{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T07:48:30Z","timestamp":1776844110208,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"2","funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Government of India","award":["DST\/INT\/USA\/NSF-DST\/Debasis\/P-13\/2024 (G)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DST\/INT\/USA\/NSF-DST\/Debasis\/P-13\/2024 (G)"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Trans. Cyber-Phys. Syst."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Vehicle platooning has emerged as a prominent Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) application due to its promise toward enabling high-speed movement of Connected Autonomous Vehicle (CAV) fleets in a close formation. This close formation is usually associated with stringent constraints such as a short and strictly bounded safety gaps between consecutive platoon vehicles. In order to meet these stringent specifications, CAV fleets critically depend on the underlying platoon communication protocols, which are vulnerable to various types of attacks that may be launched by an attacker. For instance, a common attack, namely False Data Injection (FDI) attack, can potentially disrupt and destabilize a platoon\u2019s close formation by causing collisions among platoon vehicles, or causing potential traffic disruption due to platoon slowdown, thus making the platoon\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">unsafe<\/jats:italic>\n                    . One mechanism for mitigating an FDI attack can be the placement of uniformly separated Road-Side Units (RSUs) along the path of a vehicle platoon. The RSUs can act as the root of trust to detect and mitigate attack attempts. However, frequent RSU placements over a path can lead to prohibitive deployment costs. In this work, we first formulate a constraint optimization problem which aims to minimize RSU deployments along a path (by maximizing the inter-RSU distance), while ensuring that the safety of a platoon under a given FDI attack scenario is guaranteed. Our methodology outputs an RSU placement solution such that the worst-case attack (which spans the entire inter-RSU blind spot) is unable to violate the safety guarantee of the platoon. A platoon\u2019s robustness, in the presence of state-of-the-art attack detectors and trusted RSUs, is defined by its resilience against possible stealthy FDI attacks in the inter-RSU blind spots. We leverage this concept and propose a novel SMT-based hierarchical solution strategy. Our method iteratively hypothesizes an inter-RSU distance and formally checks the safety of the resulting platooning solution against possible attack scenarios. The process terminates when the RSU deployment spacings can no longer be relaxed without violating safety constraints. We motivate this work through simulations in PLEXE. Our experimental results demonstrate that the method is able to minimize RSU deployments while preserving safety, under diverse real-world highway platooning scenarios.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3777458","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,18]],"date-time":"2025-11-18T15:39:51Z","timestamp":1763480391000},"page":"1-30","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["RSU Placement Optimization for Securing Vehicle Platoon against False Injection Attacks"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-3942-1830","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anik","family":"Roy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Technology Development Centre, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9033-3295","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ipsita","family":"Koley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computer Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2882-8702","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sunandan","family":"Adhikary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computer Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5930-2180","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arnab","family":"Sarkar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Technology Development Centre, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9329-6389","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Soumyajit","family":"Dey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computer Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_1_2_2","volume-title":"Information Technology\u2014trusted Platform Module Library\u2014part 1: Architecture (ISO\/IEC 11889-1:2015)","author":"International Organization for Standardization","year":"2015","unstructured":"International Organization for Standardization. 2015. 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