{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,27]],"date-time":"2026-06-27T00:21:39Z","timestamp":1782519699102,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":113,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"2","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key R&D Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2022YFC3801300"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFC3801300"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["U22A2031 and 62472369"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U22A2031 and 62472369"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Tsinghua University-Fuzhou Joint Institute for Data Technology"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Trans. Internet Things"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Health monitoring is a critical component of modern healthcare, requiring continuous or periodic measurement of physiological parameters to accurately assess personal health status. Advances in wearable technology have significantly improved the accessibility and convenience of such monitoring. Among various form factors, earables offer unique advantages: they can capture rich biosignals, provide stable and motion-resistant measurements, ensure long-term comfort, maintain discreteness, and integrate seamlessly with everyday audio functionalities.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>By investigating the latest technological advances and application cases in ear-worn devices, this survey reviews the current state of earable technology in health monitoring, identifies gaps and opportunities, and suggests directions for future research and development. We first explore the multifaceted role of earables in health monitoring, including measurement of physiological parameters, activity monitoring, and healthcare applications. We then summarize the challenges of robustness, context-awareness, and signal fidelity, and outline six future directions-dynamic monitoring, context-aware processing, multimodal fusion, semantic activity understanding, personalized adaptation, and explainable AI-to advance earable health monitoring.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3779303","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,17]],"date-time":"2025-12-17T11:29:23Z","timestamp":1765970963000},"page":"1-36","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Health Monitoring with Earables: A Survey"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-1680-4408","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yixuan","family":"Du","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Innovation eXchange, Tsinghua University","place":["Beijing, China"]},{"name":"School of Software, Tsinghua University","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-1570-3399","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jincheng","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Software, Tsinghua University","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-1118-310X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuhan","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Artificial Intelligence (School of Software), Yanshan University","place":["Qinhuangdao, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5039-5229","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shuai","family":"Tong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tsinghua University","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7691-4672","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Artificial Intelligence (School of Software), Yanshan University","place":["Qinhuangdao, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1464-3245","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiliang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Software, Tsinghua University","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_1_2_2","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2024 46th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC)","author":"Adarsh A.","year":"2024","unstructured":"A. Adarsh, R. Jhanavi, Tanuja Jayas, Amagond Biradar, Kartik Muralidharan, Arpan Pal, and Jayavardhana Gubbi. 2024. Design and evaluation of ear-ECG system. In Proceedings of the 2024 46th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC). IEEE, 1\u20134."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_3_2","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2022 IEEE-EMBS International Conference on Wearable and Implantable Body Sensor Networks (BSN)","author":"Ahmed Mohsin Y.","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mohsin Y. Ahmed, Tousif Ahmed, Md Mahbubur Rahman, Zihan Wang, Jilong Kuang, and Alex Gao. 2022. Deep audio spectral processing for respiration rate estimation from smart commodity earbuds. In Proceedings of the 2022 IEEE-EMBS International Conference on Wearable and Implantable Body Sensor Networks (BSN). IEEE, 1\u20134."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_4_2","first-page":"2463","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2021 43rd Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine & Biology Society (EMBC)","author":"Ahmed Tousif","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tousif Ahmed, Md Mahbubur Rahman, Mohsin Yusuf Ahmed, Ebrahim Nemati, Minh Dinh, Nathan Folkman, Jilong Kuang, and Alex Gao. 2021. Rrmonitor: A resource-aware end-to-end system for continuous monitoring of respiration rate using earbuds. In Proceedings of the 2021 43rd Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine & Biology Society (EMBC). IEEE, 2463\u20132467."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_5_2","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the ICASSP 2023-2023 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP)","author":"Ahmed Tousif","year":"2023","unstructured":"Tousif Ahmed, Md Mahbubur Rahman, Ebrahim Nemati, Jilong Kuang, and Alex Gao. 2023. Mouth breathing detection using audio captured through earbuds. In Proceedings of the ICASSP 2023-2023 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP). IEEE, 1\u20135."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1145\/3460418.3479326","volume-title":"Adjunct Proceedings of the 2021 ACM International Joint Conference on Pervasive and Ubiquitous Computing and Proceedings of the 2021 ACM International Symposium on Wearable Computers","author":"Ahuja Ashwin","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ashwin Ahuja, Andrea Ferlini, and Cecilia Mascolo. 2021. Pilotear: Enabling in-ear inertial navigation. In Adjunct Proceedings of the 2021 ACM International Joint Conference on Pervasive and Ubiquitous Computing and Proceedings of the 2021 ACM International Symposium on Wearable Computers. 139\u2013145."},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_3_1_7_2","first-page":"1264","article-title":"Alpha oscillations during effortful continuous speech: From scalp EEG to ear-EEG","volume":"70","author":"Ala Tirdad Seifi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Tirdad Seifi Ala, Emina Alickovic, Alvaro Fuentes Cabrera, William M. Whitmer, Lauren V. Hadley, Mike L. Rank, Thomas Lunner, and Carina Graversen. 2022. Alpha oscillations during effortful continuous speech: From scalp EEG to ear-EEG. IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering 70, 4 (2022), 1264\u20131273.","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_8_2","first-page":"19","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2022 2nd International Workshop on Cyber-Physical-Human System Design and Implementation (CPHS)","author":"Aldeer Murtadha","year":"2022","unstructured":"Murtadha Aldeer, David Waterworth, Zawar Hussain, Tahiya Chowdhury, Christian Brito, Quan Z. Sheng, Richard P. Martin, and Jorge Ortiz. 2022. Medbuds: In-ear inertial medication taking detection using smart wireless earbuds. In Proceedings of the 2022 2nd International Workshop on Cyber-Physical-Human System Design and Implementation (CPHS). IEEE, 19\u201323."},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_3_1_9_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Analyzing head pose in remotely collected videos of people with Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"2","author":"Ali Mohammad Rafayet","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mohammad Rafayet Ali, Taylan Sen, Qianyi Li, Raina Langevin, Taylor Myers, E. Ray Dorsey, Saloni Sharma, and Ehsan Hoque. 