{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T11:27:18Z","timestamp":1770118038533,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Trans. Internet Things"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Acoustic data transmission offers a compelling alternative to Bluetooth and NFC by leveraging the ubiquitous speakers and microphones in smartphones and IoT devices. However, most research in this field relies on simulations or limited on-device testing, which makes the real-world reliability of proposed schemes difficult to assess. We systematically reviewed 31 acoustic communication studies for commodity devices and found that none provided accessible source code. After contacting authors and re-implementing three promising schemes, we assembled a testbed of eight representative acoustic communication systems. Using over 11 000 smartphone transmissions in both realistic indoor environments and an anechoic chamber, we provide a systematic and repeatable methodology for evaluating the reliability and generalizability of these schemes under real-world conditions. Our results show that many existing schemes face challenges in practical usage, largely due to severe multipath propagation indoors and varying audio characteristics across device models. To support future research and foster more robust evaluations, we release our re-implementations alongside the first comprehensive dataset of real-world acoustic transmissions. Overall, our findings highlight the importance of rigorous on-device testing and underscore the need for robust design strategies to bridge the gap between simulation results and reliable IoT deployments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3779439","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,9]],"date-time":"2025-12-09T06:42:31Z","timestamp":1765262551000},"page":"1-32","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Evaluating Acoustic Data Transmission Schemes for Ad-Hoc Communication Between Nearby Smart Devices"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3122-7315","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Florentin","family":"Putz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Technical University of Darmstadt","place":["Darmstadt, Germany"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-6544-6876","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Philipp","family":"Fortmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Technical University of Darmstadt","place":["Darmstadt, Germany"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-7459-1624","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jan","family":"Frank","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Technical University of Darmstadt","place":["Darmstadt, Germany"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6756-9988","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christoph","family":"Haugwitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Technical University of Darmstadt","place":["Darmstadt, Germany"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2287-4481","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mario","family":"Kupnik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Technical University of Darmstadt","place":["Darmstadt, Germany"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9163-5989","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthias","family":"Hollick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Technical University of Darmstadt","place":["Darmstadt, Germany"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","first-page":"481","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Ubiquitous Computing (UbiComp \u201911)","author":"Arentz Will Archer","year":"2011","unstructured":"Will Archer Arentz and Udana Bandara. 2011. Near ultrasonic directional data transfer for modern smartphones. In Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Ubiquitous Computing (UbiComp \u201911). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 481\u2013482. DOI:10.1145\/2030112.2030181"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3314212.3314217"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1109\/ICACT.2016.7423502","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2016 18th International Conference on Advanced Communication Technology (ICACT)","author":"Bang Green","year":"2016","unstructured":"Green Bang, Myoungbeom Chung, and Ilju Ko. 2016. Data communication method based on inaudible sound at near field. In Proceedings of the 2016 18th International Conference on Advanced Communication Technology (ICACT). 639\u2013642. DOI:10.1109\/ICACT.2016.7423502"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMC.2021.3051665"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3550292"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1559","DOI":"10.1145\/2470654.2466207","volume-title":"Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI \u201913)","author":"Chong Ming Ki","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ming Ki Chong and Hans W. Gellersen. 2013. How groups of users associate wireless devices. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI \u201913). