{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]],"date-time":"2026-01-20T03:42:27Z","timestamp":1768880547348,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":156,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"2","funder":[{"name":"National Science Foundation","award":["DGE-2125362 and DGE-2440601"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DGE-2125362 and DGE-2440601"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J. Hum.-Robot Interact."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The integration of human\u2013robot teams is increasingly essential in dynamic task environments, particularly in sectors like warehouse management, assembly lines, search and rescue operations, material handling, and autonomous driving. This trend leverages the complementary strengths of humans and robots to enhance efficiency and tackle complex objectives. However, significant challenges arise due to differences in task execution, communication modes, empathy, mental model understanding, and adaptability between humans and robots. This survey article examines the complexities of human\u2013robot collaboration (HRC), focusing on the \u201c3Cs\u201d of teamwork: collaboration, communication, and cognition. It introduces a novel 3Cs rating system to evaluate HRC systems, offering a comprehensive analysis of current research trends and identifying key challenges. The findings highlight a prevalent lack of robot adaptation based on human states and performance, underscoring the need for improved communication metrics and consistent definitions of collaborative frameworks. Key contributions include the development of the 3Cs rating system, an in-depth analysis of HRC research trends, and the identification of critical areas requiring further investigation to realize the full potential of human\u2013robot teams. This article aims to guide future research and development, promoting more effective human\u2013robot collaborations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3776548","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,26]],"date-time":"2025-11-26T15:06:07Z","timestamp":1764169567000},"page":"1-48","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Human\u2013Robot Teaming: A Comprehensive Survey on Collaboration, Communication, and Cognition"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3250-425X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saurav","family":"Singh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, New York, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9666-4458","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Esa","family":"Rantanen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, New York, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6860-0844","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jamison","family":"Heard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, New York, USA"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_1_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ROBOT.2005.1570269"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/THMS.2018.2791570"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2021.102744"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_1_5_2","first-page":"180","article-title":"Noise reduction in the accelerometer and gyroscope sensor with the kalman filter algorithm","volume":"2","author":"Alfian Rio Ikhsan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rio Ikhsan Alfian, Alfian Ma\u2019arif, and Sunardi Sunardi. 2021. Noise reduction in the accelerometer and gyroscope sensor with the kalman filter algorithm. Journal of Robotics and Control 2, 3 (2021), 180\u2013189.","journal-title":"Journal of Robotics and Control"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_6_2","first-page":"1078","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems (AAMAS \u201919)","author":"Anjomshoae Sule","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sule Anjomshoae, Amro Najjar, Davide Calvaresi, and Kary Fr\u00e4mling. 2019. Explainable agents and robots: Results from a systematic literature review. In Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems (AAMAS \u201919). International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, 1078\u20131088."},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_1_7_2","first-page":"19","article-title":"New capabilities of the armys maintenance manpower modeling tool","volume":"26","author":"Archer S.","year":"2005","unstructured":"S. Archer, M. Gosakan, P. Shorter, and J. Lockett. 2005. New capabilities of the armys maintenance manpower modeling tool. Journal of the International Test and Evaluation Association 26, 1 (2005), 19\u201326.","journal-title":"Journal of the International Test and Evaluation Association"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10845-018-1411-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12369-008-0001-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1145\/3434073.3444667","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2021 ACM\/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction","author":"Bobu Andreea","year":"2021","unstructured":"Andreea Bobu, Marius Wiggert, Claire Tomlin, and Anca D. Dragan. 2021. Feature expansive reward learning: Rethinking human input. In Proceedings of the 2021 ACM\/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction, 216\u2013224."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s43154-020-00026-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0278-7393.18.2.379"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00170-021-08299-2"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_1_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1177\/00187208211037457","article-title":"Adaptable (not adaptive) automation: Forefront of human\u2013automation teaming","volume":"64","author":"Calhoun Gloria","year":"2022","unstructured":"Gloria Calhoun. 