2021. Analyzing head pose in remotely collected videos of people with Parkinson\u2019s disease. ACM Transactions on Computing for Healthcare 2, 4 (2021), 1\u201313.","journal-title":"ACM Transactions on Computing for Healthcare"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_10_2","first-page":"91","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2022 19th Annual IEEE International Conference on Sensing, Communication, and Networking (SECON)","author":"Alkiek Khaled","year":"2022","unstructured":"Khaled Alkiek, Khaled A. Harras, and Moustafa Youssef. 2022. EarGest: Hand gesture recognition with earables. In Proceedings of the 2022 19th Annual IEEE International Conference on Sensing, Communication, and Networking (SECON). IEEE, 91\u201399."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1145\/3594739.3610671","volume-title":"Adjunct Proceedings of the 2023 ACM International Joint Conference on Pervasive and Ubiquitous Computing & the 2023 ACM International Symposium on Wearable Computing","author":"Alkiek Khaled","year":"2023","unstructured":"Khaled Alkiek, Moustafa Youssef, and Khaled A. Harras. 2023. EarBender: Enabling rich IMU-based natural hand-to-ear interaction in commodity earables. In Adjunct Proceedings of the 2023 ACM International Joint Conference on Pervasive and Ubiquitous Computing & the 2023 ACM International Symposium on Wearable Computing. 333\u2013338."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_12_2","article-title":"An unobtrusive and lightweight ear-worn system for continuous epileptic seizure detection","author":"Aziz Abdul","year":"2025","unstructured":"Abdul Aziz, Nhat Pham, Neel Vora, Cody Reynolds, Jaime Lehnen, Pooja Venkatesh, Zhuoran Yao, Jay Harvey, Tam Vu, Kan Ding, and others. 2025. An unobtrusive and lightweight ear-worn system for continuous epileptic seizure detection. ACM Transactions on Computing for Healthcare 6, 1 (2025), 1\u201331.","journal-title":"ACM Transactions on Computing for Healthcare"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1145\/3572864.3580341","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 24th International Workshop on Mobile Computing Systems and Applications","author":"Balaji Ananta Narayanan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ananta Narayanan Balaji, Andrea Ferlini, Fahim Kawsar, and Alessandro Montanari. 2023. Stereo-bp: Non-invasive blood pressure sensing with earables. In Proceedings of the 24th International Workshop on Mobile Computing Systems and Applications. 96\u2013102."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1145\/3675094.3680527","volume-title":"Companion of the 2024 on ACM International Joint Conference on Pervasive and Ubiquitous Computing","author":"Berent Jonathan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Jonathan Berent, Emiel Vereycken, Nigel Colenbier, Pieter van Mierlo, and Caroline Neuray. 2024. Quality assessment and neurophysiological signal resemblance of ear EEG. In Companion of the 2024 on ACM International Joint Conference on Pervasive and Ubiquitous Computing. 691\u2013696."},{"issue":"22","key":"e_1_3_1_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23176","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2022.3188331","article-title":"CSEar: Metalearning for head gesture recognition using earphones in internet of healthcare things","volume":"9","author":"Bi Hongliang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hongliang Bi and Jiajia Liu. 2022. CSEar: Metalearning for head gesture recognition using earphones in internet of healthcare things. IEEE Internet of Things Journal 9, 22 (2022), 23176\u201323187.","journal-title":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_16_2","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2020 IEEE International Conference on Healthcare Informatics (ICHI)","author":"Bi Shengjie","year":"2020","unstructured":"Shengjie Bi, Yiyang Lu, Nicole Tobias, Ella Ryan, Travis Masterson, Sougata Sen, Ryan Halter, Jacob Sorber, Diane Gilbert-Diamond, and David Kotz. 2020. Measuring children\u2019s eating behavior with a wearable device. In Proceedings of the 2020 IEEE International Conference on Healthcare Informatics (ICHI). IEEE, 1\u201311."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"904","DOI":"10.1145\/3675094.3678468","volume-title":"Companion of the 2024 on ACM International Joint Conference on Pervasive and Ubiquitous Computing","author":"Bian Sizhen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Sizhen Bian, Rakita Strahinja, Philipp Schilk, Cl\u00e9nin Marc-Andr\u00e9, Silvano Cortesi, Kanika Dheman, Elio Reinschmidt, and Michele Magno. 2024. Earable and wrist-worn setup for accurate step counting utilizing body-area electrostatic sensing. In Companion of the 2024 on ACM International Joint Conference on Pervasive and Ubiquitous Computing. 904\u2013910."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1145\/3460418.3479327","volume-title":"Adjunct Proceedings of the 2021 ACM International Joint Conference on Pervasive and Ubiquitous Computing and Proceedings of the 2021 ACM International Symposium on Wearable Computers","author":"Bondareva Erika","year":"2021","unstructured":"Erika Bondareva, El\u00edn R\u00f3s Hauksd\u00f3ttir, and Cecilia Mascolo. 2021. Earables for detection of bruxism: A feasibility study. In Adjunct Proceedings of the 2021 ACM International Joint Conference on Pervasive and Ubiquitous Computing and Proceedings of the 2021 ACM International Symposium on Wearable Computers. 146\u2013151."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101913","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmcj.2024.101913","article-title":"An evaluation of heart rate monitoring with in-ear microphones under motion","volume":"100","author":"Butkow Kayla-Jade","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kayla-Jade Butkow, Ting Dang, Andrea Ferlini, Dong Ma, Yang Liu, and Cecilia Mascolo. 2024. An evaluation of heart rate monitoring with in-ear microphones under motion. Pervasive and Mobile Computing 100 (2024), 101913.","journal-title":"Pervasive and Mobile Computing"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_20_2","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE INFOCOM 2021-IEEE Conference on Computer Communications","author":"Cao Yetong","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yetong Cao, Huijie Chen, Fan Li, and Yu Wang. 2021. CanalScan: Tongue-jaw movement recognition via ear canal deformation sensing. In Proceedings of the IEEE INFOCOM 2021-IEEE Conference on Computer Communications. IEEE, 1\u201310."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_21_2","first-page":"329","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 31st Annual International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking","author":"Cao Yetong","year":"2025","unstructured":"Yetong Cao, Dong Ma, Wentao Xie, Qian Zhang, and Jun Luo. 2025. ESPIRO: Natural pulmonary function monitoring via earphone-acquired speech. In Proceedings of the 31st Annual International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking. 329\u2013344."},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_1_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1145\/3701701.3701709","article-title":"No ear left behind: Wireless earbuds for low-cost hearing screening","volume":"28","author":"Chan Justin","year":"2024","unstructured":"Justin Chan, Antonio Glenn, Malek Itani, Lisa R. Mancl, and Emily R. Gallagher. 2024. No ear left behind: Wireless earbuds for low-cost hearing screening. GetMobile: Mobile Computing and Communications 28, 3 (2024), 20\u201324.","journal-title":"GetMobile: Mobile Computing and Communications"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1145\/3498361.3538657","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 20th Annual International Conference on Mobile Systems, Applications and Services","author":"Chan Justin","year":"2022","unstructured":"Justin Chan and Shyamnath Gollakota. 2022. Inner-ear cochlea testing with earphones. In Proceedings of the 20th Annual International Conference on Mobile Systems, Applications and Services. 609\u2013610."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1145\/3636534.3649366","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 30th Annual International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking","author":"Chen Tao","year":"2024","unstructured":"Tao Chen, Yongjie Yang, Xiaoran Fan, Xiuzhen Guo, Jie Xiong, and Longfei Shangguan. 2024. Exploring the feasibility of remote cardiac auscultation using earphones. In Proceedings of the 30th Annual International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking. 357\u2013372."