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 1559\u20131568. DOI:10.1145\/2470654.2466207"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2812803"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","volume-title":"CopSonic - Ultrasonic Authentication","author":"Technologies CopSonic","year":"2025","unstructured":"CopSonic Technologies. 2025. CopSonic - Ultrasonic Authentication. Retrieved March 3, 2025 from https:\/\/www.copsonic.com\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","volume-title":"Cue - Creating Unforgettable Experiences","author":"Inc. CUE Audio,","year":"2025","unstructured":"CUE Audio, Inc.2025. Cue - Creating Unforgettable Experiences. Retrieved March 3, 2025 from https:\/\/www.connectwithcue.com\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s007790170019"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1147\/sj.393.0530"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","volume-title":"ggwave","author":"Gerganov Georgi","year":"2025","unstructured":"Georgi Gerganov. 2025. ggwave. Retrieved March 3, 2025 from https:\/\/github.com\/ggerganov\/ggwave"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMM.2017.2766049"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE 9th Latin-American Conference on Communications (LATINCOM)","author":"Gon\u00e7alves Monira A.","year":"2017","unstructured":"Monira A. Gon\u00e7alves, Rafael V. Louredo, Michel P. Tcheou, and Lisandro Lovisolo. 2017. Acoustic modem using OFDM and least-square channel estimation. In Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE 9th Latin-American Conference on Communications (LATINCOM). 1\u20135. DOI:10.1109\/LATINCOM.2017.8240178"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1504\/IJSN.2009.023426"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 26th IEEE International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems (ICDCS)","author":"Goodrich Michael T.","year":"2006","unstructured":"Michael T. Goodrich, Michael Sirivianos, John Solis, Gene Tsudik, and Ersin Uzun. 2006. Loud and clear: Human-verifiable authentication based on audio. In Proceedings of the 26th IEEE International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems (ICDCS). IEEE. DOI:10.1109\/icdcs.2006.52"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1109\/SP.2008.31","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2008 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy (Sp 2008)","author":"Halperin Daniel","year":"2008","unstructured":"Daniel Halperin, Thomas S. Heydt-Benjamin, Benjamin Ransford, Shane S. Clark, Benessa Defend, Will Morgan, Kevin Fu, Tadayoshi Kohno, and William H. Maisel. 2008. Pacemakers and implantable cardiac defibrillators: Software radio attacks and zero-power defenses. In Proceedings of the 2008 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy (Sp 2008). 129\u2013142. DOI:10.1109\/SP.2008.31"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","first-page":"1","volume-title":"ICC 2019 - Proceedings of the 2019 IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC)","author":"Haus Michael","year":"2019","unstructured":"Michael Haus, Aaron Yi Ding, Qing Wang, Juhani Toivonen, Leonardo Tonetto, Sasu Tarkoma, and Jorg Ott. 2019. Enhancing indoor IoT communication with visible light and ultrasound. In ICC 2019 - Proceedings of the 2019 IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC). 1\u20136. DOI:10.1109\/ICC.2019.8762001"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2018 10th International Conference on Wireless Communications and Signal Processing (WCSP)","author":"He Yitao","year":"2018","unstructured":"Yitao He and Junyu Bian. 2018. Novel ultrasonic broadcast communication system. In Proceedings of the 2018 10th International Conference on Wireless Communications and Signal Processing (WCSP). 1\u20137. DOI:10.1109\/WCSP.2018.8555902"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","first-page":"407","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2020 IEEE International Conference on Electro Information Technology (EIT)","author":"Hornych Yann","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yann Hornych, Javier Ca\u00f1ada Toledo, Boyang Wang, Won-Jae Yi, and Jafar Saniie. 2020. Near-ultrasonic communications for IoT applications using android smartphone. In Proceedings of the 2020 IEEE International Conference on Electro Information Technology (EIT). 407\u2013410. DOI:10.1109\/EIT48999.2020.9208265"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ELEKTRO53996.2022.9803475"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/9713180"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3399432"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_2","first-page":"195","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2022 21st ACM\/IEEE International Conference on Information Processing in Sensor Networks (IPSN)","author":"Jin Meng","year":"2022","unstructured":"Meng Jin, Yuan He, Yunhao Liu, and Xinbing Wang. 2022. Furtively connecting IoT devices with acoustic noise. In Proceedings of the 2022 21st ACM\/IEEE International Conference on Information Processing in Sensor Networks (IPSN). 195\u2013207. DOI:10.1109\/IPSN54338.2022.00023"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2776887"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_2","first-page":"369","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction with Mobile Devices & Services (MobileHCI \u201914)","author":"Jokela Tero","year":"2014","unstructured":"Tero Jokela and Andr\u00e9s Lucero. 