2022. Adaptable (not adaptive) automation: Forefront of human\u2013automation teaming. Human Factors 64, 2 (2022), 269\u2013277.","journal-title":"Human Factors"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2018.06.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_16_2","first-page":"2230","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2015 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA)","author":"Cesare Kyle","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kyle Cesare, Ryan Skeele, Soo-Hyun Yoo, Yawei Zhang, and Geoffrey Hollinger. 2015. Multi-UAV exploration with limited communication and battery. In Proceedings of the 2015 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA). IEEE, 2230\u20132235."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics10111317"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s20010296"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12369-015-0333-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1463922X.2017.1315750"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3171221.3171264"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3359616"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICRA46639.2022.9812442"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1011231725361"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1117","DOI":"10.1007\/s12369-021-00834-1","article-title":"Towards human\u2013robot teaming: Tradeoffs of explanation-based communication strategies in a virtual search and rescue task","volume":"14","author":"Chiou Erin K.","year":"2021","unstructured":"Erin K. Chiou, Mustafa Demir, Verica Buchanan, Christopher C. Corral, Mica R. Endsley, Glenn J. Lematta, Nancy J. Cooke, and Nathan J. McNeese. 2021. Towards human\u2013robot teaming: Tradeoffs of explanation-based communication strategies in a virtual search and rescue task. International Journal of Social Robotics 14 (2021), 1117\u20131136.","journal-title":"International Journal of Social Robotics"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3434073.3444677"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12369-020-00634-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_28_2","volume-title":"StatPearls [Internet]","author":"Chu Brianna","year":"2021","unstructured":"Brianna Chu, Komal Marwaha, Terrence Sanvictores, and Derek Ayers. 2021. Physiology, stress reaction. In StatPearls [Internet]. StatPearls Publishing."},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_1_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1007\/s10111-018-0527-6","article-title":"Situation awareness based on eye movements in relation to the task environment","volume":"21","author":"Winter Joost C. F. de","year":"2019","unstructured":"Joost C. F. de Winter, Yke Bauke Eisma, Christopher D. D. Cabrall, Peter A. Hancock, and Neville A. Stanton. 2019. Situation awareness based on eye movements in relation to the task environment. Cognition, Technology & Work 21, 1 (2019), 99\u2013111.","journal-title":"Cognition, Technology & Work"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2020.102436"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_31_2","first-page":"225","volume-title":"In Proceedings of the 2012 First International Conference on Innovative Engineering Systems","author":"Ding Ming","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ming Ding, Ryojun Ikeura, Toshiharu Mukai, Hiromichi Nagashima, Shinya Hirano, Kazuya Matsuo, Minghui Sun, Chang\u2019an Jiang, and Shigeyuki Hosoe. 2012. Comfort estimation during lift-up using nursing-care robot \u2014 RIBA. In Proceedings of the 2012 First International Conference on Innovative Engineering Systems, 225\u2013230."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_32_2","first-page":"73","volume-title":"Formalizing assistive teleoperation\n                  Robotics: Science and Systems","author":"Dragan Anca D.","year":"2012","unstructured":"Anca D. Dragan and Siddhartha S. Srinivasa. 2012. Formalizing assistive teleoperation. In Robotics: Science and Systems. Nicholas Roy, Paul Newman, and Siddhartha Srinivasa (Eds.), Vol. 8, MIT Press, 73\u201380."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0278364913490324"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_34_2","first-page":"8","volume-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE International Multi-Disciplinary Conference on Cognitive Methods in Situation Awareness and Decision","author":"Durkee K. T.","year":"2015","unstructured":"K. T. Durkee, S. M. Pappada, A. E. Ortiz, J. J. Feeney, and S. M. Galster. 2015. System decision framework for augmenting human performance using real-time workload classifiers. In Proceedings of the IEEE International Multi-Disciplinary Conference on Cognitive Methods in Situation Awareness and Decision, 8\u201313."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.entcs.2019.04.009"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/NAECON.1988.195097"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1518\/001872095779049543"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_38_2","first-page":"163","volume-title":"Automation and Human Performance","author":"Endsley Mica R.","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mica R. Endsley. 2018. Automation and situation awareness. In Automation and Human Performance. Raja Parasuraman and Mustapha Moutoua (Eds.), CRC Press, 163\u2013181."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2022.107574"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2007.139477"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_41_2","first-page":"101","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Augmented Cognition","author":"Fuchs S.","year":"2017","unstructured":"S. Fuchs and J. Schwarz. 2017. Towards a dynamic selection and configuration of adaptation strategies in augmented cognition. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Augmented Cognition. Springer, 101\u2013115."