},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_3_1_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3699747","article-title":"Sensor2text: Enabling natural language interactions for daily activity tracking using wearable sensors","volume":"8","author":"Chen Wenqiang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wenqiang Chen, Jiaxuan Cheng, Leyao Wang, Wei Zhao, and Wojciech Matusik. 2024. Sensor2text: Enabling natural language interactions for daily activity tracking using wearable sensors. Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies 8, 4 (2024), 1\u201326.","journal-title":"Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1145\/3384419.3430442","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 18th Conference on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems","author":"Chen Xingyu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Xingyu Chen, Chenhan Xu, Baicheng Chen, Zhengxiong Li, and Wenyao Xu. 2020. In-ear thermometer: Wearable real-time core body temperature monitoring. In Proceedings of the 18th Conference on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems. 687\u2013688."},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_1_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3534597","article-title":"PPGface: Like what you are watching? Earphones can \u201cfeel\u201d your facial expressions","volume":"6","author":"Choi Seokmin","year":"2022","unstructured":"Seokmin Choi, Yang Gao, Yincheng Jin, Se Jun Kim, Jiyang Li, Wenyao Xu, and Zhanpeng Jin. 2022. PPGface: Like what you are watching? Earphones can \u201cfeel\u201d your facial expressions. Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies 6, 2 (2022), 1\u201332.","journal-title":"Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1145\/3675094.3680526","volume-title":"Companion of the 2024 on ACM International Joint Conference on Pervasive and Ubiquitous Computing","author":"Christofferson Kenneth","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kenneth Christofferson, Sejal Bhalla, Joseph Cafazzo, and Alex Mariakakis. 2024. On the production and measurement of cardiac sounds in the ear canal. In Companion of the 2024 on ACM International Joint Conference on Pervasive and Ubiquitous Computing. 685\u2013690."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_29_2","first-page":"397","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2022 IEEE International Conference on Pervasive Computing and Communications Workshops and Other Affiliated Events (PerCom Workshops)","author":"Christofferson Kenneth","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kenneth Christofferson, Xuyang Chen, Zeyu Wang, Alex Mariakakis, and Yuntao Wang. 2022. Sleep sound classification using ANC-enabled earbuds. In Proceedings of the 2022 IEEE International Conference on Pervasive Computing and Communications Workshops and Other Affiliated Events (PerCom Workshops). IEEE, 397\u2013402."},{"issue":"7","key":"e_1_3_1_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2390","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2022.3145688","article-title":"Wearable in-ear PPG: Detailed respiratory variations enable classification of COPD","volume":"69","author":"Davies Harry J.","year":"2022","unstructured":"Harry J. Davies, Patrik Bachtiger, Ian Williams, Philip L. Molyneaux, Nicholas S. Peters, and Danilo P. Mandic. 2022. Wearable in-ear PPG: Detailed respiratory variations enable classification of COPD. IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering 69, 7 (2022), 2390\u20132400.","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_1_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"950","DOI":"10.1109\/TCDS.2022.3196841","article-title":"In-ear SpO for classification of cognitive workload","volume":"15","author":"Davies Harry J.","year":"2022","unstructured":"Harry J. Davies, Ian Williams, Ghena Hammour, Metin Yarici, Michael J. Stacey, Barry M. Seemungal, and Danilo P. Mandic. 2022. In-ear SpO for classification of cognitive workload. IEEE Transactions on Cognitive and Developmental Systems 15, 2 (2022), 950\u2013958.","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Cognitive and Developmental Systems"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_32_2","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems","author":"Dong Xuefu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Xuefu Dong, Yifei Chen, Yuuki Nishiyama, Kaoru Sezaki, Yuntao Wang, Ken Christofferson, and Alex Mariakakis. 2024. ReHEarSSE: Recognizing hidden-in-the-ear silently spelled expressions. In Proceedings of the CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. 1\u201316."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_33_2","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 29th Annual International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking","author":"Fan Xiaoran","year":"2023","unstructured":"Xiaoran Fan, David Pearl, Richard Howard, Longfei Shangguan, and Trausti Thormundsson. 2023. Apg: Audioplethysmography for cardiac monitoring in hearables. In Proceedings of the 29th Annual International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking. 1\u201315."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_34_2","first-page":"147","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 27th Annual International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking","author":"Fan Xiaoran","year":"2021","unstructured":"Xiaoran Fan, Longfei Shangguan, Siddharth Rupavatharam, Yanyong Zhang, Jie Xiong, Yunfei Ma, and Richard Howard. 2021. HeadFi: Bringing intelligence to all headphones. In Proceedings of the 27th Annual International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking. 147\u2013159."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1145\/3460418.3479324","volume-title":"Adjunct Proceedings of the 2021 ACM International Joint Conference on Pervasive and Ubiquitous Computing and Proceedings of the 2021 ACM International Symposium on Wearable Computers","author":"Franklin Matija","year":"2021","unstructured":"Matija Franklin, David Lagnado, Chulhong Min, Akhil Mathur, and Fahim Kawsar. 2021. Designing memory aids for dementia patients using earables. In Adjunct Proceedings of the 2021 ACM International Joint Conference on Pervasive and Ubiquitous Computing and Proceedings of the 2021 ACM International Symposium on Wearable Computers. 152\u2013157."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1145\/3462244.3479921","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2021 International Conference on Multimodal Interaction","author":"Gashi Shkurta","year":"2021","unstructured":"Shkurta Gashi, Aaqib Saeed, Alessandra Vicini, Elena Di Lascio, and Silvia Santini. 2021. Hierarchical classification and transfer learning to recognize head gestures and facial expressions using earbuds. In Proceedings of the 2021 International Conference on Multimodal Interaction. 168\u2013176."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_37_2","article-title":"EHTrack: Earphone-based head tracking via only acoustic signals","author":"Ge Linfei","year":"2023","unstructured":"Linfei Ge, Qian Zhang, Jin Zhang, and Huangxun Chen. 2023. EHTrack: Earphone-based head tracking via only acoustic signals. IEEE Internet of Things Journal 11, 3 (2023), 4063\u20134075.","journal-title":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_1_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-022-00725-3","article-title":"In-ear infrasonic hemodynography with a digital health device for cardiovascular monitoring using the human audiome","volume":"5","author":"III Francis Roosevelt Gilliam","year":"2022","unstructured":"Francis Roosevelt Gilliam III, Robert Ciesielski, Karlen Shahinyan, Pratistha Shakya, John Cunsolo, Jal Mahendra Panchal, Bartlomiej Kr\u00f3l-J\u00f3zaga, Monika Kr\u00f3l, Olivia Kierul, Charles Bridges, et\u00a0al. 2022. In-ear infrasonic hemodynography with a digital health device for cardiovascular monitoring using the human audiome. NPJ Digital Medicine 5, 1 (2022), 189.","journal-title":"NPJ Digital Medicine"},{"issue":"9","key":"e_1_3_1_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/LSENS.2022.3198279","article-title":"Ear electrocardiography with soft graphene textiles for hearable applications","volume":"6","author":"Guler Saygun","year":"2022","unstructured":"Saygun Guler, Ata Golparvar, Ozberk Ozturk, and Murat Kaya Yapici. 2022. Ear electrocardiography with soft graphene textiles for hearable applications. IEEE Sensors Letters 6, 9 (2022), 1\u20134.","journal-title":"IEEE Sensors Letters"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_3_1_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3319","DOI":"10.3390\/s23063319","article-title":"An in-ear PPG-based blood glucose monitor: A proof-of-concept study","volume":"23","author":"Hammour Ghena","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ghena Hammour and Danilo P. Mandic. 