In International conference on machine learning. PMLR, 957-966."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_21_1","unstructured":"Meta. 2024a. Meta-Llama-3.2-1B-Instruct. https:\/\/huggingface.co\/meta-llama\/Llama-3.2-1B-Instruct. Llama 3.2 Community License."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_22_1","unstructured":"Meta. 2024b. Meta-Llama-3.2-3B-Instruct. https:\/\/huggingface.co\/meta-llama\/Llama-3.2-3B-Instruct. Llama 3.2 Community License."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_23_1","volume-title":"Efficient estimation of word representations in vector space. arXiv preprint arXiv:1301.3781","author":"Mikolov Tomas","year":"2013","unstructured":"Tomas Mikolov, Kai Chen, Greg Corrado, and Jeffrey Dean. 2013. Efficient estimation of word representations in vector space. arXiv preprint arXiv:1301.3781 (2013)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1609\/icwsm.v11i1.14901"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1461444819899623"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/P18-1017"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18574\/nyu\/9781479833641.001.0001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_28_1","unstructured":"Arielle Pardes. 2015. The solution to the emoji diversity problem: Make them all yellow. https:\/\/www.vice.com\/en\/article\/wd7ejm\/emoji-shouldve-made-all-their-characters-yellow-408."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3115\/v1\/D14-1162"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_30_1","unstructured":"Caroline Criado Perez. 2019. Invisible women: Data bias in a world designed for men. Abrams."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_31_1","unstructured":"Alec Radford Karthik Narasimhan Tim Salimans Ilya Sutskever et al. 2018. Improving language understanding by generative pre-training. (2018)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3306618.3314244"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_33_1","volume-title":"Word-emoji embeddings from large scale messaging data reflect real-world semantic associations of expressive icons. arXiv preprint arXiv:2006.01207","author":"Reelfs Jens Helge","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jens Helge Reelfs, Oliver Hohlfeld, Markus Strohmaier, and Niklas Henckell. 2020. Word-emoji embeddings from large scale messaging data reflect real-world semantic associations of expressive icons. arXiv preprint arXiv:2006.01207 (2020)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_34_1","volume-title":"I stand with you: Using emojis to study solidarity in crisis events. arXiv preprint arXiv:1907.08326","author":"Santhanam Sashank","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sashank Santhanam, Vidhushini Srinivasan, Shaina Glass, and Samira Shaikh. 2019. I stand with you: Using emojis to study solidarity in crisis events. arXiv preprint arXiv:1907.08326 (2019)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_35_1","volume-title":"Neural machine translation of rare words with subword units. arXiv preprint arXiv:1508.07909","author":"Sennrich Rico","year":"2015","unstructured":"Rico Sennrich, Barry Haddow, and Alexandra Birch. 2015. Neural machine translation of rare words with subword units. arXiv preprint arXiv:1508.07909 (2015)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_36_1","unstructured":"Aditya Shirsath. 2021. Training Word2Vec model for emojis using twitter data. https:\/\/github.com\/AdiShirsath\/Emoji_Word2Vec."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0162243919862862"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/P19-1162"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.34740\/KAGGLE\/M\/3301"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_40_1","unstructured":"Qwen Team et al. 2024. Qwen2 Technical Report. (2024)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_41_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 18th international conference on human-computer interaction with mobile devices and services adjunct. 859-866","author":"Tigwell Garreth W","year":"2016","unstructured":"Garreth W Tigwell and David R Flatla. 2016. Oh that's what you meant! Reducing emoji misunderstanding. In Proceedings of the 18th international conference on human-computer interaction with mobile devices and services adjunct. 859-866."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_42_1","volume-title":"Attention is all you need. Advances in neural information processing systems","author":"Vaswani Ashish","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ashish Vaswani, Noam Shazeer, Niki Parmar, Jakob Uszkoreit, Llion Jones, Aidan N Gomez, \u0141ukasz Kaiser, and Illia Polosukhin. 2017. Attention is all you need. Advances in neural information processing systems, Vol. 30 (2017)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3173574.3173726"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_44_1","volume-title":"Racially diverse emoji are a nice idea. But will anyone use them. The Guardian","author":"Zimmerman J","year":"2015","unstructured":"J Zimmerman. 2015. Racially diverse emoji are a nice idea. But will anyone use them. The Guardian (2015)."}],"event":{"name":"WWW '26: The ACM Web Conference 2026","location":"Dubai United Arab Emirates","sponsor":["SIGWEB ACM Special Interest Group on Hypertext, Hypermedia, and Web"]},"container-title":["Proceedings of the ACM Web Conference 2026"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3774904.3792508","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T15:54:11Z","timestamp":1780674851000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3774904.3792508"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,12]]},"references-count":44,"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3774904.3792508","10.1145\/3774904"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3774904.3792508","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-04-12","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}