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Storage"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Modern data-intensive applications increasingly demand efficient and scalable file systems that can operate across distributed and cross-domain environments. However, existing file systems are inefficient in metadata management, synchronization efficiency, and system scalability under high-concurrency and metadata-intensive workloads in cross-domain environments. To address these challenges, this article introduces CrossFS (CFS), a cross-domain distributed file system that enhances consistency guarantees and metadata indexing. Specifically, CFS leverages conflict-free replicated data types (CRDTs) to synchronize metadata, achieving strong eventual consistency with minimal synchronization overhead, even across network partitions. Furthermore, CFS employs a Hybrid Tree indexing structure, tailored for distributed environments, which optimizes metadata operations by reducing query latency by up to 33.4% and write amplification by 30.7%. Additionally, CFS achieves adaptive caching strategies and a hybrid synchronization model that effectively balances consistency latency with data availability. Extensive evaluations show that CFS outperforms CephFS and GlusterFS, achieving up to 33.9% higher metadata throughput, 36% lower latency, and 42% better data operation efficiency.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3777470","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,20]],"date-time":"2025-11-20T11:21:06Z","timestamp":1763637666000},"page":"1-25","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["CrossFS: Improving Cross-Domain File System Performance with CRDT-Based Metadata Synchronization"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3733-5456","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qiwen","family":"Ke","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Informatics, Xiamen University","place":["Xiamen, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3971-3123","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yina","family":"Lv","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Informatics, Xiamen University","place":["Xiamen, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8245-8346","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhihao","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Informatics, Xiamen University","place":["Xiamen, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2673-5868","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhirong","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Informatics, Xiamen University","place":["Xiamen, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9865-2212","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yue","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Peng Cheng Laboratory","place":["Shenzhen, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-0356-4227","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hailiang","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National University of Defense Technology","place":["Changsha, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4085-8437","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhenlong","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National University of Defense Technology","place":["Changsha, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3622-1772","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xinbiao","family":"Gan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National University of Defense Technology","place":["Changsha, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8963-2535","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiaxin","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NUDT","place":["Changsha, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9743-2034","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dongsheng","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer, National University of Defense Technology","place":["Changsha, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5780-7900","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xin","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Huawei Theory Lab","place":["Hong Kong, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-5548-6324","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Meiling","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Huawei Theory Lab","place":["Shenzhen, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6450-8485","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yiming","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University","place":["Shanghai, China"]},{"name":"Peng Cheng Laboratory","place":["Shanghai, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_1_2_2","unstructured":"Mehdi Ahmed-Nacer St\u00e9phane Martin and Pascal Urso. 2012. 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