2023. An in-ear PPG-based blood glucose monitor: A proof-of-concept study. Sensors 23, 6 (2023), 3319.","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_1_41_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"EarSleep: In-ear acoustic-based physical and physiological activity recognition for sleep stage detection","volume":"8","author":"Han Feiyu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Feiyu Han, Panlong Yang, Yuanhao Feng, Weiwei Jiang, Youwei Zhang, and Xiang-Yang Li. 2024. EarSleep: In-ear acoustic-based physical and physiological activity recognition for sleep stage detection. Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies 8, 2 (2024), 1\u201331.","journal-title":"Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_1_42_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Exploring the-EarSwitch-concept: A novel ear based control method for assistive technology","volume":"21","author":"Hoyle Anna C.","year":"2024","unstructured":"Anna C. Hoyle, Richard Stevenson, Martin Leonhardt, Thomas Gillett, Uriel Martinez-Hernandez, Nick Gompertz, Christopher Clarke, Dario Cazzola, and Benjamin W. Metcalfe. 2024. Exploring the-EarSwitch-concept: A novel ear based control method for assistive technology. Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation 21, 1 (2024), 1\u201318.","journal-title":"Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_1_43_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Breathpro: Monitoring breathing mode during running with earables","volume":"8","author":"Hu Changshuo","year":"2024","unstructured":"Changshuo Hu, Thivya Kandappu, Yang Liu, Cecilia Mascolo, and Dong Ma. 2024. Breathpro: Monitoring breathing mode during running with earables. Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies 8, 2 (2024), 1\u201325.","journal-title":"Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_44_2","first-page":"35","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Workshop on Body-Centric Computing Systems","author":"Hu Changshuo","year":"2024","unstructured":"Changshuo Hu, Thivya Kandappu, Jake Stuchbury-Wass, Yang Liu, Anthony Tang, Cecilia Mascolo, and Dong Ma. 2024. Detecting foot strikes during running with earbuds. In Proceedings of the Workshop on Body-Centric Computing Systems. 35\u201340."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_45_2","article-title":"HeadTrack: Real-time human-computer interaction via wireless earphones","author":"Hu Jingyang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Jingyang Hu, Hongbo Jiang, Zhu Xiao, Siyu Chen, Schahram Dustdar, and Jiangchuan Liu. 2023. HeadTrack: Real-time human-computer interaction via wireless earphones. IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications 42, 4 (2023), 990\u20131002.","journal-title":"IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_46_2","first-page":"1852","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2023 22nd International Conference on Solid-State Sensors, Actuators and Microsystems (Transducers)","author":"Iitani Kenta","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kenta Iitani, Huang Di, Geng Zhang, Koji Toma, Takahiro Arakawa, and Kohji Mitsubayashi. 2023. A wireless headset biosensor measuring volatile chemicals emitted from the auris externa for monitoring metabolisms. In Proceedings of the 2023 22nd International Conference on Solid-State Sensors, Actuators and Microsystems (Transducers). IEEE, 1852\u20131855."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_47_2","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2025 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems","author":"Islam Md Saiful","year":"2025","unstructured":"Md Saiful Islam, Md Mahbubur Rahman, Mehrab Bin Morshed, David J. Lin, Yunzhi Li, Hao Zhou, Wendy Berry Mendes, and Jilong Kuang. 2025. BallistoBud: Heart rate variability monitoring using earbud accelerometry for stress assessment. In Proceedings of the 2025 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. 1\u201321."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_48_2","first-page":"20067","article-title":"Motiongpt: Human motion as a foreign language","volume":"36","author":"Jiang Biao","year":"2023","unstructured":"Biao Jiang, Xin Chen, Wen Liu, Jingyi Yu, Gang Yu, and Tao Chen. 2023. Motiongpt: Human motion as a foreign language. Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 36 (2023), 20067\u201320079.","journal-title":"Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1145\/3508396.3512883","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 23rd Annual International Workshop on Mobile Computing Systems and Applications","author":"Jiang Nan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Nan Jiang, Terence Sim, and Jun Han. 2022. EarWalk: Towards walking posture identification using earables. In Proceedings of the 23rd Annual International Workshop on Mobile Computing Systems and Applications. 35\u201340."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_50_2","first-page":"397","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 20th Annual International Conference on Mobile Systems, Applications and Services","author":"Jin Yincheng","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yincheng Jin, Yang Gao, Xiaotao Guo, Jun Wen, Zhengxiong Li, and Zhanpeng Jin. 2022. Earhealth: An earphone-based acoustic otoscope for detection of multiple ear diseases in daily life. In Proceedings of the 20th Annual International Conference on Mobile Systems, Applications and Services. 397\u2013408."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_51_2","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2023 45th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine & Biology Society (EMBC)","author":"Jin Yincheng","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yincheng Jin, Md Mahbubur Rahman, Tousif Ahmed, Jilong Kuang, and Alex Jun Gao. 2023. RRDetection: Respiration rate estimation using earbuds during physical activities. In Proceedings of the 2023 45th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine & Biology Society (EMBC). IEEE, 1\u20135."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_52_2","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2021 IEEE 2nd International Congress of Biomedical Engineering and Bioengineering (CI-IB&BI)","author":"Juez Jos\u00e9","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jos\u00e9 Juez, David Henao, Fredy Segura, Rodrigo G\u00f3mez, Michel Le Van Quyen, and Mario Valderrama. 2021. Development of a wearable system with in-ear EEG electrodes for the monitoring of brain activities: An application to epilepsy. In Proceedings of the 2021 IEEE 2nd International Congress of Biomedical Engineering and Bioengineering (CI-IB&BI). IEEE, 1\u20134."},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_1_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3478129","article-title":"FaceSense: Sensing face touch with an ear-worn system","volume":"5","author":"Kakaraparthi Vimal","year":"2021","unstructured":"Vimal Kakaraparthi, Qijia Shao, Charles J. Carver, Tien Pham, Nam Bui, Phuc Nguyen, Xia Zhou, and Tam Vu. 2021. FaceSense: Sensing face touch with an ear-worn system. Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies 5, 3 (2021), 1\u201327.","journal-title":"Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1145\/3662009.3662022","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Workshop on Body-Centric Computing Systems","author":"Ketmalasiri Tamisa","year":"2024","unstructured":"Tamisa Ketmalasiri, Yu Yvonne Wu, Kayla-Jade Butkow, Cecilia Mascolo, and Yang Liu. 2024. IMChew: Chewing analysis using earphone inertial measurement units. In Proceedings of the Workshop on Body-Centric Computing Systems. 29\u201334."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_55_2","first-page":"571","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 20th Annual International Conference on Mobile Systems, Applications and Services","author":"Kim Sungtae","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sungtae Kim, Donghun Lee, and Jun Han. 2022. EarChew: Towards identifying chewing side preference using earables. In Proceedings of the 20th Annual International Conference on Mobile Systems, Applications and Services. 571\u2013572."