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_42_2","unstructured":"Lara Gauder Leonardo Pepino Pablo Riera Silvina Brussino Jazm\u00edn Vidal Agust\u00edn Gravano and Luciana Ferrer. 2021. A study on the manifestation of trust in speech. arXiv:2102.09370. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2102.09370"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/frobt.2018.00065"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2011.01.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_45_2","first-page":"425","volume-title":"Human Factors in Technology","author":"Goertz Ray C.","year":"1963","unstructured":"Ray C. Goertz. 1963. Manipulators used for handling radioactive materials. In Human Factors in Technology. Edward M. Bennett (Ed.), McGraw-Hill, 425\u2013443."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1561\/1100000005"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_3_1_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0198206","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0198206","article-title":"The impairing effects of mental fatigue on response inhibition: An ERP study","volume":"13","author":"Guo Zizheng","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zizheng Guo, Ruiya Chen, Xian Liu, Guozhen Zhao, Yan Zheng, Mingliang Gong, and Jun Zhang. 2018. The impairing effects of mental fatigue on response inhibition: An ERP study. PLoS One 13, 6 (2018), e0198206.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.1109\/VR46266.2020.00099","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2020 IEEE Conference on Virtual Reality and 3D User Interfaces (VR)","author":"Gupta Kunal","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kunal Gupta, Ryo Hajika, Yun Suen Pai, Andreas Duenser, Martin Lochner, and Mark Billinghurst. 2020. Measuring human trust in a virtual assistant using physiological sensing in virtual reality. In Proceedings of the 2020 IEEE Conference on Virtual Reality and 3D User Interfaces (VR). IEEE, 756\u2013765."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3610977.3634965"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0018720811417254"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2013.04.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-4115(08)62386-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_53_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Cognitive and Computational Aspects of Situation Management","author":"Heard Jamison","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jamison Heard, Julian D. Fortune, and Julie A. Adams. 2020. SAHRTA: A supervisory-based adaptive human-robot teaming architecture. In Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Cognitive and Computational Aspects of Situation Management."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/THMS.2017.2782483"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3314387"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3434073.3444673"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2018.00525"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327051hci1901&2_7"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/THMS.2019.2904558"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10514-009-9166-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/frobt.2022.799522"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LRA.2021.3062787"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0167.36.2.223"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_64_2","first-page":"24","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Energy Harvesting and Storage: Materials, Devices, and Applications XI","volume":"11722","author":"Hurwitz Arnon M.","year":"2021","unstructured":"Arnon M. Hurwitz, James M. Dotterweich, and Trevor A. Rocks. 2021. Mobile robot battery life estimation: Battery energy use of an unmanned ground vehicle. In Proceedings of the Energy Harvesting and Storage: Materials, Devices, and Applications XI, Vol. 11722, SPIE, 24\u201340."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/0951192X.2022.2163294"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_66_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0278364918776060"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_67_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/S15327566IJCE0401_04"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_68_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LRA.2016.2535907"},{"issue":"7","key":"e_1_3_1_69_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1150","DOI":"10.1177\/0018720819869129","article-title":"Effects of neural mechanisms of pretask resting EEG alpha information on situational awareness: A functional connectivity approach","volume":"62","author":"Kaur Ardaman","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ardaman Kaur, Rishu Chaujar, and Vijayakumar Chinnadurai. 2020. Effects of neural mechanisms of pretask resting EEG alpha information on situational awareness: A functional connectivity approach. Human Factors 62, 7 (2020), 1150\u20131170.","journal-title":"Human Factors"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_70_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.30773\/pi.2017.08.17"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_71_2","first-page":"5059","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2013 IEEE\/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems","author":"Kim Seong-Woo","year":"2013","unstructured":"Seong-Woo Kim, Zhuang Jie Chong, Baoxing Qin, Xiaotong Shen, Zhuoqi Cheng, Wei Liu, and Marcelo H. Ang. 2013. Cooperative perception for autonomous vehicle control on the road: Motivation and experimental results. In Proceedings of the 2013 IEEE\/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems. IEEE, 5059\u20135066."