{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T01:57:48Z","timestamp":1773367068709,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":220,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"1","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001459","name":"Ministry of Education, Singapore","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["A-8002610"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["A-8002610"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001459","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"NUS Artificial Intelligence Institute","award":["A-8003879"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["A-8003879"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Trans. Comput.-Hum. Interact."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Qualitative coding is a demanding yet crucial research method in the field of Human\u2013Computer Interaction (HCI). While recent studies have shown the capability of Large Language Models (LLMs) to perform qualitative coding within theoretical frameworks, their potential for collaborative human-LLM discovery and generation of new insights beyond initial theory remains underexplored. To bridge this gap, we proposed\n                    <jats:monospace>CHALET<\/jats:monospace>\n                    , a novel approach that harnesses the power of human-LLM partnership to advance theory-driven qualitative analysis by facilitating iterative coding, disagreement analysis, and conceptualization of qualitative data. We demonstrated\n                    <jats:monospace>CHALET<\/jats:monospace>\n                    \u2019s utility by applying it to the qualitative analysis of conversations related to mental-illness stigma, using the attribution model as the theoretical framework. Results highlighted the unique contribution of human-LLM collaboration in uncovering latent themes of stigma across the cognitive, emotional, and behavioral dimensions. We discuss the methodological implications of the human-LLM collaborative approach to theory-based qualitative analysis for the HCI community and beyond.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3778354","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,27]],"date-time":"2025-11-27T15:17:47Z","timestamp":1764256667000},"page":"1-51","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Exploring the Human-LLM Synergy in Advancing Theory-driven Qualitative Analysis"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"33","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-2318-3639","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Han","family":"Meng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-7530-2116","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yitian","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-4947-0045","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wayne","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Amazon Research, Amazon.com, Inc., Seattle, Washington, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8243-0543","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jungup","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Social Work, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-6162-4172","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yunan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5484-6066","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yi-Chieh","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12909-024-05316-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511814570.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-69746-3_2"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICMLA58977.2023.00089"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.japh.2023.06.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mar.21699"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MIS.2023.3254179"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_2","volume-title":"Human-Centered Data Science: An Introduction","author":"Aragon Cecilia","year":"2022","unstructured":"Cecilia Aragon, Shion Guha, Marina Kogan, Michael Muller, and Gina Neff. 2022. Human-Centered Data Science: An Introduction. MIT Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ps.54.1.116"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/17503"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Julian Ashwin Aditya Chhabra and Vijayendra Rao. 2023. Using Large Language Models for Qualitative Analysis can Introduce Serious Bias. Policy Research Working Paper Series 10597. The World Bank. Retrieved from https:\/\/ideas.repec.org\/p\/wbk\/wbrwps\/10597.html","DOI":"10.1596\/1813-9450-10597"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_14_2","first-page":"105","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Conference on MAchine inTelligence for Research and Innovations","author":"Azad Satyajeet","year":"2023","unstructured":"Satyajeet Azad. 2023. The effectiveness of GPT-4 as financial news annotator versus human annotator in improving the accuracy and performance of sentiment analysis. In Proceedings of the International Conference on MAchine inTelligence for Research and Innovations. Springer, 105\u2013119."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2854946.2854960"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1978822.1978833"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_17_2","unstructured":"Muneera Bano Didar Zowghi and Jon Whittle. 2023. Exploring qualitative research using LLMs. arXiv:2306.13298. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2306.13298"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/j.ctv12101zq"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-64299-9_10"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S2045796019000763"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2053951717718854"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2559206.2559224"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3025453.3025740"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/asi.23786"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3660344"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3313831.3376883"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/59050"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/00491241221123088"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ejsp.2706"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_30_2","volume-title":"Transforming Qualitative Information: Thematic Analysis and Code Development","author":"Boyatzis Richard E.","year":"1998","unstructured":"Richard E. Boyatzis. 1998. Transforming Qualitative Information: Thematic Analysis and Code Development. Sage Publications, Inc., Thousand Oaks."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0261927X20967028"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_32_2","first-page":"1877","article-title":"Language models are few-shot learners","volume":"33","author":"Brown Tom","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tom Brown, Benjamin Mann, Nick Ryder, Melanie Subbiah, Jared D. Kaplan, Prafulla Dhariwal, Arvind Neelakantan, Pranav Shyam, Girish Sastry, Amanda Askell, et al. 2020. Language models are few-shot learners. In Proceedings of the Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, Vol. 33, 1877\u20131901.","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-65735-1_19"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bdm.2155"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_4_35_2","first-page":"3","article-title":"Feminism and the subversion of identity","volume":"3","author":"Judith Butler and Gender Trouble","year":"1990","unstructured":"Judith Butler and Gender Trouble. 