{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,28]],"date-time":"2026-05-28T18:05:18Z","timestamp":1779991518428,"version":"3.53.1"},"publisher-location":"New York, NY, USA","reference-count":45,"publisher":"ACM","funder":[{"name":"European Union - Next generation EU","award":["101113826"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101113826"]}]},{"name":"European Union - Next generation EU","award":["PE00000013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PE00000013"]}]},{"name":"European Union - Next generation EU","award":["B53D23013290006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["B53D23013290006"]}]},{"name":"Italian Ministry of Education and Research","award":["FoReLab"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FoReLab"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]]},"DOI":"10.1145\/3774905.3795477","type":"proceedings-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,28]],"date-time":"2026-05-28T17:14:56Z","timestamp":1779988496000},"page":"320-329","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Assessing the Reliability of Persona-Conditioned LLMs as Synthetic Survey Respondents"],"prefix":"10.1145","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-1658-8931","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erika Elizabeth","family":"Taday Morocho","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"IIT-CNR, Pisa, Italy, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy, and University of Florence, Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-5815-0437","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lorenzo","family":"Cima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IIT-CNR, Pisa, Italy and University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1921-7456","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tiziano","family":"Fagni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IIT-CNR, Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8547-0348","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Avvenuti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0170-2445","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefano","family":"Cresci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IIT-CNR, Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_1_1","unstructured":"Gati V Aher Rosa I Arriaga and Adam Tauman Kalai. 2023. Using large language models to simulate multiple humans and replicate human subject studies. In ICML."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Badr Alkhamissi Muhammad ElNokrashy Mai Alkhamissi and Mona Diab. 2024. Investigating Cultural Alignment of Large Language Models. In ACL.","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2024.acl-long.671"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_3_1","volume-title":"Political Analysis","volume":"31","author":"Argyle Lisa P","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lisa P Argyle, Ethan C Busby, Nancy Fulda, Joshua R Gubler, Christopher Rytting, and David Wingate. 2023. Out of one, many: Using language models to simulate human samples. Political Analysis, Vol. 31, 3 (2023)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_4_1","volume-title":"ACL Workshops.","author":"Arora Arnav","year":"2023","unstructured":"Arnav Arora, Lucie-aim\u00e9e Kaffee, and Isabelle Augenstein. 2023. Probing pre-trained language models for cross-cultural differences in values. In ACL Workshops."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_5_1","volume-title":"Luca Maria Aiello, and Andrea Baronchelli","author":"Ashery Ariel Flint","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ariel Flint Ashery, Luca Maria Aiello, and Andrea Baronchelli. 2025. Emergent social conventions and collective bias in LLM populations. Science Advances, Vol. 11, 20 (2025)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_6_1","volume-title":"Psychological steering in LLMs: An evaluation of effectiveness and trustworthiness. arXiv:2510.04484","author":"Banayeeanzade Amin","year":"2025","unstructured":"Amin Banayeeanzade, Ala N Tak, Fatemeh Bahrani, Anahita Bolourani, Leonardo Blas, Emilio Ferrara, Jonathan Gratch, and Sai Praneeth Karimireddy. 2025. Psychological steering in LLMs: An evaluation of effectiveness and trustworthiness. arXiv:2510.04484 (2025)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_7_1","volume-title":"Political Analysis","volume":"32","author":"Bisbee James","year":"2024","unstructured":"James Bisbee, Joshua D Clinton, Cassy Dorff, Brenton Kenkel, and Jennifer M Larson. 