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1145\/3675095.3676627","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2024 ACM International Symposium on Wearable Computers","author":"King Tobias","year":"2024","unstructured":"Tobias King, Tobias R\u00f6ddiger, David Laubenstein, and Michael Beigl. 2024. Systematic comparison of ear temperature probing positions for continuous wearable vital sign monitoring. In Proceedings of the 2024 ACM International Symposium on Wearable Computers. 144\u2013147."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"916","DOI":"10.1145\/3675094.3678480","volume-title":"Companion of the 2024 on ACM International Joint Conference on Pervasive and Ubiquitous Computing","author":"Lepold Philipp","year":"2024","unstructured":"Philipp Lepold, Tobias R\u00f6ddiger, Tobias King, Kai Kunze, Christoph Maurer, and Michael Beigl. 2024. OpenEarable ExG: Open-source hardware for ear-based biopotential sensing applications. In Companion of the 2024 on ACM International Joint Conference on Pervasive and Ubiquitous Computing. 916\u2013920."},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_1_58_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Eario: A low-power acoustic sensing earable for continuously tracking detailed facial movements","volume":"6","author":"Li Ke","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ke Li, Ruidong Zhang, Bo Liang, Fran\u00e7ois Guimbreti\u00e8re, and Cheng Zhang. 2022. Eario: A low-power acoustic sensing earable for continuously tracking detailed facial movements. Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies 6, 2 (2022), 1\u201324.","journal-title":"Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_59_2","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 38th Annual ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology","author":"Li Yadong","year":"2025","unstructured":"Yadong Li, Shuning Wang, Yongjian Fu, Justin Chen, Xingyu Chen, Ju Ren, Xinyu Zhang, Akshay Gadre, and Ke Sun. 2025. UltraPoser: Pushing the limits of IMU-based full-body pose estimation with ultrasound sensing on consumer wearables. In Proceedings of the 38th Annual ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology. 1\u201315."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_60_2","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 38th Annual ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology","author":"Li Yadong","year":"2025","unstructured":"Yadong Li, Shuning Wang, Yongjian Fu, Justin Chen, Xingyu Chen, Ju Ren, Xinyu Zhang, Akshay Gadre, and Ke Sun. 2025. UltraPoser: Pushing the limits of IMU-based full-body pose estimation with ultrasound sensing on consumer wearables. In Proceedings of the 38th Annual ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology. 1\u201315."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_61_2","first-page":"67","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2025 IEEE International Conference on Pervasive Computing and Communications (PerCom)","author":"Liu Yang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Yang Liu, Kayla-Jade Butkow, Jake Stuchbury-Wass, Adam Pullin, Dong Ma, and Cecilia Mascolo. 2025. Respear: Earable-based robust respiratory rate monitoring. In Proceedings of the 2025 IEEE International Conference on Pervasive Computing and Communications (PerCom). IEEE, 67\u201377."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_62_2","first-page":"31","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 3rd ACM International Workshop on Intelligent Acoustic Systems and Applications","author":"Liu Yang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Yang Liu and Alessandro Montanari. 2025. EarFusion: Quality-aware fusion of in-ear audio and photoplethysmography for heart rate monitoring. In Proceedings of the 3rd ACM International Workshop on Intelligent Acoustic Systems and Applications. 31\u201336."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1145\/3460418.3479328","volume-title":"Adjunct Proceedings of the 2021 ACM International Joint Conference on Pervasive and Ubiquitous Computing and Proceedings of the 2021 ACM International Symposium on Wearable Computers","author":"Mandekar Swati","year":"2021","unstructured":"Swati Mandekar, Lina Jentsch, Dr Kai Lutz, Dr Mehdi Behbahani, and Mark Melnykowycz. 2021. Earable design analysis for sleep EEG measurements. In Adjunct Proceedings of the 2021 ACM International Joint Conference on Pervasive and Ubiquitous Computing and Proceedings of the 2021 ACM International Symposium on Wearable Computers. 171\u2013175."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568886","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2020.568886","article-title":"Hearables: New perspectives and pitfalls of in-ear devices for physiological monitoring. A scoping review","volume":"11","author":"Mas\u00e8 Michela","year":"2020","unstructured":"Michela Mas\u00e8, Alessandro Micarelli, and Giacomo Strapazzon. 2020. Hearables: New perspectives and pitfalls of in-ear devices for physiological monitoring. A scoping review. Frontiers in Physiology 11 (2020), 568886.","journal-title":"Frontiers in Physiology"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_65_2","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2023 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems","author":"Mollyn Vimal","year":"2023","unstructured":"Vimal Mollyn, Riku Arakawa, Mayank Goel, Chris Harrison, and Karan Ahuja. 2023. IMUPoser: Full-body pose estimation using IMUs in phones, watches, and earbuds. In Proceedings of the 2023 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. 1\u201312."},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_1_66_2","first-page":"95","article-title":"Hearables, in-ear sensing devices for bio-signal acquisition: A narrative review","volume":"18","author":"Ne Colver Ken Howe","year":"2021","unstructured":"Colver Ken Howe Ne, Jameel Muzaffar, Aakash Amlani, and Manohar Bance. 2021. Hearables, in-ear sensing devices for bio-signal acquisition: A narrative review. Expert Review of Medical Devices 18, sup1 (2021), 95\u2013128.","journal-title":"Expert Review of Medical Devices"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_67_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"A review of wearable sensors and systems with application in rehabilitation","volume":"9","author":"Patel Shyamal","year":"2012","unstructured":"Shyamal Patel, Hyung Park, Paolo Bonato, Leighton Chan, and Mary Rodgers. 2012. A review of wearable sensors and systems with application in rehabilitation. Journal of Neuroengineering and Rehabilitation 9, 1 (2012), 1\u201317.","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroengineering and Rehabilitation"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_68_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1145\/3386901.3389032","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Mobile Systems, Applications, and Services","author":"Pham Nhat","year":"2020","unstructured":"Nhat Pham, Tuan Dinh, Zohreh Raghebi, Taeho Kim, Nam Bui, Phuc Nguyen, Hoang Truong, Farnoush Banaei-Kashani, Ann Halbower, Thang Dinh, et\u00a0al. 2020. WAKE: A behind-the-ear wearable system for microsleep detection. In Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Mobile Systems, Applications, and Services. 404\u2013418."},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_1_69_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"786","DOI":"10.1109\/TITB.2010.2042607","article-title":"Motion-tolerant magnetic earring sensor and wireless earpiece for wearable photoplethysmography","volume":"14","author":"Poh Ming-Zher","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ming-Zher Poh, Nicholas C. Swenson, and Rosalind W. Picard. 2010. Motion-tolerant magnetic earring sensor and wireless earpiece for wearable photoplethysmography. IEEE Transactions on Information Technology in Biomedicine 14, 3 (2010), 786\u2013794.","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Information Technology in Biomedicine"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_70_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1145\/3345615.3361133","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 1st International Workshop on Earable Computing","author":"Prakash Jay","year":"2019","unstructured":"Jay Prakash, Zhijian Yang, Yu-Lin Wei, and Romit Roy Choudhury. 2019. Stear: Robust step counting from earables. In Proceedings of the 1st International Workshop on Earable Computing. 36\u201341."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_71_2","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the ICASSP 2025-2025 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP)","author":"Quan Jiatao","year":"2025","unstructured":"Jiatao Quan, Khaldoon Al-Naimi, Xijia Wei, Yang Liu, Fahim Kawsar, Alessandro Montanari, and Ting Dang. 2025. Cognitive load monitoring via earable acoustic sensing. In Proceedings of the ICASSP 2025-2025 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP). IEEE, 1\u20135."