},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_3_1_72_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1515\/auto-2018-0004","article-title":"Impact of trajectory profiles on user stress in close human-robot interaction","volume":"66","author":"K\u00fchnlenz Barbara","year":"2018","unstructured":"Barbara K\u00fchnlenz, Maximilian Erhart, Marcel Kainert, Zhi-Qiao Wang, Julian Wilm, and Kolja K\u00fchnlenz. 2018. Impact of trajectory profiles on user stress in close human-robot interaction. at \u2013Automatisierungstechnik 66, 6 (2018), 483\u2013491.","journal-title":"at \u2013Automatisierungstechnik"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_1_73_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMC.2020.3041231","article-title":"Survey of human\u2013robot collaboration in industrial settings: Awareness, intelligence, and compliance","volume":"51","author":"Kumar Shitij","year":"2020","unstructured":"Shitij Kumar, Celal Savur, and Ferat Sahin. 2020. Survey of human\u2013robot collaboration in industrial settings: Awareness, intelligence, and compliance. IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics: Systems 51, 1 (2020), 280\u2013297.","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics: Systems"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_74_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LRA.2019.2926963"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_75_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1518\/hfes.46.1.50.30392"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_76_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rcim.2021.102306"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_77_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2016.11.072"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_78_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3999(93)90120-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_79_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rcim.2022.102510"},{"issue":"11","key":"e_1_3_1_80_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7291","DOI":"10.1007\/s00170-022-08670-x","article-title":"Genetic algorithm-based task allocation in multiple modes of human\u2013robot collaboration systems with two cobots","volume":"119","author":"Liau Yee Yeng","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yee Yeng Liau and Kwangyeol Ryu. 2022. Genetic algorithm-based task allocation in multiple modes of human\u2013robot collaboration systems with two cobots. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology 119, 11\u201312 (2022), 7291\u20137309.","journal-title":"The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_81_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/frobt.2021.618866"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_82_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmsy.2022.10.017"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_83_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LRA.2023.3287039"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_84_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rcim.2020.101997"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_85_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s19143108"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_86_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2021.103556"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_87_2","first-page":"471","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2016 11th ACM\/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI)","author":"Lohani Monika","year":"2016","unstructured":"Monika Lohani, Charlene Stokes, Marissa McCoy, Christopher A. Bailey, and Susan E. Rivers. 2016. Social interaction moderates human-robot trust-reliance relationship and improves stress coping. In Proceedings of the 2016 11th ACM\/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI). IEEE, 471\u2013472."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_88_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2022.103832"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_1_89_2","first-page":"377","article-title":"A teleoperation framework for mobile robots based on shared control","volume":"5","author":"Luo Jing","year":"2019","unstructured":"Jing Luo, Zhidong Lin, Yanan Li, and Chenguang Yang. 2019. A teleoperation framework for mobile robots based on shared control. IEEE Robotics and Automation Letters 5, 2 (2019), 377\u2013384.","journal-title":"IEEE Robotics and Automation Letters"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_1_90_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1177\/1064804615611272","article-title":"Engineering trust in complex automated systems","volume":"24","author":"Lyons Joseph B.","year":"2016","unstructured":"Joseph B. Lyons, Kolina S. Koltai, Nhut T. Ho, Walter B. Johnson, David E. Smith, and R. Jay Shively. 2016. Engineering trust in complex automated systems. Ergonomics in Design 24, 1 (2016), 13\u201317.","journal-title":"Ergonomics in Design"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_91_2","first-page":"6","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 11th Australasian Conference on Information Systems","volume":"53","author":"Madsen Maria","year":"2000","unstructured":"Maria Madsen and Shirley Gregor. 2000. Measuring human-computer trust. In Proceedings of the 11th Australasian Conference on Information Systems, Vol. 53, Citeseer, 6\u20138."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_92_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/IR-11-2018-0231"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_93_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-018-0946-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_94_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.21236\/ADA408560","volume-title":"Assessing Situation Awareness in Field Training Exercises","author":"Matthews Michael D.","year":"2002","unstructured":"Michael D. Matthews and Scott A. Beal. 2002. Assessing Situation Awareness in Field Training Exercises. Research Report 1795. US Army Research Institute for the Behavioral and Social Sciences, 1\u201331."