{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,25]],"date-time":"2026-04-25T10:35:22Z","timestamp":1777113322629,"version":"3.51.4"},"publisher-location":"New York, NY, USA","reference-count":20,"publisher":"ACM","content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,27]]},"DOI":"10.1145\/3785022.3785075","type":"proceedings-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,25]],"date-time":"2026-04-25T09:39:01Z","timestamp":1777109941000},"page":"844-851","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Changes in Coding Behavior and Performance Since the Introduction of LLMs"],"prefix":"10.1145","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-3791-7311","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yufan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3674-5456","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jaromir","family":"Savelka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1512-0446","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seth","family":"Goldstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-1974-1596","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"Conway","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Udacity, Chapel Hill, NC, USA"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Manal Alanazi Ben Soh Halima Samra and Alice Li. 2025. The Influence of Artificial Intelligence Tools on Learning Outcomes in Computer Programming: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Computers 14 5 (2025) 1. 10.3390\/computers14050185","DOI":"10.3390\/computers14050185"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_3_2","unstructured":"Joel Becker Nate Rush Elizabeth Barnes and David Rein. 2025. Measuring the Impact of Early-2025 AI on Experienced Open-Source Developer Productivity. arxiv:https:\/\/arXiv.org\/abs\/2507.09089\u00a0[cs.AI] https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2507.09089"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_4_2","unstructured":"David De\u00a0Cremer and Garry Kasparov. 2021. AI Should Augment Human Intelligence Not Replace It. Harvard Business Review 18 1 (March 18 2021) 1\u20138. https:\/\/hbr.org\/2021\/03\/ai-should-augment-human-intelligence-not-replace-it"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_5_2","unstructured":"Git. 2016. git-diff Documentation: Diff Options. https:\/\/git-scm.com\/docs\/diff-options\/2.6.7. Accessed: 2025-09-27."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gregor Jo\u0161t Viktor Taneski and Sa\u0161o Karakati\u010d. 2024. The impact of large language models on programming education and student learning outcomes. Applied Sciences 14 10 (2024) 4115.","DOI":"10.3390\/app14104115"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ranim Khojah Mazen Mohamad Philipp Leitner and Francisco\u00a0Gomes de Oliveira\u00a0Neto. 2024. Beyond Code Generation: An Observational Study of ChatGPT Usage in Software Engineering Practice. Proc. ACM Softw. Eng. 1 FSE Article 81 (July 2024) 22\u00a0pages. 10.1145\/3660788","DOI":"10.1145\/3660788"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Toma\u017e Kosar Dragana Ostoji\u0107 Yu\u00a0David Liu and Marjan Mernik. 2024. Computer science education in ChatGPT era: Experiences from an experiment in a programming course for novice programmers. Mathematics 12 5 (2024) 629.","DOI":"10.3390\/math12050629"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3631802.3631830"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3657604.3662036"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3613904.3642706"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_12_2","unstructured":"OpenAI. 2022. Introducing ChatGPT. https:\/\/openai.com\/index\/chatgpt\/. Accessed: 2025-09-27."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_13_2","unstructured":"James Prather Brent Reeves Juho Leinonen Stephen MacNeil Arisoa\u00a0S. Randrianasolo Brett Becker Bailey Kimmel Jared Wright and Ben Briggs. 2024. The Widening Gap: The Benefits and Harms of Generative AI for Novice Programmers. arxiv:https:\/\/arXiv.org\/abs\/2405.17739\u00a0[cs.AI] https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2405.17739"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3641554.3701785"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3643795.3648379"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Partha\u00a0Pratim Ray. 2025. A Review on Vibe Coding: Fundamentals State-of-the-art Challenges and Future Directions. 10.36227\/techrxiv.174681482.27435614\/v1","DOI":"10.36227\/techrxiv.174681482.27435614\/v1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3636243.3636249"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_18_2","unstructured":"David Shoresh and Yonatan Loewenstein. 2025. Modeling the Centaur: Human-Machine Synergy in Sequential Decision Making. arxiv:https:\/\/arXiv.org\/abs\/2412.18593\u00a0[cs.HC] https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2412.18593"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dan Sun Azzeddine Boudouaia Chengcong Zhu and Yan Li. 2024. Would ChatGPT-facilitated programming mode impact college students\u2019 programming behaviors performances and perceptions? An empirical study. International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education 21 1 (2024) 14.","DOI":"10.1186\/s41239-024-00446-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jin Wang and Wenxiang Fan. 2025. The effect of ChatGPT on students\u2019 learning performance learning perception and higher-order thinking: insights from a meta-analysis. Humanities and Social Sciences Communications 12 1 (2025) 1\u201321.","DOI":"10.1057\/s41599-025-04787-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3639474.3640076"}],"event":{"name":"LAK 2026: LAK26: 16th International Learning Analytics and Knowledge Conference","location":"Bergen Norway","acronym":"LAK 2026"},"container-title":["Proceedings of the LAK26: 16th International Learning Analytics and Knowledge Conference"],"original-title":[],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,25]],"date-time":"2026-04-25T09:44:16Z","timestamp":1777110256000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3785022.3785075"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,26]]},"references-count":20,"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3785022.3785075","10.1145\/3785022"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3785022.3785075","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,26]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-04-26","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}