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_72_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3546748","article-title":"Breathebuddy: Tracking real-time breathing exercises for automated biofeedback using commodity earbuds","volume":"6","author":"Rahman Md Mahbubur","year":"2022","unstructured":"Md Mahbubur Rahman, Tousif Ahmed, Mohsin Yusuf Ahmed, Minh Dinh, Ebrahim Nemati, Jilong Kuang, and Jun Alex Gao. 2022. Breathebuddy: Tracking real-time breathing exercises for automated biofeedback using commodity earbuds. Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction 6, MHCI (2022), 1\u201318.","journal-title":"Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_73_2","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2021 IEEE 17th International Conference on Wearable and Implantable Body Sensor Networks (BSN)","author":"Rahman Md Mahbubur","year":"2021","unstructured":"Md Mahbubur Rahman, Tousif Ahmed, Mohsin Yusuf Ahmed, Ebrahim Nemati, Minh Dinh, Nathan Folkman, Md Mehedi Hasan, Jilong Kuang, and Jun Alex Gao. 2021. Towards motion-aware passive resting respiratory rate monitoring using earbuds. In Proceedings of the 2021 IEEE 17th International Conference on Wearable and Implantable Body Sensor Networks (BSN). IEEE, 1\u20134."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_74_2","article-title":"MindfulBuddy: Extracting comprehensive breathing biomarkers for breathing exercise biofeedback using earbud motion sensors","author":"Rahman Md Mahbubur","year":"2025","unstructured":"Md Mahbubur Rahman, Mehrab Bin Morshed, Nafiul Rashid, Sharath Chandrashekhara, and Jilong Kuang. 2025. MindfulBuddy: Extracting comprehensive breathing biomarkers for breathing exercise biofeedback using earbud motion sensors. IEEE Internet of Things Journal 12, 12 (2025), 20420\u201320434.","journal-title":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_75_2","first-page":"01","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2022 44th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine & Biology Society (EMBC)","author":"Rahman Md Mahbubur","year":"2022","unstructured":"Md Mahbubur Rahman, Xuhai Xu, Viswam Nathan, Tousif Ahmed, Mohsin Yusuf Ahmed, Dan McCaffrey, Jilong Kuang, Trevor Cowell, Julia Moore, Wendy Berry Mendes, et\u00a0al. 2022. Detecting physiological responses using multimodal earbud sensors. In Proceedings of the 2022 44th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine & Biology Society (EMBC). IEEE, 01\u201305."},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_1_76_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3550314","article-title":"Sensing with earables: A systematic literature review and taxonomy of phenomena","volume":"6","author":"R\u00f6ddiger Tobias","year":"2022","unstructured":"Tobias R\u00f6ddiger, Christopher Clarke, Paula Breitling, Tim Schneegans, Haibin Zhao, Hans Gellersen, and Michael Beigl. 2022. Sensing with earables: A systematic literature review and taxonomy of phenomena. Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies 6, 3 (2022), 1\u201357.","journal-title":"Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_77_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1145\/3638550.3641136","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 25th International Workshop on Mobile Computing Systems and Applications","author":"Romero Julia","year":"2024","unstructured":"Julia Romero, Andrea Ferlini, Dimitris Spathis, Ting Dang, Katayoun Farrahi, Fahim Kawsar, and Alessandro Montanari. 2024. OptiBreathe: An earable-based PPG system for continuous respiration rate, breathing phase, and tidal volume monitoring. In Proceedings of the 25th International Workshop on Mobile Computing Systems and Applications. 99\u2013106."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_78_2","first-page":"192","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2024 IEEE\/ACM 9th International Conference on Internet-of-Things Design and Implementation (IoTDI)","author":"Ronco Andrea","year":"2024","unstructured":"Andrea Ronco, Philipp Schilk, and Michele Magno. 2024. TinyssimoRadar: In-ear hand gesture recognition with ultra-low power mmWave radars. In Proceedings of the 2024 IEEE\/ACM 9th International Conference on Internet-of-Things Design and Implementation (IoTDI). IEEE, 192\u2013202."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_79_2","article-title":"Step length and gait speed estimation using a hearing aid integrated accelerometer: A comparison of different algorithms","author":"Seifer Ann-Kristin","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ann-Kristin Seifer, Arne K\u00fcderle, Eva Dorschky, Hamid Moradi, Ronny Hannemann, and Bjoern M. Eskofier. 2024. Step length and gait speed estimation using a hearing aid integrated accelerometer: A comparison of different algorithms. IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics 28, 11 (2024), 6619\u20136628.","journal-title":"IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics"},{"issue":"7","key":"e_1_3_1_80_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1038\/s41551-021-00685-1","article-title":"An epidermal patch for the simultaneous monitoring of haemodynamic and metabolic biomarkers","volume":"5","author":"Sempionatto Juliane R.","year":"2021","unstructured":"Juliane R. Sempionatto, Muyang Lin, Lu Yin, Ernesto De la Paz, Kexin Pei, Thitaporn Sonsa-Ard, Andre N. de Loyola Silva, Ahmed A. Khorshed, Fangyu Zhang, Nicholas Tostado, et\u00a0al. 2021. An epidermal patch for the simultaneous monitoring of haemodynamic and metabolic biomarkers. Nature Biomedical Engineering 5, 7 (2021), 737\u2013748.","journal-title":"Nature Biomedical Engineering"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_81_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1145\/3675094.3680524","volume-title":"Companion of the 2024 on ACM International Joint Conference on Pervasive and Ubiquitous Computing","author":"Sepanosian Thomas","year":"2024","unstructured":"Thomas Sepanosian and Ozlem Durmaz Incel. 2024. Boxing gesture recognition in real-time using earable IMUs. In Companion of the 2024 on ACM International Joint Conference on Pervasive and Ubiquitous Computing. 673\u2013678."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_82_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1109\/NEWCAS52662.2022.9842161","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2022 20th IEEE Interregional NEWCAS Conference (NEWCAS)","author":"Sheeraz Muhammad","year":"2022","unstructured":"Muhammad Sheeraz, Abdul Rehman Aslam, Muhammad Awais Bin Altaf, and Hadi Heidari. 2022. A closed-loop ear wearable eeg measurement device with realtime electrode skin impedance measurement. In Proceedings of the 2022 20th IEEE Interregional NEWCAS Conference (NEWCAS). IEEE, 231\u2013235."},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_3_1_83_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.26599\/TST.2021.9010017","article-title":"Inertial motion tracking on mobile and wearable devices: Recent advancements and challenges","volume":"26","author":"Song Zhipeng","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhipeng Song, Zhichao Cao, Zhenjiang Li, Jiliang Wang, and Yunhao Liu. 2021. Inertial motion tracking on mobile and wearable devices: Recent advancements and challenges. Tsinghua Science and Technology 26, 5 (2021), 692\u2013705.","journal-title":"Tsinghua Science and Technology"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_1_84_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3550281","article-title":"Muteit: Jaw motion based unvoiced command recognition using earable","volume":"6","author":"Srivastava Tanmay","year":"2022","unstructured":"Tanmay Srivastava, Prerna Khanna, Shijia Pan, Phuc Nguyen, and Shubham Jain. 2022. Muteit: Jaw motion based unvoiced command recognition using earable. Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies 6, 3 (2022), 1\u201326.","journal-title":"Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_85_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"784","DOI":"10.1145\/3666025.3699374","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 22nd ACM Conference on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems","author":"Srivastava Tanmay","year":"2024","unstructured":"Tanmay Srivastava, Prerna Khanna, Shijia Pan, Phuc Nguyen, and Shubham Jain. 2024. Unvoiced: Designing an LLM-assisted unvoiced user interface using earables. In Proceedings of the 22nd ACM Conference on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems. 784\u2013798."