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_95_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rcim.2019.05.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_96_2","volume-title":"Implications of Operator Workload and System Automation Goals","author":"McCraken J.","year":"1984","unstructured":"J. McCraken and T. Aldrich. 1984. Implications of Operator Workload and System Automation Goals. Technical Report ASI-479-024-84B. U.S. Army Research Institution."},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_1_97_2","first-page":"339","article-title":"Framework for a comprehensive description and measurement of emotional states","volume":"121","author":"Mehrabian Albert","year":"1995","unstructured":"Albert Mehrabian. 1995. Framework for a comprehensive description and measurement of emotional states. Genetic, Social, and General Psychology Monographs 121, 3 (1995), 339\u2013361.","journal-title":"Genetic, Social, and General Psychology Monographs"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_98_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jlp.2018.07.010"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_1_99_2","first-page":"21","article-title":"Objective assessment of human workload in physical human-robot cooperation using brain monitoring","volume":"9","author":"Memar Amirhossein H.","year":"2019","unstructured":"Amirhossein H. Memar and Ehsan T. Esfahani. 2019. Objective assessment of human workload in physical human-robot cooperation using brain monitoring. ACM Transactions on Human-Robot Interaction 9, 2, Article 13 (Dec. 2019), 21 pages.","journal-title":"ACM Transactions on Human-Robot Interaction"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_100_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rcim.2021.102231"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_101_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SOSE55472.2022.9812694"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_102_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3319502.3374839"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_103_2","first-page":"999","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Intelligent Human Systems Integration","author":"Neubauer Catherine","year":"2020","unstructured":"Catherine Neubauer, Gregory Gremillion, Brandon S. Perelman, Claire La Fleur, Jason S. Metcalfe, and Kristin E. Schaefer. 2020. Analysis of facial expressions explain affective state and trust-based decisions during interaction with autonomy. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Intelligent Human Systems Integration. Springer, 999\u20131006."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_104_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rcim.2018.10.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_105_2","unstructured":"Albert A. Nofi. 2000. Defining and measuring shared situational awareness. Technical Report No. CRMD0002895A1."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_106_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MPRV.2005.13"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_3_1_107_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1518\/001872097778668004","article-title":"Cognitive ability determinants of elite pilot performance","volume":"39","author":"O\u2019hare David","year":"1997","unstructured":"David O\u2019hare. 1997. Cognitive ability determinants of elite pilot performance. Human Factors 39, 4 (1997), 540\u2013552.","journal-title":"Human Factors"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_108_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00170-025-15784-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_109_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12369-020-00666-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_110_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.robot.2022.104191"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_111_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/3468.844354"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_112_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rcim.2019.01.013"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_113_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCS.2015.2471056"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_114_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1511\/2001.28.344"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_115_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.promfg.2017.04.011"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_116_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SSRR.2019.8848971"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_117_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Siddharth Reddy Anca D. Dragan and Sergey Levine. 2018. Shared autonomy via deep reinforcement learning. arXiv:1802.01744. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1802.01744","DOI":"10.15607\/RSS.2018.XIV.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_118_2","unstructured":"Zahra Rezaei Khavas. 2021. A review on trust in human-robot interaction. arXiv: arXiv:2105.10045. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2105.10045"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_119_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICRA.2019.8794288"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_120_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-61380-8_37","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Intelligent Systems (BRACIS \u201920)","author":"Rodrigues Clarissa","year":"2020","unstructured":"Clarissa Rodrigues, William R. Fr\u00f6hlich, Amanda G. Jabroski, Sandro J. Rigo, Andreia Rodrigues, and Elisa Kern de Castro. 2020. Evaluating a new approach to data fusion in wearable physiological sensors for stress monitoring. In Proceedings of the Intelligent Systems (BRACIS \u201920). Springer-Verlag, 544\u2013557."