{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,4]],"date-time":"2026-07-04T11:15:59Z","timestamp":1783163759603,"version":"3.54.6"},"publisher-location":"New York, NY, USA","reference-count":38,"publisher":"ACM","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,12]],"date-time":"2026-04-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775952000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/legalcode"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,12]]},"DOI":"10.1145\/3786156.3788575","type":"proceedings-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,4]],"date-time":"2026-07-04T10:20:02Z","timestamp":1783160402000},"page":"23-30","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["An Adversarial-Attack Approach to Assess Bias in Text-to-Image Models"],"prefix":"10.1145","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-9060-5557","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Keya","family":"Gangadharan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Pennsylvania State University, Malvern, PA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4388-6572","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nathalia","family":"Nascimento","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pennsylvania State University, Malvern, PA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0720-1107","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paulo","family":"Alencar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-1397-6846","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Myron David","family":"Peixoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal University of Alagoas, Maceio, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7308-1628","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Audrey","family":"Vasconcelos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal University of Alagoas, Maceio, Alagoas, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6150-0100","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Davy","family":"Baia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal University of Alagoas, Maceio, Alagoas, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0730-0319","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Baldoino","family":"Fonseca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal University of Alagoas, Maceio, Alagoas, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2022.findings-naacl.42"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/3615924.3615942"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_4_2","unstructured":"Soumya Barikeri Anne Lauscher Ivan Vuli\u0107 and Goran Glava\u0161. 2021. RedditBias: A real-world resource for bias evaluation and debiasing of conversational language models. arXiv preprint arXiv:https:\/\/arXiv.org\/abs\/2106.03521 (2021)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_5_2","first-page":"528","volume-title":"Encyclopedia of Software Engineering","author":"Basili Victor\u00a0R.","year":"1994","unstructured":"Victor\u00a0R. Basili, Gianluigi Caldiera, and H.\u00a0Dieter Rombach. 1994. The Goal Question Metric Approach. In Encyclopedia of Software Engineering, John\u00a0J. Marciniak (Ed.). John Wiley & Sons, New York, 528\u2013532."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3593013.3594095"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_7_2","unstructured":"Joy Buolamwini and Timnit Gebru. 2018. Gender Shades: Intersectional Accuracy Disparities in Commercial Gender Classification. Proceedings of Machine Learning Research 81 (2018) 1\u201315."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ETHICS65148.2025.11098392"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR52733.2024.01162"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_10_2","unstructured":"Federal Bureau of Investigation. 2019. Crime in the U.S. 2019. https:\/\/ucr.fbi.gov\/crime-in-the-u.s\/2019\/crime-in-the-u.s.-2019\/topic-pages\/tables\/table-43 Accessed: 2024-03-24."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_11_2","first-page":"690","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 18th Conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)","author":"Fraser Kathleen\u00a0C","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kathleen\u00a0C Fraser and Svetlana Kiritchenko. 2024. Examining Gender and Racial Bias in Large Vision\u2013Language Models Using a Novel Dataset of Parallel Images. In Proceedings of the 18th Conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers). 690\u2013713."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5281\/zenodo.18259455"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_13_2","unstructured":"Animation Guides. 2025. Unlock the Secrets of Writing Great Prompts for Stable Diffusion AI Image Generation. https:\/\/www.animationguides.com\/great-prompts-for-image-generation\/. Accessed: 2025-11-01."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2022.acl-long.72"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_15_2","first-page":"547","volume-title":"Proceedings of the AAAI\/ACM Conference on AI, Ethics, and Society","volume":"7","author":"Hamidieh Kimia","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kimia Hamidieh, Haoran Zhang, Walter Gerych, Thomas Hartvigsen, and Marzyeh Ghassemi. 2024. Identifying implicit social biases in vision-language models. In Proceedings of the AAAI\/ACM Conference on AI, Ethics, and Society , Vol.\u00a07. 547\u2013561."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_16_2","unstructured":"Haibo He and Yunqian Ma. 2013. Imbalanced learning: foundations algorithms and applications. (2013)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_17_2","volume-title":"The Eleventh International Conference on Learning Representations","author":"Hertz Amir","year":"2022","unstructured":"Amir Hertz, Ron Mokady, Jay Tenenbaum, Kfir Aberman, Yael Pritch, and Daniel Cohen-or. 2022. Prompt-to-Prompt Image Editing with Cross-Attention Control. In The Eleventh International Conference on Learning Representations."