2014. FlexiGroups: Binding mobile devices for collaborative interactions in medium-sized groups with device touch. In Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction with Mobile Devices & Services (MobileHCI \u201914). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 369\u2013378. DOI:10.1145\/2628363.2628376"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_2","volume-title":"How Near-Ultrasonic Audio Adds Spatial Awareness to the Sonos System","author":"Jones Daniel","year":"2022","unstructured":"Daniel Jones. 2022. How Near-Ultrasonic Audio Adds Spatial Awareness to the Sonos System. Retrieved March 3, 2025 from https:\/\/tech-blog.sonos.com\/posts\/how-near-ultrasonic-audio-adds-spatial-awareness-to-the-sonos-system\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_2","first-page":"42","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 22nd Annual International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking","author":"Ka Soonwon","year":"2016","unstructured":"Soonwon Ka, Tae H. Kim, Jae Y. Ha, Sun H. Lim, Su C. Shin, Jun W. Choi, Chulyoung Kwak, and Sunghyun Choi. 2016. Near-ultrasound communication for TV\u2019s 2nd screen services. In Proceedings of the 22nd Annual International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking. ACM, 42\u201354. DOI:10.1145\/2973750.2973774"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_30_2","first-page":"1690","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2018 International Conference on Advances in Computing, Communications and Informatics (ICACCI)","author":"Kanade Vijay A.","year":"2018","unstructured":"Vijay A. Kanade. 2018. Audio-internet [A-I]: A novel technique for streaming [Bits-over-Sound]: SoundData. In Proceedings of the 2018 International Conference on Advances in Computing, Communications and Informatics (ICACCI). 1690\u20131694. DOI:10.1109\/ICACCI.2018.8554953"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_31_2","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2019 20th Asia-Pacific Network Operations and Management Symposium (APNOMS)","author":"Kim Soohyun","year":"2019","unstructured":"Soohyun Kim, Hyunsu Mun, and Youngseok Lee. 2019. A data-over-sound application: Attendance book. In Proceedings of the 2019 20th Asia-Pacific Network Operations and Management Symposium (APNOMS). 1\u20134. DOI:10.23919\/APNOMS.2019.8892996"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_32_2","volume-title":"SlickLogin Aims To Kill The Password By Singing A Silent Song To Your Smartphone","author":"Kumparak Greg","year":"2013","unstructured":"Greg Kumparak. 2013. SlickLogin Aims To Kill The Password By Singing A Silent Song To Your Smartphone. Retrieved March 3, 2025 from https:\/\/techcrunch.com\/2013\/09\/09\/slicklogin-wants-to-kill-the-password-by-singing-a-silent-song-to-your-smartphone\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_33_2","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2019 16th Annual IEEE International Conference on Sensing, Communication, and Networking (SECON)","author":"Kwak Chulyoung","year":"2019","unstructured":"Chulyoung Kwak, Seongwong Kim, Soonwon Ka, Jihwan Lee, and Sunghyun Choi. 2019\/June. No entry: Anti-noise energy detector for chirp-based acoustic communication. In Proceedings of the 2019 16th Annual IEEE International Conference on Sensing, Communication, and Networking (SECON). 1\u20139. DOI:10.1109\/SAHCN.2019.8824986"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_34_2","first-page":"2407","volume-title":"Proceedings of the INFOCOM","author":"Lee Hyewon","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hyewon Lee, Tae H. Kim, Jun W. Choi, and Sunghyun Choi. 2015\/April. Chirp signal-based aerial acoustic communication for smart devices. In Proceedings of the INFOCOM. 2407\u20132415. DOI:10.1109\/INFOCOM.2015.7218629"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3017097"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_36_2","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2015 6th International Conference on Information, Intelligence, Systems and Applications (IISA)","author":"Lin Min-Chun","year":"2015","unstructured":"Min-Chun Lin, Fu-Yu Huang, and Tzi-Dar Chiueh. 2015. A-NFC: Two-way near-field communications (NFC) via inaudible acoustics. In Proceedings of the 2015 6th International Conference on Information, Intelligence, Systems and Applications (IISA). 1\u20136. DOI:10.1109\/IISA.2015.7388085"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_37_2","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE INFOCOM 2017 - IEEE Conference on Computer Communications","author":"Lin Qiongzheng","year":"2017","unstructured":"Qiongzheng Lin, Lei Yang, and Yunhao Liu. 2017. TagScreen: Synchronizing social televisions through hidden sound markers. In Proceedings of the IEEE INFOCOM 2017 - IEEE Conference on Computer Communications. 1\u20139. DOI:10.1109\/INFOCOM.2017.8057170"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_38_2","volume-title":"Radius 3.0 Ultrasonic SDK","author":"Inc. LISNR,","year":"2025","unstructured":"LISNR, Inc.2025. Radius 3.0 Ultrasonic SDK. Retrieved March 3, 2025 from https:\/\/lisnr.com\/radius-ultrasonic-sdk-3\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1109\/ASPAA.2001.969582","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2001 IEEE Workshop on the Applications of Signal Processing to Audio and Acoustics (Cat. No.01TH8575)","author":"Lopes Cristina V.","year":"2001","unstructured":"Cristina V. Lopes and Pedro M. Q. Aguiar. 