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_121_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2017.12.006","article-title":"The low-event task subjective situation awareness (LETSSA) technique: Development and evaluation of a new subjective measure of situation awareness","volume":"68","author":"Rose Janette","year":"2018","unstructured":"Janette Rose, Chris Bearman, and Jillian Dorrian. 2018. The low-event task subjective situation awareness (LETSSA) technique: Development and evaluation of a new subjective measure of situation awareness. Applied Ergonomics 68 (2018), 273\u2013282.","journal-title":"Applied Ergonomics"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_122_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0077714"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_123_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4899-7668-0_10","volume-title":"Robust Intelligence and Trust in Autonomous Systems","author":"Schaefer Kristin E.","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kristin E. Schaefer. 2016. Measuring trust in human robot interactions: Development of the \u201ctrust perception scale-HRI\u201d. In Robust Intelligence and Trust in Autonomous Systems. Springer, 191\u2013218."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_124_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/HICSS.2003.1174284"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_125_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/frobt.2016.00057"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_126_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3415247"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_127_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LRA.2021.3100603"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_128_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rcim.2022.102432"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_129_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s21010200"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_130_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21236\/ADA057655"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_131_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SOSE55472.2022.9812641"},{"issue":"12","key":"e_1_3_1_132_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm7120510","article-title":"The effect of mental fatigue on cognitive and aerobic performance in adolescent active endurance athletes: Insights from a randomized counterbalanced, cross-over trial","volume":"7","author":"Slimani Maamer","year":"2018","unstructured":"Maamer Slimani, Hela Znazen, Nicola Luigi Bragazzi, Mohamed Sami Zguira, and David Tod. 2018. The effect of mental fatigue on cognitive and aerobic performance in adolescent active endurance athletes: Insights from a randomized counterbalanced, cross-over trial. Journal of Clinical Medicine 7, 12 (2018), 510.","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Medicine"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_133_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Karthik Subramanian Saurav Singh Justin Namba Jamison Heard Christopher Kanan and Ferat Sahin. 2023. Spatial and temporal attention-based emotion estimation on HRI-AVC dataset. arXiv:2310.12887. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2310.12887","DOI":"10.1109\/SMC53992.2023.10394066"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_134_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s43154-020-00019-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_135_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rcim.2018.08.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_136_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s42256-020-00280-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_137_2","first-page":"3072","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2015 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics","author":"Trautman Pete","year":"2015","unstructured":"Pete Trautman. 2015. Assistive planning in complex, dynamic environments: A probabilistic approach. In Proceedings of the 2015 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics. IEEE, 3072\u20133078."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_138_2","first-page":"263","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Companion of the 2018 ACM\/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction","author":"Ullman Daniel","year":"2018","unstructured":"Daniel Ullman and Bertram F. Malle. 2018. What does it mean to trust a robot? Steps toward a multidimensional measure of trust. In Proceedings of the Companion of the 2018 ACM\/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction, 263\u2013264."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_139_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3319502.3374779"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_140_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/HUMANOIDS.2018.8625004"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_141_2","first-page":"1307","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Human Factors Society Annual Meeting","volume":"35","author":"Vidulich Michael A.","year":"1991","unstructured":"Michael A. Vidulich and Edward R. Hughes. 1991. Testing a subjective metric of situation awareness. In Proceedings of the Human Factors Society Annual Meeting, Vol. 35. SAGE Publications Sage CA, Los Angeles, CA, 1307\u20131311."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_142_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3610977.3634981"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_143_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aisy.202300359"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_144_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.98.2.219"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_145_2","volume-title":"An Introduction to Human Factors Engineering","author":"Wickens Christopher D.","year":"2004","unstructured":"Christopher D. Wickens, Sallie E. Gordon, Yili Liu, and J. Lee. 2004. An Introduction to Human Factors Engineering, Vol. 2. Pearson Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle, River, NJ."