1990. Feminism and the subversion of identity. Gender Trouble 3, 1 (1990), 3\u201317.","journal-title":"Gender Trouble"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1748-5908-7-37"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3544548.3580959"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3267305.3274191"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/j.ctvzgb88s"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_40_2","unstructured":"Robert Chew John Bollenbacher Michael Wenger Jessica Speer and Annice Kim. 2023. LLM-assisted content analysis: Using large language models to support deductive coding. arXiv:2306.14924. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2306.14924"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3290607.3312879"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3411764.3445706"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19312458.2020.1803247"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/16094069231160973"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1353\/wp.1996.0023"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Patricia Hill Collins. 2022. Black Feminist Thought: Knowledge Consciousness and the Politics of Empowerment. Routledge.","DOI":"10.4324\/9781003245650-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_47_2","unstructured":"Patrick W. Corrigan. 2008. A Toolkit for Evaluating Programs Meant to Erase the Stigma of Mental Illness. Draft. Illinois Institute of Technology. Retrieved from https:\/\/montefioreeinstein.org\/documents\/Evaluating-Programs-Meant-to-Erase-the-Stigma-of-Mental-Illness.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1519806"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_4_49_2","first-page":"139","article-title":"Demarginalizing the intersection of race and sex: A black feminist critique of antidiscrimination doctrine, feminist theory and antiracist politics","volume":"1989","author":"Crenshaw Kimberl\u00e9","year":"1989","unstructured":"Kimberl\u00e9 Crenshaw. 1989. Demarginalizing the intersection of race and sex: A black feminist critique of antidiscrimination doctrine, feminist theory and antiracist politics. University of Chicago Legal Forum 1989, 1 (1989), 139\u2013167. Retrieved from https:\/\/chicagounbound.uchicago.edu\/uclf\/vol1989\/iss1\/8","journal-title":"University of Chicago Legal Forum"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/meet.14504701328"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2023.findings-emnlp.669"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3613904.3642669"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/08944393231220483"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/59641"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s44159-023-00241-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/160940691301200137"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2023.04.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_58_2","unstructured":"Qingxiu Dong Lei Li Damai Dai Ce Zheng Zhiyong Wu Baobao Chang Xu Sun Jingjing Xu and Zhifang Sui. 2022. A survey on in-context learning. arXiv:2301.00234. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2301.00234"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1348\/000712610X503339"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2370216.2370238"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jakub Dr\u00e1pal Hannes Westermann and Jaromir Savelka. 2023. Using large language models to support thematic analysis in empirical legal studies. arXiv:2310.18729. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2310.18729","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.4617116"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/frai.2024.1365508"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_63_2","unstructured":"Zackary Okun Dunivin. 2024. Scalable qualitative coding with LLMs: Chain-of-thought reasoning matches human performance in some hermeneutic tasks. arXiv:2401.15170. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2401.15170"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.poetic.2020.101527"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/231294"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_66_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IEMCON51383.2020.9284846"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_67_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3134678"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_68_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apnu.2022.09.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_69_2","unstructured":"Frantz Fanon. 2008. Black Skin White Masks. Grove Press New York."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_70_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/160940690600500107"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_71_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3479856"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_72_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/209351"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_73_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/51069"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_74_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.4487768"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_75_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Jie Gao Kenny Tsu Wei Choo Junming Cao Roy Ka-Wei Lee and Simon Perrault. 2023. CoAIcoder: Examining the effectiveness of AI-assisted human-to-human collaboration in qualitative analysis. ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction 31 1 (Nov. 2023) 1\u201338. DOI: 10.1145\/3617362","DOI":"10.1145\/3617362"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_76_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3613904.3642002"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_77_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3544548.3581352"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_78_2","first-page":"476","volume-title":"Proceedings of the AAAI\/ACM Conference on AI, Ethics, and Society","volume":"7","author":"Ghosh Sourojit","year":"2024","unstructured":"Sourojit Ghosh, Pranav Narayanan Venkit, Sanjana Gautam, Shomir Wilson, and Aylin Caliskan. 2024. Do generative AI models output harm while representing non-western cultures: Evidence from a community-centered approach. In Proceedings of the AAAI\/ACM Conference on AI, Ethics, and Society, Vol. 7, 476\u2013489."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_79_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/sah0000471"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_80_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2305016120"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_81_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2015.07.061"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_82_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/prj0000096"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_83_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2288-14-21"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_84_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0146167297234001"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_85_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/FAIA230956"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_86_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/jmir.9702"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_87_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jamia\/ocae210"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_88_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/jmir.5391"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_89_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3411764.3445569"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_90_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13033-015-0002-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_91_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3351095.3372826"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_92_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2702123.2702561"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_93_2","first-page":"2724","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2024 Joint International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC-COLING \u201924)","author":"Hasanain Maram","year":"2024","unstructured":"Maram Hasanain, Fatema Ahmad, and Firoj Alam. 2024. Can GPT-4 identify propaganda? Annotation and detection of propaganda spans in news articles. In Proceedings of the 2024 Joint International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC-COLING \u201924). Nicoletta Calzolari, Min-Yen Kan, Veronique Hoste, Alessandro Lenci, Sakriani Sakti, and Nianwen Xue (Eds.), ELRA and ICCL, 2724\u20132744. Retrieved from https:\/\/aclanthology.org\/2024.lrec-main.244"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_94_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2024.naacl-industry.15"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_95_2","unstructured":"Zeyu He Chieh-Yang Huang Chien-Kuang Cornelia Ding Shaurya Rohatgi and Ting Hao \u2018Kenneth\u2019 Huang. 