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_86_2","first-page":"99","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2025 IEEE International Conference on Pervasive Computing and Communications (PerCom)","author":"Stuchbury-Wass Jake","year":"2025","unstructured":"Jake Stuchbury-Wass, Yang Liu, Kayla-Jade Butkow, Josh Carter, Qiang Yang, Mathias Ciliberto, Ezio Preatoni, Dong Ma, and Cecilia Mascolo. 2025. WalkEar: Holistic gait monitoring using earables. In Proceedings of the 2025 IEEE International Conference on Pervasive Computing and Communications (PerCom). IEEE, 99\u2013109."},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_3_1_87_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3569472","article-title":"Earmonitor: In-ear motion-resilient acoustic sensing using commodity earphones","volume":"6","author":"Sun Xue","year":"2023","unstructured":"Xue Sun, Jie Xiong, Chao Feng, Wenwen Deng, Xudong Wei, Dingyi Fang, and Xiaojiang Chen. 2023. Earmonitor: In-ear motion-resilient acoustic sensing using commodity earphones. Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies 6, 4 (2023), 1\u201322.","journal-title":"Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_88_2","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 37th Annual ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology","author":"Suzuki Shunta","year":"2024","unstructured":"Shunta Suzuki, Takashi Amesaka, Hiroki Watanabe, Buntarou Shizuki, and Yuta Sugiura. 2024. EarHover: Mid-air gesture recognition for hearables using sound leakage signals. In Proceedings of the 37th Annual ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology. 1\u201313."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_89_2","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the ICASSP 2025-2025 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP)","author":"Takawale Harshvardhan","year":"2025","unstructured":"Harshvardhan Takawale, Yang Liu, Khaldoon Al-Naimi, Fahim Kawsar, and Alessandro Montanari. 2025. Towards detecting auditory attention from in-ear muscle contractions using commodity earbuds. In Proceedings of the ICASSP 2025-2025 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP). IEEE, 1\u20135."},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_1_90_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10415","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-90146-1","article-title":"External ears for non-invasive and stable monitoring of volatile organic compounds in human blood","volume":"11","author":"Toma Koji","year":"2021","unstructured":"Koji Toma, Shota Suzuki, Takahiro Arakawa, Yasuhiko Iwasaki, and Kohji Mitsubayashi. 2021. External ears for non-invasive and stable monitoring of volatile organic compounds in human blood. Scientific Reports 11, 1 (2021), 10415.","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_91_2","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Adjunct Proceedings of the 37th Annual ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology","author":"Tomaru Shogo","year":"2024","unstructured":"Shogo Tomaru, Ken Takaki, Hiroaki Murakami, Damyon Kim, Koya Narumi, Mitsuhiro Kamezaki, and Yoshihiro Kawahara. 2024. Micro-gesture recognition of tongue via bone conduction sound. In Adjunct Proceedings of the 37th Annual ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology. 1\u20133."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_92_2","first-page":"6","volume-title":"Proceedings of the ICASSP 2022-2022 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP)","author":"Truong Hoang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hoang Truong, Alessandro Montanari, and Fahim Kawsar. 2022. Non-invasive blood pressure monitoring with multi-modal in-ear sensing. In Proceedings of the ICASSP 2022-2022 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP). IEEE, 6\u201310."},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_1_93_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3478085","article-title":"Expressear: Sensing fine-grained facial expressions with earables","volume":"5","author":"Verma Dhruv","year":"2021","unstructured":"Dhruv Verma, Sejal Bhalla, Dhruv Sahnan, Jainendra Shukla, and Aman Parnami. 2021. Expressear: Sensing fine-grained facial expressions with earables. Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies 5, 3 (2021), 1\u201328.","journal-title":"Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_94_2","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems","author":"Wang Yuntao","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yuntao Wang, Jiexin Ding, Ishan Chatterjee, Farshid Salemi Parizi, Yuzhou Zhuang, Yukang Yan, Shwetak Patel, and Yuanchun Shi. 2022. Faceori: Tracking head position and orientation using ultrasonic ranging on earphones. In Proceedings of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. 1\u201312."},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_3_1_95_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3631412","article-title":"ToothFairy: Real-time tooth-by-tooth brushing monitor using earphone reversed signals","volume":"7","author":"Wang Yang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Yang Wang, Feng Hong, Yufei Jiang, Chenyu Bao, Chao Liu, and Zhongwen Guo. 2024. ToothFairy: Real-time tooth-by-tooth brushing monitor using earphone reversed signals. Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies 7, 4 (2024), 1\u201319.","journal-title":"Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_96_2","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems","author":"Wang Yan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Yan Wang, Humphrey O. Obie, Zhuying Li, Flora D. Salim, John Grundy, and Florian \u2018Floyd\u2019 Mueller. 2024. GustosonicSense: Towards understanding the design of playful gustosonic eating experiences. In Proceedings of the CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. 1\u201312."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_97_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1145\/3447993.3483252","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 27th Annual International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking","author":"Wu Yi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yi Wu, Vimal Kakaraparthi, Zhuohang Li, Tien Pham, Jian Liu, and Phuc Nguyen. 2021. BioFace-3D: Continuous 3D facial reconstruction through lightweight single-ear biosensors. In Proceedings of the 27th Annual International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking. 350\u2013363."},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_3_1_98_2","article-title":"EarSpiro: Earphone-based spirometry for lung function assessment.","volume":"6","author":"Xie Wentao","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wentao Xie, Qingyong Hu, Jin Zhang, and Qian Zhang. 2022. EarSpiro: Earphone-based spirometry for lung function assessment. Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies 6, 4 (2022), 188\u20131.","journal-title":"Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_99_2","first-page":"513","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 31st Annual International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking","author":"Xu Chi","year":"2025","unstructured":"Chi Xu, Wentao Xie, Baichen Yang, Yizhen Zhang, Yanbin Gong, Jin Zhang, Wei Li, Shifang Yang, and Qian Zhang. 2025. EasySpiro: Assessing lung function via arbitrary exhalations on commodity earphones. In Proceedings of the 31st Annual International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking. 513\u2013528."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_100_2","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 37th Annual ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology","author":"Xu Vasco","year":"2024","unstructured":"Vasco Xu, Chenfeng Gao, Henry Hoffmann, and Karan Ahuja. 2024. MobilePoser: Real-time full-body pose estimation and 3D human translation from IMUs in mobile consumer devices. In Proceedings of the 37th Annual ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology. 1\u201311."