2001. Aerial acoustic communications. In Proceedings of the 2001 IEEE Workshop on the Applications of Signal Processing to Audio and Acoustics (Cat. No.01TH8575). 219\u2013222. DOI:10.1109\/ASPAA.2001.969582"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MPRV.2003.1228528"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-39653-6_25"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MPRV.2005.50"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00779-019-01345-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/1.5063813"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/978-1-61499-796-2-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2534169.2486037"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aab2374"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2018.2848099"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"n71","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71","article-title":"The PRISMA 2020 statement: An updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews","volume":"272","author":"Page Matthew J.","year":"2021","unstructured":"Matthew J. Page, Joanne E. McKenzie, Patrick M. Bossuyt, Isabelle Boutron, Tammy C. Hoffmann, Cynthia D. Mulrow, Larissa Shamseer, Jennifer M. Tetzlaff, Elie A. Akl, Sue E. Brennan, et\u00a0al. 2021. The PRISMA 2020 statement: An updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ 272 (Mar.2021), n71. https:\/\/www.bmj.com\/content\/372\/bmj.n71","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Prasad Patil Roger D. Peng and Jeffrey T. Leek. 2016. A Statistical Definition for Reproducibility and Replicability. 066803 pages. DOI:10.1101\/066803","DOI":"10.1101\/066803"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1145\/3395351.3399420","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 13th ACM Conference on Security and Privacy in Wireless and Mobile Networks","author":"Putz Florentin","year":"2020","unstructured":"Florentin Putz, Flor \u00c1lvarez, and Jiska Classen. 2020. Acoustic integrity codes: Secure device pairing using short-range acoustic communication. In Proceedings of the 13th ACM Conference on Security and Privacy in Wireless and Mobile Networks. 31\u201341. arxiv:2005.08572. DOI:10.1145\/3395351.3399420"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5281\/zenodo.17661991"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_53_2","series-title":"CSCW2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction 8","author":"Putz Florentin","year":"2024","unstructured":"Florentin Putz, Steffen Haesler, and Matthias Hollick. 2024. Sounds good? Fast and secure contact exchange in groups. In Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction 8 (New York, NY, USA) (CSCW2). ACM. DOI:10.1145\/3686964"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_54_2","volume-title":"Companion Publication of the 2024 Conference on Computer-Supported Cooperative Work & Social Computing (CSCW \u201924 Companion)","author":"Putz Florentin","year":"2024","unstructured":"Florentin Putz, Steffen Haesler, Thomas V\u00f6lkl, Maximilian Gehring, Nils Rollshausen, and Matthias Hollick. 2024. PairSonic: Helping groups securely exchange contact information. In Companion Publication of the 2024 Conference on Computer-Supported Cooperative Work & Social Computing (CSCW \u201924 Companion). ACM, New York, NY, USA. DOI:10.1145\/3678884.3681818"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2441","DOI":"10.1109\/WCNC51071.2022.9771721","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2022 IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference (WCNC)","author":"Sadeq Nafis","year":"2022","unstructured":"Nafis Sadeq and Md. Shohrab Hossain. 2022. Privacy breach in android smartphone through inaudible sound. In Proceedings of the 2022 IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference (WCNC). 2441\u20132446. DOI:10.1109\/WCNC51071.2022.9771721"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_56_2","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2023 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI \u201923)","author":"Niksirat Kavous Salehzadeh","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kavous Salehzadeh Niksirat, Lahari Goswami, Pooja S. B. Rao, James Tyler, Alessandro Silacci, Sadiq Aliyu, Annika Aebli, Chat Wacharamanotham, and Mauro Cherubini. 2023. Changes in research ethics, openness, and transparency in empirical studies between CHI 2017 and CHI 2022. In Proceedings of the 2023 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI \u201923). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 1\u201323. DOI:10.1145\/3544548.3580848"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"798","DOI":"10.1109\/ICTC.2014.6983292","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2014 International Conference on Information and Communication Technology Convergence (ICTC)","author":"Sasano Shigeru","year":"2014","unstructured":"Shigeru Sasano, Fumihito Sasamori, Osamu Takyu, and Shiro Handa. 