2024. If in a crowdsourced data annotation pipeline a GPT-4. arXiv:2402.16795. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2402.16795"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_96_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/20531680241236239"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_97_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/FIE58773.2023.10342985"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_98_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.31234\/osf.io\/qnjkf"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_99_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.34293\/education.v8i4.3232"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_100_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3526113.3545681"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_101_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3636555.3636910"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_102_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3543873.3587368"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_103_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2321321121"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_104_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1753326.1753522"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_105_2","unstructured":"Tunazzina Islam and Dan Goldwasser. 2024. Uncovering latent themes of messaging on social media by integrating LLMs: A case study on climate campaigns. arXiv:2403.10707. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2403.10707"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_106_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Jacinta Jardine Camille Nadal Sarah Robinson Angel Enrique Marcus Hanratty and Gavin Doherty. 2024. Between rhetoric and reality: Real-world barriers to uptake and early engagement in digital mental health interventions. ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction 31 2 Article 27 (Feb. 2024) 59 pages. DOI: 10.1145\/3635472","DOI":"10.1145\/3635472"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_107_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3449168"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_108_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3491102.3502206"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_109_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0047281616653489"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_110_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/BigData59044.2023.10386425"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_111_2","unstructured":"Awais Hameed Khan Hiruni Kegalle Rhea D\u2019Silva Ned Watt Daniel Whelan-Shamy Lida Ghahremanlou and Liam Magee. 2024. Automating thematic analysis: How LLMs analyse controversial topics. arXiv:2405.06919. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2405.06919"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_112_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3313831.3376743"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_113_2","unstructured":"Elisabeth Kirsten Annalina Buckmann Abraham Mhaidli and Steffen Becker. 2024. Decoding complexity: Exploring human-AI concordance in qualitative coding. arXiv:2403.06607. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2403.06607"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_114_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11186-020-09404-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_115_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0022022119901297"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_116_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/make5030059"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_117_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3613904.3642830"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_118_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-805390-4.00011-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_119_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/54974"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_120_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3544548.3581384"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_121_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3313831.3376175"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_122_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1609406919887021"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_123_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/fmch-2021-001287"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_124_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/appy.12314"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_125_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3313831.3376209"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_126_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3706598.3713336"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_127_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3115\/v1\/W14-2513"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_128_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.schbul.a007098"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_129_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0307741"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_130_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.22318\/cscl2024.352932"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_131_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2022.acl-long.556"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_132_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2023.emnlp-main.697"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_133_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3639233.3639353"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_134_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.techfore.2021.121390"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_135_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3173574.3173922"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_136_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.leaqua.2007.09.