{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T20:14:32Z","timestamp":1773951272552,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"2","funder":[{"name":"Agency for Defense Development, Republic of Korea","award":["U22051XF"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U22051XF"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Trans. Intell. Syst. Technol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Mission Impact Assessment (MIA) is critical for enhancing system effectiveness and ensuring mission success. This article presents Interdependent Mission Impact Assessment (\n                    <jats:monospace>iMIA<\/jats:monospace>\n                    ), an interdependent MIA framework that models relationships among mission components and enables probabilistic reasoning under uncertainty. Designed for AI-driven mission systems operating in dynamic, low-data, or poorly observable environments,\n                    <jats:monospace>iMIA<\/jats:monospace>\n                    addresses the limitations of traditional methods that often rely on overly confident assumptions about adversary behavior. While conventional Hypergame Theory (HGT) captures perceptual uncertainty from asymmetric or inaccurate views, it overlooks epistemic uncertainty arising from limited knowledge. To bridge this gap, we introduce a hybrid Subjective Logic (SL)-based HGT model (SLHG), integrating SL to represent epistemic uncertainty and HGT to account for misperceptions. This integration supports informed decision-making under both uncertain strategy beliefs and divergent environmental views.\n                    <jats:monospace>iMIA<\/jats:monospace>\n                    evaluates mission impact using multidimensional system quality metrics, security, trust, resilience, and agility, across diverse attacker\u2013defender interactions. It identifies critical nodes influencing mission outcomes and quantifies performance gains from asset capacity reinforcement and asset vulnerability mitigation. Applied to a vehicle-assisted AI-based mission system,\n                    <jats:monospace>iMIA<\/jats:monospace>\n                    with SLHG improves performance by 16% in\n                    <jats:inline-formula content-type=\"math\/tex\">\n                      <jats:tex-math notation=\"LaTeX\" version=\"MathJax\">\\(ASR\\)<\/jats:tex-math>\n                    <\/jats:inline-formula>\n                    , 20% in\n                    <jats:inline-formula content-type=\"math\/tex\">\n                      <jats:tex-math notation=\"LaTeX\" version=\"MathJax\">\\(MTBF\\)<\/jats:tex-math>\n                    <\/jats:inline-formula>\n                    , 11% in\n                    <jats:inline-formula content-type=\"math\/tex\">\n                      <jats:tex-math notation=\"LaTeX\" version=\"MathJax\">\\(TSA\\)<\/jats:tex-math>\n                    <\/jats:inline-formula>\n                    , and 14% in\n                    <jats:inline-formula content-type=\"math\/tex\">\n                      <jats:tex-math notation=\"LaTeX\" version=\"MathJax\">\\(P_{ACC}\\)<\/jats:tex-math>\n                    <\/jats:inline-formula>\n                    . Designed for incremental development,\n                    <jats:monospace>iMIA<\/jats:monospace>\n                    supports continuous feedback and iterative refinement. Our results show that feedback-driven adjustments improve overall system performance by up to 18% in the accuracy performance.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3779065","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,12]],"date-time":"2026-01-12T14:51:29Z","timestamp":1768229489000},"page":"1-26","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["iMIA: Assessing Mission Risk in Uncertain, Interdependent AI Systems"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-0499-1245","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Han Jun","family":"Yoon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Virginia Tech, Arlington, Virginia, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9977-0050","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ashrith Reddy","family":"Thukkaraju","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5908-4662","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jin-Hee","family":"Cho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2589-1738","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shou","family":"Matsumoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0146-8345","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jair","family":"Ferrari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8280-1551","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paulo","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6809-4371","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Donghwan","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Agency for Defense Development, Songpa-gu, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2976-0612","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Myung Kil","family":"Ahn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Agency for Defense Development, Songpa-gu, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Christopher J. 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