{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T03:28:28Z","timestamp":1779334108347,"version":"3.51.4"},"publisher-location":"New York, NY, USA","reference-count":47,"publisher":"ACM","content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]]},"DOI":"10.1145\/3774904.3793061","type":"proceedings-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T21:54:39Z","timestamp":1775771679000},"page":"9275-9285","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["When to Invoke: Refining LLM Fairness with Toxicity Assessment"],"prefix":"10.1145","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0169-1491","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jing","family":"Ren","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-6470-5607","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bowen","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1748-5801","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ziqi","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-8313-9835","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Renqiang","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jilin University, Changchun, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1124-9509","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shuo","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8308-4737","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xin","family":"Ye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1840-7605","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Haytham","family":"Fayek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0346-1526","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaodong","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8324-1859","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Feng","family":"Xia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_1_1","volume-title":"Hate speech detection using large language models: A comprehensive review","author":"Albladi Aish","year":"2025","unstructured":"Aish Albladi, Minarul Islam, Amit Das, Maryam Bigonah, Zheng Zhang, Fatemeh Jamshidi, Mostafa Rahgouy, Nilanjana Raychawdhary, Daniela Marghitu, and Cheryl Seals. 2025. Hate speech detection using large language models: A comprehensive review. IEEE Access (2025)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3308560.3317593"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2021.woah-1.3"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_4_1","first-page":"4171","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2019 conference of the North American chapter of the association for computational linguistics: human language technologies","volume":"1","author":"Devlin Jacob","year":"2019","unstructured":"Jacob Devlin, Ming-Wei Chang, Kenton Lee, and Kristina Toutanova. 2019. Bert: Pre-training of deep bidirectional transformers for language understanding. In Proceedings of the 2019 conference of the North American chapter of the association for computational linguistics: human language technologies, volume 1 (long and short papers). 4171-4186."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2021.emnlp-main.29"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2023.acl-short.101"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/W17-3013"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3580494"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2020.findings-emnlp.301"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1609\/icwsm.v19i1.35837"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_11_1","volume-title":"Rowan Hall Maudslay, and Simone Teufel","author":"Gonen Hila","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hila Gonen, Ryan Cotterell, Rowan Hall Maudslay, and Simone Teufel. 2019. It's All in the Name: Mitigating Gender Bias with Name-Based Counterfactual Data Substitution. In Proceedings of the 2019 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and the 9th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (EMNLP-IJCNLP). Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Aaron Grattafiori Abhimanyu Dubey Abhinav Jauhri Abhinav Pandey Abhishek Kadian Ahmad Al?Dahle Aiesha Letman Akhil Mathur Alan Schelten Alex Vaughan Amy Yang Angela Fan Anirudh Goyal Anthony Hartshorn Aobo Yang Archi Mitra Archie Sravankumar Artem Korenev Arthur Hinsvark Arun Rao Aston Zhang Aurelien Rodriguez Austen Gregerson Ava Spataru Baptiste Roziere Bethany Biron Binh Tang Bobbie Chern and. .. [et\u00a0al.]. 2024. The Llama 3 Herd of Models. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/arXiv.2407.21783","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.2407.21783"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2022.acl-long.234"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_14_1","volume-title":"The Eleventh International Conference on Learning Representations.","author":"He Pengcheng","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pengcheng He, Jianfeng Gao, and Weizhu Chen. 2021. DeBERTaV3: Improving DeBERTa using ELECTRA-Style Pre-Training with Gradient-Disentangled Embedding Sharing. In The Eleventh International Conference on Learning Representations."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_15_1","volume-title":"Deberta: Decoding-enhanced Bert with Disentangled Attention. In International Conference on Learning Representations.","author":"He Pengcheng","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pengcheng He, Xiaodong Liu, Jianfeng Gao, and Weizhu Chen. 2020. Deberta: Decoding-enhanced Bert with Disentangled Attention. In International Conference on Learning Representations."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_16_1","first-page":"16177","volume-title":"ACL 2024, Bangkok, Thailand and virtual meeting","author":"Kim Jaehoon","year":"2024","unstructured":"Jaehoon Kim, Seungwan Jin, Sohyun Park, Someen Park, and Kyungsik Han. 2024. Label-aware Hard Negative Sampling Strategies with Momentum Contrastive Learning for Implicit Hate Speech Detection. In Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics, ACL 2024, Bangkok, Thailand and virtual meeting, August 11-16, 2024. Association for Computational Linguistics, 16177-16188."