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Surv."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The growing demand for marine exploration, environmental monitoring, and autonomous underwater operations has elevated the role of underwater image processing in both research and practical applications. However, the acquisition and transmission of underwater visual data are fundamentally constrained by the harsh aquatic environment, where factors such as limited bandwidth, strong light scattering, color distortion, and complex noise severely degrade image quality and restrict data throughput. These challenges not only hinder real-time perception and decision-making but also affect the efficiency of data-driven tasks such as mapping, object recognition, and navigation. To address these issues, a broad spectrum of underwater image processing methods has emerged, aiming to enhance visual clarity, compress data for efficient transmission, restore degraded signals, and enable accurate scene understanding. 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