2014. Performance evaluation of acoustic OFDM with repetition coding. In Proceedings of the 2014 International Conference on Information and Communication Technology Convergence (ICTC). 798\u2013799. DOI:10.1109\/ICTC.2014.6983292"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1109\/COMSNETS48256.2020.9027493","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2020 International Conference on COMmunication Systems & NETworkS (COMSNETS)","author":"Satapathy Utkalika","year":"2020","unstructured":"Utkalika Satapathy, Soumyajit Chatterjee, and Sandip Chakraborty. 2020. SilentInformer: A framework for information dispersion using inaudible acoustic signals. In Proceedings of the 2020 International Conference on COMmunication Systems & NETworkS (COMSNETS). 543\u2013546. DOI:10.1109\/COMSNETS48256.2020.9027493"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Markus Scheck Florentin Putz Frank Hessel Hermann Leinweber Jonatan Crystall and Matthias Hollick. 2023. DEMO: Secure bootstrapping of smart speakers using acoustic communication. In DOI:10.26083\/tuprints-00024180Demo presented at the 16th ACM Conference on Security and Privacy in Wireless and Mobile Networks (WiSec 2023).","DOI":"10.26083\/tuprints-00024180"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phycom.2023.102135"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_61_2","volume-title":"Shopkick","author":"Inc. Shopkick,","year":"2025","unstructured":"Shopkick, Inc.2025. Shopkick. Retrieved March 3, 2025 from https:\/\/www.shopkick.com\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-psych-122216-011845"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_63_2","volume-title":"Wi-Us by Stimshop. Wireless via Ultrasound","year":"2024","unstructured":"Stimshop. 2024. Wi-Us by Stimshop. Wireless via Ultrasound. Retrieved November 6, 2024 from https:\/\/wi-us.eu\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_64_2","volume-title":"VeriFone\u2019s Way2ride","author":"Awards The American Business","year":"2014","unstructured":"The American Business Awards. 2014. VeriFone\u2019s Way2ride. Retrieved March 3, 2025 from https:\/\/stevieawards.com\/aba\/verifones-way2ride"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_65_2","volume-title":"TrillBit - Contactless, Fast and Secure Authentication Protocol","author":"Inc. TrillBit","year":"2025","unstructured":"TrillBit Inc.2025. TrillBit - Contactless, Fast and Secure Authentication Protocol. Retrieved March 3, 2025 from https:\/\/www.trillbit.com\/technology-trillbit"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_66_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 22nd Annual International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking - MobiCom \u201916","author":"Wang Qian","year":"2016","unstructured":"Qian Wang, Kui Ren, Man Zhou, Tao Lei, Dimitrios Koutsonikolas, and Lu Su. 2016. Messages behind the sound. In Proceedings of the 22nd Annual International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking - MobiCom \u201916. ACM. DOI:10.1145\/2973750.2973765"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_67_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3161188"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_68_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3517255"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_69_2","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2021 IEEE\/ACM 29th International Symposium on Quality of Service (IWQOS)","author":"Wang Yu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yu Wang, Xiaojun Zhu, and Hao Han. 2021. ChirpMu: Chirp based imperceptible information broadcasting with music. In Proceedings of the 2021 IEEE\/ACM 29th International Symposium on Quality of Service (IWQOS). 1\u20139. DOI:10.1109\/IWQOS52092.2021.9521353"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_70_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1587\/comex.2021XBL0206"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_71_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2014.2297998"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_72_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/jiot.2018.2850524"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_73_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3614440"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_74_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tmc.2018.2842771"}],"container-title":["ACM Transactions on Internet of Things"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3779439","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,2]],"date-time":"2026-02-02T12:11:31Z","timestamp":1770034291000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3779439"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,2]]},"references-count":73,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3779439"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3779439","relation":{},"ISSN":["2691-1914","2577-6207"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2691-1914","type":"print"},{"value":"2577-6207","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-03-22","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-11-19","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-02-02","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}