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_17_1","first-page":"6667","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 29th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, COLING, Gyeongju, Republic of Korea","author":"Kim Youngwook","year":"2022","unstructured":"Youngwook Kim, Shinwoo Park, and Yo-Sub Han. 2022. Generalizable Implicit Hate Speech Detection Using Contrastive Learning. In Proceedings of the 29th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, COLING, Gyeongju, Republic of Korea, October 12-17, 2022. International Committee on Computational Linguistics, 6667-6679."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2023.findings-emnlp.731"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2024.findings-emnlp.353"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3534678.3539147"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2020.acl-main.488"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_22_1","volume-title":"Mirror: Mining implicit relationships via structure-enhanced graph convolutional networks. ACM Transactions on Knowledge Discovery from Data","author":"Liu Jiaying","year":"2023","unstructured":"Jiaying Liu, Feng Xia, Jing Ren, Bo Xu, Guansong Pang, and Lianhua Chi. 2023. Mirror: Mining implicit relationships via structure-enhanced graph convolutional networks. ACM Transactions on Knowledge Discovery from Data, Vol. 17, 4 (2023), 1-24."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_23_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 32rd International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence. 449-457","author":"Luo Renqiang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Renqiang Luo, Huafei Huang, Shuo Yu, Xiuzhen Zhang, and Feng Xia. 2024a. FairGT: A Fairness-aware Graph Transformer. In Proceedings of the 32rd International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence. 449-457."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_24_1","volume-title":"Wei Xiang, and Chengqi Zhang.","author":"Luo Renqiang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Renqiang Luo, Tao Tang, Feng Xia, Jiaying Liu, Chengpei Xu, Leo Yu Zhang, Wei Xiang, and Chengqi Zhang. 2024b. Algorithmic Fairness: A Tolerance Perspective. arXiv preprint arXiv:2405.09543 (2024)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_25_1","volume-title":"Fairness in Graph Learning Augmented with Machine Learning: A Survey. arXiv preprint arXiv:2504.21296","author":"Luo Renqiang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Renqiang Luo, Ziqi Xu, Xikun Zhang, Qing Qing, Huafei Huang, Enyan Dai, Zhe Wang, and Bo Yang. 2025. Fairness in Graph Learning Augmented with Machine Learning: A Survey. arXiv preprint arXiv:2504.21296 (2025)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2020.emnlp-main.154"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2023.eacl-main.147"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3746252.3761650"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_29_1","unstructured":"OpenAI. 2022. Introducing ChatGPT. https:\/\/openai.com\/blog\/chatgpt. Accessed: 2025-07-24."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2022.findings-acl.165"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_31_1","volume-title":"Advances in neural information processing systems","author":"Perez Ethan","unstructured":"Ethan Perez, Douwe Kiela, and Kyunghyun Cho. 2021. True few-shot learning with language models. In Advances in neural information processing systems, Vol. 34. 11054-11070."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_32_1","volume-title":"Jiade Cen, Liping Chen, Ziqi Xu, Xiwei Xu, and Xiaodong Li.","author":"Ren Jing","year":"2025","unstructured":"Jing Ren, Wenhao Zhou, Bowen Li, Mujie Liu, Nguyen Linh Dan Le, Jiade Cen, Liping Chen, Ziqi Xu, Xiwei Xu, and Xiaodong Li. 2025. Causal Prompting for Implicit Sentiment Analysis with Large Language Models. arXiv preprint arXiv:2507.00389 (2025)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2020.emnlp-main.197"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2021.acl-long.330"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2022.emnlp-main.625"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2025.emnlp-main.206"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3696410.3714883"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-05936-0_21"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1609\/aaai.v37i9.26279"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2025.acl-long.1275"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3711896.3737271"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2025.acl-long.814"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2025.acl-long.814"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3746252.3761103"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_45_1","first-page":"15","article-title":"Gender Bias in Coreference Resolution","author":"Zhao Jieyu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Jieyu Zhao, Tianlu Wang, Mark Yatskar, Vicente Ordonez, and Kai-Wei Chang. 2018. Gender Bias in Coreference Resolution: Evaluation and Debiasing Methods. In Proceedings of NAACL-HLT. 15-20.","journal-title":"Evaluation and Debiasing Methods. In Proceedings of NAACL-HLT."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_46_1","first-page":"3952","volume-title":"IJCAI","volume":"16","author":"Zhong Haoti","year":"2016","unstructured":"Haoti Zhong, Hao Li, Anna Cinzia Squicciarini, Sarah Michele Rajtmajer, Christopher Griffin, David J Miller, and Cornelia Caragea. 2016. Content-Driven Detection of Cyberbullying on the Instagram Social Network.. In IJCAI, Vol. 16. 3952-3958."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2021.eacl-main.274"}],"event":{"name":"WWW '26: The ACM Web Conference 2026","location":"Dubai United Arab Emirates","sponsor":["SIGWEB ACM Special Interest Group on Hypertext, Hypermedia, and Web"]},"container-title":["Proceedings of the ACM Web Conference 2026"],"original-title":[],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]],"date-time":"2026-04-10T16:37:18Z","timestamp":1775839038000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3774904.3793061"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,12]]},"references-count":47,"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3774904.3793061","10.1145\/3774904"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3774904.3793061","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-04-12","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}