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_18_2","unstructured":"Valentin Hofmann Pratyusha\u00a0Ria Kalluri Dan Jurafsky and Sharese King. 2024. Dialect prejudice predicts AI decisions about people\u2019s character employability and criminality. arXiv preprint arXiv:https:\/\/arXiv.org\/abs\/2403.00742 (2024)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_19_2","unstructured":"HuggingFace. 2024. Text-to-Image Models. https:\/\/huggingface.co\/models?pipeline_tag=text-to-image. Accessed: 2024-03-13."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jin Kim and Gal Zauberman. 2024. The relationship between political ideology and judgements of bias in distributional outcomes. Nature Human Behaviour 8 2 (2024) 228\u2013242.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-023-01779-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/WACVW54805.2022.00049"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tony Lee Michihiro Yasunaga Chenlin Meng Yifan Mai Joon\u00a0Sung Park Agrim Gupta Yunzhi Zhang Deepak Narayanan Hannah Teufel Marco Bellagente et\u00a0al. 2023. Holistic evaluation of text-to-image models. Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 36 (2023) 69981\u201370011.","DOI":"10.52202\/075280-3067"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_23_2","unstructured":"Daiqing Li Aleks Kamko Ehsan Akhgari Ali Sabet Linmiao Xu and Suhail Doshi. 2024. Playground v2.5: Three Insights towards Enhancing Aesthetic Quality in Text-to-Image Generation. arXiv preprint arXiv:https:\/\/arXiv.org\/abs\/2402.17245 (2024)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_24_2","unstructured":"Shanchuan Lin Anran Wang and Xiao Yang. 2024. SDXL-Lightning: Progressive Adversarial Diffusion Distillation. arxiv:https:\/\/arXiv.org\/abs\/2402.13929\u00a0[cs.CV]"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_25_2","unstructured":"Fang Liu Yuhui Wang and Hanwang Zhang. 2023. Prompt Engineering for Text-to-Image Generation. arXiv preprint arXiv:https:\/\/arXiv.org\/abs\/2302.03744 (2023)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_26_2","unstructured":"Simian Luo Yiqin Tan Longbo Huang Jian Li and Hang Zhao. 2023. Latent Consistency Models: Synthesizing High-Resolution Images with Few-Step Inference. arxiv:https:\/\/arXiv.org\/abs\/2310.04378\u00a0[cs.CV]"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sergio Morales Robert Claris\u00f3 and Jordi Cabot. 2025. ImageBiTe: A Framework for Evaluating Representational Harms in Text-to-Image Models. Proceedings of the IEEE\/ACM International Conference on AI Engineering (CAIN) (2025). 10.1109\/CAIN66642.2025.00019","DOI":"10.1109\/CAIN66642.2025.00019"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_28_2","unstructured":"OpenAI. 2023. GPT-4 System Card. arXiv preprint arXiv:https:\/\/arXiv.org\/abs\/2303.08774 (2023)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1609\/icwsm.v19i1.35883"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_30_2","unstructured":"Aditya Ramesh Prafulla Dhariwal Alex Nichol Casey Chu and Mark Chen. 2022. Hierarchical Text-Conditional Image Generation with CLIP Latents. arXiv preprint arXiv:https:\/\/arXiv.org\/abs\/2204.06125 (2022)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_31_2","first-page":"8821","volume-title":"International conference on machine learning","author":"Ramesh Aditya","year":"2021","unstructured":"Aditya Ramesh, Mikhail Pavlov, Gabriel Goh, Scott Gray, Chelsea Voss, Alec Radford, Mark Chen, and Ilya Sutskever. 2021. Zero-shot text-to-image generation. In International conference on machine learning. Pmlr, 8821\u20138831."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_32_2","unstructured":"Ainissa\u00a0G. Ramirez. 2020. Black Images Matter: How Cameras Helped\u2014and Sometimes Harmed\u2014Black People. Scientific American (8 July 2020). https:\/\/www.scientificamerican.com\/article\/black-images-matter-how-cameras-helped-mdash-and-sometimes-harmed-mdash-black-people\/ Accessed: March 21 2024."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR52688.2022.01042"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CISP-BMEI64163.2024.10906251"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Christoph Schuhmann Romain Beaumont Richard Vencu Cade Gordon Ross Wightman Mehdi Cherti Theo Coombes Aarush Katta Clayton Mullis Mitchell Wortsman et\u00a0al. 2022. Laion-5b: An open large-scale dataset for training next generation image-text models. Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 35 (2022) 25278\u201325294.","DOI":"10.52202\/068431-1833"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_36_2","unstructured":"Zijie\u00a0J Wang Evan Montoya David Munechika Haoyang Yang Benjamin Hoover and Duen\u00a0Horng Chau. 2022. Diffusiondb: A large-scale prompt gallery dataset for text-to-image generative models. arXiv preprint arXiv:https:\/\/arXiv.org\/abs\/2210.14896 (2022)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3539618.3591882"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_38_2","unstructured":"Weihao Yu Zhengyuan Yang Linjie Li Jianfeng Wang Kevin Lin Zicheng Liu Xinchao Wang and Lijuan Wang. 2023. Mm-vet: Evaluating large multimodal models for integrated capabilities. arXiv preprint arXiv:https:\/\/arXiv.org\/abs\/2308.02490 (2023)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPRW59228.2023.00236"}],"event":{"name":"RAIE '26: 4th International Workshop on Responsible AI Engineering","location":"Rio de Janeiro , Brazil","acronym":"RAIE '26","sponsor":["SIGSOFT ACM Special Interest Group on Software Engineering"]},"container-title":["Proceedings of the 2026 International Workshop on Responsible AI Engineering"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3786156.3788575","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,4]],"date-time":"2026-07-04T10:21:21Z","timestamp":1783160481000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3786156.3788575"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,12]]},"references-count":38,"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3786156.3788575","10.1145\/3786156"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3786156.3788575","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-07-04","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}