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Instead, we have primarily measured perceived trustworthiness (often as a proxy for trust) and assumed that it accurately predicts behavior or is satisfactory as an end goal. In addition, many experimental paradigms fail to account for the critical elements of risk and vulnerability that are essential for trust to guide behavior. With this position paper, we aim to shed light on these \u201ctrust issues\u201d in HRI and to improve the HRI community\u2019s approach by providing suggestions for enhancing the quality of future research.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3778865","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,2]],"date-time":"2025-12-02T14:29:54Z","timestamp":1764685794000},"page":"1-19","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Trust(worthiness) Issues with Trust in Human\u2013Robot Interaction"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2086-774X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Linda","family":"Onnasch","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychology of Action and Automation, Technische Universit\u00e4t Berlin, Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7243-4882","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eileen","family":"Roesler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1410-2601","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lionel P.","family":"Robert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9238-9081","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ewart","family":"De Visser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"US Air Force Academy, Colorado Springs, Colorado, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_1_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0749-5978(91)90020-T"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-819472-0.00007-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/0144929X.2024.2316284"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/HRI61500.2025.10974183"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LRA.2018.2856272"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1463922X.2023.2223251"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSMC.2011.6084051"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3434073.3444656"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12369-018-0495-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_11_2","first-page":"106480462211301","article-title":"Trust is not a virtue: Why we should not trust trust","author":"Bolton Matthew L.","year":"2022","unstructured":"Matthew L. 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