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_137_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0327(01)00470-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_138_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmpb.2024.108356"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_139_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3359174"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_140_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3706599.3707609"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_141_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2025.acl-long.272"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_142_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3706598.3714255"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_143_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-024-07146-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_144_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2392365"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_145_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3544548.3581225"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_146_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/16094069231211248"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_147_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2957276.2957280"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_148_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-018-0522-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_149_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2024.3402809"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_150_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0049124117729703"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_151_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0049124118769114"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_152_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4135\/9781071802878"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_153_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11135-025-02165-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_154_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/xge0000263"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_155_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-62700-2_4"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_156_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/10506519241239927"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_157_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.590844"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_158_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3635143"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_159_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3589335.3651230"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_4_160_2","first-page":"390","article-title":"The use of generative AI in qualitative analysis: Inductive thematic analysis with ChatGPT","volume":"7","author":"Perkins Mike","year":"2024","unstructured":"Mike Perkins and Jasper Roe. 2024. The use of generative AI in qualitative analysis: Inductive thematic analysis with ChatGPT. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 7, 1 (2024), 390\u2013395.","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_161_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/pnasnexus\/pgae231"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_162_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-56060-6_15"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_163_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"James Prather Brent N. Reeves Paul Denny Brett A. Becker Juho Leinonen Andrew Luxton-Reilly Garrett Powell James Finnie-Ansley and Eddie Antonio Santos. 2023. \u201cIt\u2019s weird that it knows what I want\u201d: Usability and interactions with copilot for novice programmers. ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction 31 1 Article 4 (Nov. 2023) 31 pages. DOI: 10.1145\/3617367","DOI":"10.1145\/3617367"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_164_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/15586898221126816"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_165_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3613904.3642813"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_166_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2023.clinicalnlp-1.41"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_167_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2308950121"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_168_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICMLA58977.2023.00229"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_169_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Michael V. Reiss. 2023. Testing the reliability of ChatGPT for text annotation and classification: A cautionary remark. arXiv:2304.11085. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2304.11085","DOI":"10.31219\/osf.io\/rvy5p"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_170_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2021.107034"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_171_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1123\/jtpe.2017-0084"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_172_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 41st International Conference on Information Systems (ICIS \u201920)","author":"Rietz Tim","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tim Rietz and Alexander Maedche. 2020. Towards the design of an interactive machine learning system for qualitative coding. In Proceedings of the 41st International Conference on Information Systems (ICIS \u201920)."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_173_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3411764.3445591"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_174_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0193-953X(01)00014-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_175_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2024.law-1.10"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_4_176_2","first-page":"162","article-title":"Orientalism","volume":"31","author":"Said Edward W.","year":"1977","unstructured":"Edward W. Said. 1977. Orientalism. The Georgia Review 31, 1 (1977), 162\u2013206.","journal-title":"The Georgia Review"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_177_2","volume-title":"The Coding Manual for Qualitative Researchers","author":"Saldana Johnny","year":"2016","unstructured":"Johnny Saldana. 2016. The Coding Manual for Qualitative Researchers (3rd ed.). Sage Publications, Inc., London.","edition":"3"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_178_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2023.1279317"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_179_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Corina Sas Steve Whittaker and John Zimmerman. 2016. Design for rituals of letting go: An embodiment perspective on disposal practices informed by grief therapy. ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction 23 4 Article 21 (Aug. 2016) 37 pages. DOI: 10.1145\/2926714","DOI":"10.1145\/2926714"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_180_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/frai.2023.1279794"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_181_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3706598.3713120"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_182_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.9707\/2307-0919.1116"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_183_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2017.03.071"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_184_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Learning Representations","author":"Sharma Mrinank","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mrinank Sharma, Meg Tong, Tomasz Korbak, David Duvenaud, Amanda Askell, Samuel R. Bowman, Esin Durmus, Zac Hatfield-Dodds, Scott R. Johnston, Shauna M. Kravec, et al. 2023. Towards understanding sycophancy in language models. In Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Learning Representations."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_185_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3600211.3604673"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_186_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-40113-8_9"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_187_2","unstructured":"Satpreet Harcharan Singh Kevin Jiang Kanchan Bhasin Ashutosh Sabharwal Nidal Moukaddam and Ankit B. Patel. 2024. RACER: An LLM-powered methodology for scalable analysis of semi-structured mental health interviews. arXiv:2402.02656. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2402.02656"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_188_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3663433.3663456"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_189_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3633200"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_190_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/NMD.0000000000000056"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_191_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.62.4.271"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_192_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2023.107713"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_193_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2023.findings-emnlp.603"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_194_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3465416.3483305"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_195_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4135\/9781526435477"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_196_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/16094069241231168"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_197_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mariska E. Te Pas Werner G. M. M. Rutten R. Arthur Bouwman and Marc P. Buise. 2020. User experience of a chatbot questionnaire versus a regular computer questionnaire: Prospective comparative study. JMIR Medical Informatics 8 12 (Dec. 2020) e21982. DOI: 10.2196\/21982","DOI":"10.2196\/21982"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_198_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-48044-7_26"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_199_2","unstructured":"Maya Grace Torii Takahito Murakami and Yoichi Ochiai. 2024. Expanding horizons in HCI research through LLM-driven qualitative analysis. arXiv:2401.04138. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2401.04138"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_200_2","unstructured":"Hugo Touvron Louis Martin Kevin Stone Peter Albert Amjad Almahairi Yasmine Babaei Nikolay Bashlykov Soumya Batra Prajjwal Bhargava Shruti Bhosale et al. 2023. Llama 2: Open foundation and fine-tuned chat models. arXiv:2307.09288. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2307.09288"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_201_2","volume-title":"Qualitative Research Methods: Collecting Evidence, Crafting Analysis, Communicating Impact","author":"Sarah J. Tracy","year":"2024","unstructured":"J. Tracy Sarah. 2024. Qualitative Research Methods: Collecting Evidence, Crafting Analysis, Communicating Impact. John Wiley & Sons."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_202_2","unstructured":"Aleksei Turobov Diane Coyle and Verity Harding. 2024. Using ChatGPT for thematic analysis. arXiv:2405.08828. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2405.08828"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_203_2","unstructured":"Petter T\u00f6rnberg. 2024. Best practices for text annotation with large language models. arXiv.2402.05129. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2402.05129"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_204_2","first-page":"298","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 15th International Joint Conference on Knowledge Discovery, Knowledge Engineering and Knowledge Management (IC3K \u201923)\u2014Volume 1: KDIR","author":"Hande Aka Uymaz","year":"2023","unstructured":"Aka Uymaz Hande and Senem Kumova Metin. 2023. Collaborative emotion annotation: Assessing the intersection of human and AI performance with GPT models. In Proceedings of the 15th International Joint Conference on Knowledge Discovery, Knowledge Engineering and Knowledge Management (IC3K \u201923)\u2014Volume 1: KDIR, 298\u2013305."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_205_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2022.105020"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_206_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3411764.3445221"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_207_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/21501378.2020.1846992"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_208_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3290605.3300922"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_209_2","first-page":"24824","article-title":"Chain-of-thought prompting elicits reasoning in large language models","volume":"35","author":"Wei Jason","year":"2022","unstructured":"Jason Wei, Xuezhi Wang, Dale Schuurmans, Maarten Bosma, Fei Xia, Ed Chi, Quoc V. Le, and Denny Zhou. 2022. Chain-of-thought prompting elicits reasoning in large language models. In Proceedings of the Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, Vol. 35, 24824\u201324837.","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_210_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sijia Xiao Shagun Jhaver and Niloufar Salehi. 2023. Addressing interpersonal harm in online gaming communities: The opportunities and challenges for a restorative justice approach. ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction 30 6 Article 83 (Sept. 2023) 36. pages. DOI: 10.1145\/3603625","DOI":"10.1145\/3603625"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_211_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3581754.3584136"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_212_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3313831.3376131"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_213_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1609406920918810"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_214_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the IConference 2014","author":"Suet Yan Jasy Liew","year":"2014","unstructured":"Jasy Liew Suet Yan, Nancy McCracken, and Kevin Crowston. 2014. Semi-automatic content analysis of qualitative data. In Proceedings of the IConference 2014."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_215_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3613905.3650732"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_216_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3173574.3173733"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_217_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-47014-1_32"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_218_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2024.naacl-srw.26"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_219_2","unstructured":"Lishan Zhang Han Wu Xiaoshan Huang Tengfei Duan and Hanxiang Du. 2024. Automatic deductive coding in discourse analysis: An application of large language models in learning analytics. arXiv:2410.01240. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2410.01240"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_220_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3706598.3713429"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_221_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/coli_a_00502"}],"container-title":["ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3778354","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T13:49:36Z","timestamp":1773323376000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3778354"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]]},"references-count":220,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3778354"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3778354","relation":{},"ISSN":["1073-0516","1557-7325"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1073-0516","type":"print"},{"value":"1557-7325","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-11-26","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-11-02","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-02-25","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}