},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_1_146_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1109\/THMS.2019.2925717","article-title":"Agent transparency and reliability in human\u2013robot interaction: The influence on user confidence and perceived reliability","volume":"50","author":"Wright Julia L.","year":"2019","unstructured":"Julia L. Wright, Jessie Y. C. Chen, and Shan G. Lakhmani. 2019. Agent transparency and reliability in human\u2013robot interaction: The influence on user confidence and perceived reliability. IEEE Transactions on Human-Machine Systems 50, 3 (2019), 254\u2013263.","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Human-Machine Systems"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_147_2","first-page":"7923","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2023 IEEE\/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS)","author":"Xia Jingkang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Jingkang Xia, Kithmi N. D. Widanage, Ruiqing Zhang, Rizuwana Parween, Hareesh Godaba, Nicolas Herzig, Romeo Glovnea, Deqing Huang, and Yanan Li. 2023. Human-robot collaboration for unknown flexible surface exploration and treatment based on mesh iterative learning control. In Proceedings of the 2023 IEEE\/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS). IEEE, 7923\u20137930."},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_3_1_148_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1754","DOI":"10.1177\/00187208231177574","article-title":"Improving workers\u2019 musculoskeletal health during human-robot collaboration through reinforcement learning","volume":"66","author":"Xie Ziyang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ziyang Xie, Lu, Lu Hanwen Wang, Bingyi Su, Yunan Liu, and Xu, Xu. 2024. Improving workers\u2019 musculoskeletal health during human-robot collaboration through reinforcement learning. Human Factors 66, 6 (2024), 1754\u20131769.","journal-title":"Human Factors"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_149_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12369-012-0144-0"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_1_150_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1109\/THMS.2021.3131684","article-title":"A review of human\u2013machine cooperation in the robotics doma","volume":"52","author":"Yang Canjun","year":"2021","unstructured":"Canjun Yang, Yuanchao Zhu, and Yanhu Chen. 2021. A review of human\u2013machine cooperation in the robotics doma. IEEE Transactions on Human-Machine Systems 52, 1 (2021), 12\u201325.","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Human-Machine Systems"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_151_2","first-page":"354","volume-title":"Robotics: Science and Systems","author":"You Erkang","year":"2012","unstructured":"Erkang You and Kris Hauser. 2012. Assisted teleoperation strategies for aggressively controlling a robot arm with 2D input. In Robotics: Science and Systems. Hugh Durrant-Whyte, Nicholas Roy, Pieter Abbeel (Eds.), Vol. 7, MIT Press USA, 354\u2013361."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_152_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmsy.2025.02.015"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_153_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11432-019-2748-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_154_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rcim.2021.102227"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_155_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1177\/0018720820969071","article-title":"Physiological measurements of situation awareness: A systematic review","volume":"65","author":"Zhang Tian","year":"2023","unstructured":"Tian Zhang, Jing Yang, Nade Liang, Brandon Pitts, Kwaku Prakah-Asante, Reates Curry, Bradley Duerstock, Juan P. Wachs, and Denny Yu. 2023. Physiological measurements of situation awareness: A systematic review. Human Factors 65 (2023), 737\u2013758.","journal-title":"Human Factors"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_156_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3706598.3713780"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_1_157_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejor.2017.12.008","article-title":"Evaluating battery charging and swapping strategies in a robotic mobile fulfillment system","volume":"267","author":"Zou Bipan","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bipan Zou, Xianhao Xu, Yeming (Yale) Gong, and Ren\u00e9 De Koster. 2018. Evaluating battery charging and swapping strategies in a robotic mobile fulfillment system. European Journal of Operational Research 267, 2 (2018), 733\u2013753.","journal-title":"European Journal of Operational Research"}],"container-title":["ACM Transactions on Human-Robot Interaction"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3776548","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]],"date-time":"2026-01-19T15:05:24Z","timestamp":1768835124000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3776548"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]]},"references-count":156,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3776548"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3776548","relation":{},"ISSN":["2573-9522"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2573-9522","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-09-17","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-10-29","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-01-19","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}