2024. Synthetic replacements for human survey data? The perils of large language models. Political Analysis, Vol. 32, 4 (2024)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_8_1","volume-title":"Simulation of Language Evolution under Regulated Social Media Platforms: A Synergistic Approach of Large Language Models and Genetic Algorithms. arXiv:2502.19193","author":"Cai Jinyu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Jinyu Cai, Yusei Ishimizu, Mingyue Zhang, Munan Li, Jialong Li, and Kenji Tei. 2025. Simulation of Language Evolution under Regulated Social Media Platforms: A Synergistic Approach of Large Language Models and Genetic Algorithms. arXiv:2502.19193 (2025)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yong Cao Haijiang Liu Arnav Arora Isabelle Augenstein Paul R\u00f6ttger and Daniel Hershcovich. 2025. Specializing large language models to simulate survey response distributions for global populations. In NAACL.","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2025.naacl-long.162"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Myra Cheng Tiziano Piccardi and Diyi Yang. 2023. CoMPosT: Characterizing and Evaluating Caricature in LLM Simulations. In EMNLP.","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2023.emnlp-main.669"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_11_1","volume-title":"ACM Web Conference.","author":"Cima Lorenzo","year":"2025","unstructured":"Lorenzo Cima, Alessio Miaschi, Amaury Trujillo, Marco Avvenuti, Felice Dell'Orletta, and Stefano Cresci. 2025. Contextualized counterspeech: Strategies for adaptation, personalization, and evaluation. In ACM Web Conference."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_12_1","volume-title":"Harm in AI-Driven Societies: An Audit of Toxicity Adoption on Chirper.ai. arXiv:2601.01090","author":"Coppolillo Erica","year":"2026","unstructured":"Erica Coppolillo, Luca Luceri, and Emilio Ferrara. 2026. Harm in AI-Driven Societies: An Audit of Toxicity Adoption on Chirper.ai. arXiv:2601.01090 (2026)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_13_1","unstructured":"Esin Durmus Karina Nguyen Thomas I Liao Nicholas Schiefer Amanda Askell Anton Bakhtin Carol Chen Zac Hatfield-Dodds Danny Hernandez Nicholas Joseph et al. 2024. Towards measuring the representation of subjective global opinions in language models. In COLM."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_14_1","volume-title":"Marco Postiglione, Gian Marco Orlando, Diego Russo, Giuseppe Riccio, Antonio Romano, and Vincenzo Moscato.","author":"Ferraro Antonino","year":"2024","unstructured":"Antonino Ferraro, Antonio Galli, Valerio La Gatta, Marco Postiglione, Gian Marco Orlando, Diego Russo, Giuseppe Riccio, Antonio Romano, and Vincenzo Moscato. 2024. Agent-based modelling meets generative AI in social network simulations. In IEEE\/ACM ASONAM."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_15_1","volume-title":"Humanities and Social Sciences Communications","volume":"11","author":"Gao Chen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Chen Gao, Xiaochong Lan, Nian Li, Yuan Yuan, Jingtao Ding, Zhilun Zhou, Fengli Xu, and Yong Li. 2024. Large language models empowered agent-based modeling and simulation: A survey and perspectives. Humanities and Social Sciences Communications, Vol. 11, 1 (2024)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tommaso Giorgi Lorenzo Cima Tiziano Fagni Marco Avvenuti and Stefano Cresci. 2025. Human and LLM biases in hate speech annotations: A socio-demographic analysis of annotators and targets. In AAAI ICWSM.","DOI":"10.1609\/icwsm.v19i1.35837"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_17_1","unstructured":"Shashank Gupta Vaishnavi Shrivastava Ameet Deshpande Ashwin Kalyan Peter Clark Ashish Sabharwal and Tushar Khot. 2024. Bias runs deep: Implicit reasoning biases in persona-assigned LLMs. In ICLR."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Christian Haerpfer Ronald Inglehart Alejandro Moreno Christian Welzel Kseniya Kizilova Jaime Diez-Medrano Marta Lagos Pippa Norris Eduard Ponarin Bjorn Puranen et al. 2022. World Values Survey: Round seven - Country-pooled Datafile version 6.0. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14281\/18241.20","DOI":"10.14281\/18241.20"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_19_1","unstructured":"Tiancheng Hu and Nigel Collier. 2024. Quantifying the Persona Effect in LLM Simulations. In ACL."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_20_1","volume-title":"Nicholas Jing Yuan, and Xing Xie","author":"Hu Zhengyu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zhengyu Hu, Jianxun Lian, Zheyuan Xiao, Max Xiong, Yuxuan Lei, Tianfu Wang, Kaize Ding, Ziang Xiao, Nicholas Jing Yuan, and Xing Xie. 2025. Population-aligned persona generation for LLM-based social simulation. arXiv:2509.10127 (2025)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hang Jiang Xiajie Zhang Xubo Cao Cynthia Breazeal Deb Roy and Jad Kabbara. 