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Syst."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Of late, there has been an increasing popularity in the adoption of Low-Power Wide-Area Network (LPWAN) technologies for industrial control applications. LoRaWAN, a leading LPWAN technology, offers machine-to-machine communication capabilities making it suitable for managing large-area applications (e.g., oil fields over hundreds of km\n                    <jats:inline-formula content-type=\"math\/tex\">\n                      <jats:tex-math notation=\"LaTeX\" version=\"MathJax\">\\({}^{2}\\)<\/jats:tex-math>\n                    <\/jats:inline-formula>\n                    ) or process plants that are often positioned far from the central operations center, at inconvenient or hazardous locations in difficult terrain or offshore. While recent works have studied real-time communication over LoRaWAN, they have not considered optimizing control performance. To optimize control performance, industrial automation needs a\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">co-design<\/jats:italic>\n                    of real-time scheduling and control. Such a co-design, in general, is highly challenging due to complex dependencies between control performance, plant dynamics, and real-time communication. Existing co-design approaches for other wireless domains are not applicable to LoRaWAN network. LoRa nodes are extremely power-constrained hindering frequent communication and scale. In this article, we propose a highly energy-efficient and scalable framework for real-time scheduling and control co-design for a LoRaWAN network. By taking into account LoRaWAN characteristics, the co-design approach entails state-aware communication and control to dynamically update the sampling rates while meeting real-time constraints. To minimize communication and synchronization overhead, the co-design is decomposed through a partitioned scheduling. We consider co-design in each partition of the control loops by developing a new schedulability condition. The proposed scheduling-control co-design solution dynamically determines the sampling rates of the sensors to optimize control performance. Simulations based on NS-3 and a custom control script show that our co-design approach minimizes control cost at least by 80% compared to the baselines.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3785136","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,12]],"date-time":"2025-12-12T13:44:21Z","timestamp":1765547061000},"page":"1-26","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Real-Time Scheduling and Control Co-Design over LPWAN"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-5774-9897","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aakriti","family":"Jain","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1283-6134","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Venkata Prashant","family":"Modekurthy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7922-0836","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abusayeed","family":"Saifullah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_1_2_2","unstructured":"ublox. 2024. 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