},{"issue":"10","key":"e_1_3_1_101_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1307","DOI":"10.1038\/s41551-023-01095-1","article-title":"In-ear integrated sensor array for the continuous monitoring of brain activity and of lactate in sweat","volume":"7","author":"Xu Yuchen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yuchen Xu, Ernesto De la Paz, Akshay Paul, Kuldeep Mahato, Juliane R. Sempionatto, Nicholas Tostado, Min Lee, Gopabandhu Hota, Muyang Lin, Abhinav Uppal, et\u00a0al. 2023. In-ear integrated sensor array for the continuous monitoring of brain activity and of lactate in sweat. Nature Biomedical Engineering 7, 10 (2023), 1307\u20131320.","journal-title":"Nature Biomedical Engineering"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_102_2","article-title":"Earable multimodal sensing and stimulation: A prospective towards unobtrusive closed-loop biofeedback","author":"Xu Yuchen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Yuchen Xu, Abhinav Uppal, Min Suk Lee, Kuldeep Mahato, Brian L. Wuerstle, Muyang Lin, Omeed Djassemi, Tao Chen, Rui Lin, Akshay Paul, et\u00a0al. 2024. Earable multimodal sensing and stimulation: A prospective towards unobtrusive closed-loop biofeedback. IEEE Reviews in Biomedical Engineering 18 (2024), 5\u201325.","journal-title":"IEEE Reviews in Biomedical Engineering"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_103_2","first-page":"650","volume-title":"Companion of the 2024 on ACM International Joint Conference on Pervasive and Ubiquitous Computing","author":"Xu Zhenye","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhenye Xu and Yao Guo. 2024. GCCRR: A short sequence gait cycle segmentation method based on ear-worn IMU. In Companion of the 2024 on ACM International Joint Conference on Pervasive and Ubiquitous Computing. 650\u2013654."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_104_2","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2025 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems","author":"Xue Qiuyue","year":"2025","unstructured":"Qiuyue Xue, Dilini Nissanka, Jiachen Tammy Yan, Ruiqing Wang, Shwetak Patel, and Vikram Iyer. 2025. PPG earring: Wireless smart earring for heart health monitoring. In Proceedings of the 2025 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. 1\u201316."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_105_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1145\/3675094.3680521","volume-title":"Companion of the 2024 on ACM International Joint Conference on Pervasive and Ubiquitous Computing","author":"Yang Qiang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Qiang Yang, Yang Liu, Jake Stuchbury-Wass, Kayla-Jade Butkow, Dong Ma, and Cecilia Mascolo. 2024. BrushBuds: Toothbrushing tracking using earphone IMUs. In Companion of the 2024 on ACM International Joint Conference on Pervasive and Ubiquitous Computing. 655\u2013660."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_106_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-60460-8_7","article-title":"Hearables: In-ear multimodal brain computer interfacing","author":"Yarici Metin C.","year":"2021","unstructured":"Metin C. Yarici, Harry J. Davies, Takashi Nakamura, Ian Williams, and Danilo P. Mandic. 2021. Hearables: In-ear multimodal brain computer interfacing. Brain-Computer Interface Research: A State-of-the-Art Summary 9 (2021), 79\u201387.","journal-title":"Brain-Computer Interface Research: A State-of-the-Art Summary 9"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_107_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1145\/3594738.3611365","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2023 ACM International Symposium on Wearable Computers","author":"Zhang Ruidong","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ruidong Zhang, Hao Chen, Devansh Agarwal, Richard Jin, Ke Li, Fran\u00e7ois Guimbreti\u00e8re, and Cheng Zhang. 2023. HPSpeech: Silent speech interface for commodity headphones. In Proceedings of the 2023 ACM International Symposium on Wearable Computers. 60\u201365."},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_1_108_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3614438","article-title":"I am an earphone and I can hear my user\u2019s face: Facial landmark tracking using smart earphones","volume":"5","author":"Zhang Shijia","year":"2023","unstructured":"Shijia Zhang, Taiting Lu, Hao Zhou, Yilin Liu, Runze Liu, and Mahanth Gowda. 2023. I am an earphone and I can hear my user\u2019s face: Facial landmark tracking using smart earphones. ACM Transactions on Internet of Things 5, 1 (2023), 1\u201329.","journal-title":"ACM Transactions on Internet of Things"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_109_2","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Extended Abstracts of the 2023 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems","author":"Zhang Xiyuxing","year":"2023","unstructured":"Xiyuxing Zhang, Yuntao Wang, Jingru Zhang, Yaqing Yang, Shwetak Patel, and Yuanchun Shi. 2023. EarCough: Enabling continuous subject cough event detection on hearables. In Extended Abstracts of the 2023 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. 1\u20136."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_110_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1109\/INFOCOM52122.2024.10621249","volume-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE INFOCOM 2024-IEEE Conference on Computer Communications","author":"Zhao Zhiyuan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhiyuan Zhao, Fan Li, Yadong Xie, Huanran Xie, Kerui Zhang, Li Zhang, and Yu Wang. 2024. HearBP: Hear your blood pressure via in-ear acoustic sensing based on heart sounds. In Proceedings of the IEEE INFOCOM 2024-IEEE Conference on Computer Communications. IEEE, 991\u20131000."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_111_2","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the ICASSP 2025-2025 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP)","author":"Zhou Hao","year":"2025","unstructured":"Hao Zhou, Md Mahbubur Rahman, Mehrab Bin Morshed, Yunzhi Li, Md Saiful Islam, Larry Zhang, Jungmok Bae, Christina Rosa, Wendy Berry Mendes, and Jilong Kuang. 2025. Know your heart better: Multimodal cardiac output monitoring using earbuds. In Proceedings of the ICASSP 2025-2025 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP). IEEE, 1\u20135."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_112_2","first-page":"1621","volume-title":"Proceedings of the ICASSP 2024-2024 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP)","author":"Zhou Yintao","year":"2024","unstructured":"Yintao Zhou, Meng Pang, Wei Huang, and Binghui Wang. 2024. Early diagnosing Parkinson\u2019s disease via a deep learning model based on augmented facial expression data. In Proceedings of the ICASSP 2024-2024 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP). IEEE, 1621\u20131625."},{"issue":"7","key":"e_1_3_1_113_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6532","DOI":"10.1109\/TMC.2025.3548647","article-title":"CHAR: Composite head-body activities recognition with a single earable device","volume":"24","author":"Zhu Peizhao","year":"2025","unstructured":"Peizhao Zhu, Yuzheng Zhu, Wenyuan Li, Yanbo He, Yongpan Zou, Kaishun Wu, and Victor C. M. Leung. 2025. CHAR: Composite head-body activities recognition with a single earable device. IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing 24, 7 (2025), 6532\u20136549.","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_114_2","article-title":"VitalEar: An earable heartbeat and respiratory rate monitoring system under aerobic exercises","author":"Zhu Yuzheng","year":"2025","unstructured":"Yuzheng Zhu, Zhangxin Liang, Jie Zheng, Yongpan Zou, Victor C. M. Leung, and Kaishun Wu. 2025. VitalEar: An earable heartbeat and respiratory rate monitoring system under aerobic exercises. IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing 25, 1 (2025), 739\u2013755.","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing"}],"container-title":["ACM Transactions on Internet of Things"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3779303","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,9]],"date-time":"2026-02-09T13:24:13Z","timestamp":1770643453000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3779303"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,9]]},"references-count":113,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,31]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3779303"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3779303","relation":{},"ISSN":["2691-1914","2577-6207"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2691-1914","type":"print"},{"value":"2577-6207","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-04-02","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-11-19","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-02-09","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}