2024. PersonaLLM: Investigating the ability of large language models to express personality traits. In NAACL.","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2024.findings-naacl.229"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_22_1","volume-title":"Kholoud Khalil Aldous, and Bernard J. Jansen","author":"Jung Soon-Gyo","year":"2025","unstructured":"Soon-Gyo Jung, Joni Salminen, Kholoud Khalil Aldous, and Bernard J. Jansen. 2025. PersonaCraft: Leveraging language models for data-driven persona development. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, Vol. 197 (2025)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_23_1","volume-title":"AI-augmented surveys: Leveraging large language models and surveys for opinion prediction. arXiv:2305.09620","author":"Kim Junsol","year":"2023","unstructured":"Junsol Kim and Byungkyu Lee. 2023. AI-augmented surveys: Leveraging large language models and surveys for opinion prediction. arXiv:2305.09620 (2023)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_24_1","volume-title":"Simulating Subjects: The Promise and Peril of Artificial Intelligence Stand-Ins for Social Agents and Interactions. Sociological Methods & Research","author":"Kozlowski Austin C","year":"2025","unstructured":"Austin C Kozlowski and James Evans. 2025. Simulating Subjects: The Promise and Peril of Artificial Intelligence Stand-Ins for Social Agents and Interactions. Sociological Methods & Research (2025)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lucio La Cava and Andrea Tagarelli. 2025. Open models closed minds? On agents capabilities in mimicking human personalities through open large language models. In AAAI.","DOI":"10.1609\/aaai.v39i2.32125"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_26_1","volume-title":"LLM Generated Persona is a Promise with a Catch. arXiv:2503.16527","author":"Li Ang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ang Li, Haozhe Chen, Hongseok Namkoong, and Tianyi Peng. 2025. LLM Generated Persona is a Promise with a Catch. arXiv:2503.16527 (2025)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"John Licato and Stephen Steinle. 2025. Do Persona-Infused LLMs Affect Performance in a Strategic Reasoning Game?. In IJCNLP-AACL.","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2025.ijcnlp-long.186"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_28_1","volume-title":"AlignSurvey: A Comprehensive Benchmark for Human Preferences Alignment in Social Surveys. arXiv:2511.07871","author":"Lin Chenxi","year":"2025","unstructured":"Chenxi Lin, Weikang Yuan, Zhuoren Jiang, Biao Huang, Ruitao Zhang, Jianan Ge, Yueqian Xu, and Jianxing Yu. 2025b. AlignSurvey: A Comprehensive Benchmark for Human Preferences Alignment in Social Surveys. arXiv:2511.07871 (2025)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ziyue Lin Yi Shan Lin Gao Xinghua Jia and Siming Chen. 2025a. SimSpark: Interactive Simulation of Social Media Behaviors. In ACM CSCW.","DOI":"10.1145\/3711066"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_30_1","unstructured":"Anders Giovanni M\u00f8ller Arianna Pera Jacob Dalsgaard and Luca Aiello. 2024. The parrot dilemma: Human-labeled vs. LLM-augmented data in classification tasks. In EACL."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_31_1","volume-title":"When Harry Meets Superman: The Role of The Interlocutor in Persona-Based Dialogue Generation. arXiv:2505.24613","author":"Occhipinti Daniela","year":"2025","unstructured":"Daniela Occhipinti, Marco Guerini, and Malvina Nissim. 2025. When Harry Meets Superman: The Role of The Interlocutor in Persona-Based Dialogue Generation. arXiv:2505.24613 (2025)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_32_1","volume-title":"Meredith Ringel Morris, Percy Liang, and Michael S Bernstein.","author":"Park Joon Sung","year":"2023","unstructured":"Joon Sung Park, Joseph O'Brien, Carrie Jun Cai, Meredith Ringel Morris, Percy Liang, and Michael S Bernstein. 2023. Generative agents: Interactive simulacra of human behavior. In ACM UIST."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_33_1","volume-title":"Carrie Cai, Meredith Ringel Morris, Robb Willer, Percy Liang, and Michael S Bernstein.","author":"Park Joon Sung","year":"2024","unstructured":"Joon Sung Park, Carolyn Q Zou, Aaron Shaw, Benjamin Mako Hill, Carrie Cai, Meredith Ringel Morris, Robb Willer, Percy Liang, and Michael S Bernstein. 2024. Generative agent simulations of 1,000 people. arXiv:2411.10109 (2024)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_34_1","volume-title":"Emergence of human-like polarization among large language model agents. arXiv:2501.05171","author":"Piao Jinghua","year":"2025","unstructured":"Jinghua Piao, Zhihong Lu, Chen Gao, Fengli Xu, Qinghua Hu, Fernando P Santos, Yong Li, and James Evans. 2025. Emergence of human-like polarization among large language model agents. arXiv:2501.05171 (2025)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Manuel Pratelli John Bianchi Fabio Pinelli and Marinella Petrocchi. 2025. Evaluation of Reliability Criteria for News Publishers with Large Language Models. In ACM WebSci.","DOI":"10.1145\/3717867.3717924"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Manuel Pratelli and Marinella Petrocchi. 2025. Evaluating the Simulation of Human Personality-Driven Susceptibility to Misinformation with LLMs. In ECAI.","DOI":"10.3233\/FAIA250901"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_37_1","volume-title":"Y social: An LLM-powered social media digital twin. arXiv:2408.00818","author":"Rossetti Giulio","year":"2024","unstructured":"Giulio Rossetti, Massimo Stella, R\u00e9my Cazabet, Katherine Abramski, Erica Cau, Salvatore Citraro, Andrea Failla, Riccardo Improta, Virginia Morini, and Valentina Pansanella. 2024. Y social: An LLM-powered social media digital twin. arXiv:2408.00818 (2024)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_38_1","volume-title":"Sociologica","volume":"18","author":"Rossi Luca","year":"2024","unstructured":"Luca Rossi, Katherine Harrison, and Irina Shklovski. 2024. The problems of LLM-generated data in social science research. Sociologica, Vol. 18, 2 (2024)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_39_1","unstructured":"Shibani Santurkar Esin Durmus Faisal Ladhak Cinoo Lee Percy Liang and Tatsunori Hashimoto. 2023. Whose opinions do language models reflect?. In ICML."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_40_1","unstructured":"Huaman Sun Jiaxin Pei Minje Choi and David Jurgens. 2025. Sociodemographic prompting is not yet an effective approach for simulating subjective judgments with LLMs. In NAACL."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_41_1","volume-title":"Simulating social media using large language models to evaluate alternative news feed algorithms. arXiv:2310.05984","author":"T\u00f6rnberg Petter","year":"2023","unstructured":"Petter T\u00f6rnberg, Diliara Valeeva, Justus Uitermark, and Christopher Bail. 2023. Simulating social media using large language models to evaluate alternative news feed algorithms. arXiv:2310.05984 (2023)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_42_1","volume-title":"Scalable Evaluation of Online Moderation Strategies via Synthetic Simulations. arXiv:2503.16505","author":"Tsirmpas Dimitris","year":"2025","unstructured":"Dimitris Tsirmpas, Ion Androutsopoulos, and John Pavlopoulos. 2025. Scalable Evaluation of Online Moderation Strategies via Synthetic Simulations. arXiv:2503.16505 (2025)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_43_1","volume-title":"Akhil Arora, Martin Josifoski, Ashton Anderson, and Robert West.","author":"Veselovsky Veniamin","year":"2023","unstructured":"Veniamin Veselovsky, Manoel Horta Ribeiro, Akhil Arora, Martin Josifoski, Ashton Anderson, and Robert West. 2023. Generating faithful synthetic data with large language models: A case study in computational social science. arXiv:2305.15041 (2023)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_44_1","unstructured":"Jiawei Wang Renhe Jiang Chuang Yang Zengqing Wu Makoto Onizuka Ryosuke Shibasaki Noboru Koshizuka and Chuan Xiao. 2024. Large language models as urban residents: An LLM agent framework for personal mobility generation. In NeurIPS."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_45_1","volume-title":"Systems","volume":"13","author":"Zhang Lan","year":"2025","unstructured":"Lan Zhang, Yuxuan Hu, Weihua Li, Quan Bai, and Parma Nand. 2025. LLM-AIDSim: LLM-enhanced agent-based influence diffusion simulation in social networks. Systems, Vol. 13, 1 (2025)."}],"event":{"name":"WWW '26: The ACM Web Conference 2026","location":"Dubai United Arab Emirates","sponsor":["SIGWEB ACM Special Interest Group on Hypertext, Hypermedia, and Web"]},"container-title":["Companion Proceedings of the ACM Web Conference 2026"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3774905.3795477","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,28]],"date-time":"2026-05-28T17:27:56Z","timestamp":1779989276000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3774905.3795477"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,28]]},"references-count":45,"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3774905.3795477","10.1145\/3774905"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3774905.3795477","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,28]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-05-28","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}