{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,4]],"date-time":"2026-07-04T09:20:50Z","timestamp":1783156850361,"version":"3.54.6"},"publisher-location":"New York, NY, USA","reference-count":32,"publisher":"ACM","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,12]],"date-time":"2026-04-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775952000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/legalcode"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,12]]},"DOI":"10.1145\/3786157.3788570","type":"proceedings-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,4]],"date-time":"2026-07-04T07:53:16Z","timestamp":1783151596000},"page":"55-62","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["BreachT5: Ensembling CodeT5+ Models for Multi-Label Vulnerability Detection in Smart Contracts"],"prefix":"10.1145","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-6771-6811","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gregorio","family":"Dalia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Sannio, Italy, Benevento, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-8280-7963","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tat Luat","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Delft University of Technology, Delft, Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3192-739X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Di Sorbo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Sannio, Italy, Benevento, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0558-4450","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Corrado","family":"Visaggio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Foggia, Italy, Foggia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7395-3588","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Annibale","family":"Panichella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Delft University of Technology, Delft, Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_2_2","unstructured":"[n. d.]. Mythril Classic: Security analysis tool for Ethereum smart contracts. https:\/\/github.com\/ConsenSys\/mythril. Accessed: 24-Aug-2025."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_3_2","unstructured":"[n. d.]. Smart Contract Weakness Classification and Test Cases (SWC Registry). https:\/\/swcregistry.io\/. Accessed: 2025-08-24."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-54455-6_8"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_5_2","unstructured":"Vitalik Buterin. 2014. Ethereum: A Next-Generation Smart Contract and Decentralized Application Platform. https:\/\/ethereum.org\/en\/whitepaper\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_6_2","unstructured":"Zhenpeng Chen Yuxin Fan Weiqi Luo Shuiguang Deng Guozhu Meng and Yang Liu. 2024. When ChatGPT Meets Smart Contract Vulnerability Detection: How Far Are We? arXiv preprint arXiv:https:\/\/arXiv.org\/abs\/2309.05520 (2024). https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2309.05520"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_7_2","unstructured":"Anton Cheshkov Pavel Zadorozhny and Rodion Levichev. 2023. Evaluation of ChatGPT Model for Vulnerability Detection. arXiv preprint arXiv:https:\/\/arXiv.org\/abs\/2304.07232 (2023)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_8_2","unstructured":"DefiLlama. 2025. DefiLlama Hack Database: Historical Record of DeFi Exploits and Losses. https:\/\/defillama.com\/hacks. Accessed: 2025-08-23."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_9_2","unstructured":"Yuying Du and Xueyan Tang. 2024. Evaluation of ChatGPT\u2019s Smart Contract Auditing Capabilities (GPT-4). arXiv preprint arXiv:https:\/\/arXiv.org\/abs\/2402.00631 (2024)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_10_2","volume-title":"A Study on Threshold Selection for Multi-label Classification","author":"Fan Rong-En","year":"2007","unstructured":"Rong-En Fan and Chih-Jen Lin. 2007. A Study on Threshold Selection for Multi-label Classification. Technical Report. Department of Computer Science, National Taiwan University. https:\/\/www.csie.ntu.edu.tw\/\u00a0cjlin\/papers\/threshold.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/WETSEB.2019.00008"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_12_2","first-page":"1536","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2020 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP)","author":"Feng Zhangyin","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhangyin Feng, Daya Guo, Duyu Tang, Nan Duan, Xiaocheng Feng, Ming Gong, Linjun Shou, Bing Qin, Ting Liu, Daxin Jiang, and Ming Zhou. 2020. CodeBERT: A Pre-Trained Model for Programming and Natural Languages. In Proceedings of the 2020 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP). 1536\u20131547. https:\/\/aclanthology.org\/2020.emnlp-main.154"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3395363.3404366"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_14_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Learning Representations (ICLR)","author":"Guo Daya","year":"2021","unstructured":"Daya Guo, Shuo Ren, Shuai Lu, Duyu Tang, Shujie Liu, Long Zhou, Nan\u00a0Duan Jiang, and Zhifang Lin. 2021. GraphCodeBERT: Pre-training Code Representations with Data Flow. In Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Learning Representations (ICLR). https:\/\/openreview.net\/forum?id=jLoC4ez43PZ"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sepideh Hajihosseinkhani Arash\u00a0Habibi Lashkari and Ali\u00a0Mizani Oskui. 2024. Unveiling Smart Contracts Vulnerabilities: Toward Profiling Smart Contracts Vulnerabilities using Enhanced Genetic Algorithm and Generating Benchmark Dataset. Blockchain: Research and Applications 3 (2024) 100253. 10.1016\/j.bcra.2024.100253","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2024.100253"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3238147.3238177"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_17_2","unstructured":"Raymond Li Loubna\u00a0Ben Allal Francois Benais Alexandre Cassirer Chenxi Mou Niklas Muennighoff Lewis Tunstall Denis Kocetkov Loic Magne Maxwell Mitchell et\u00a0al. 2023. StarCoder: May the Source Be with You! Transactions on Machine Learning Research (TMLR) (2023). https:\/\/openreview.net\/forum?id=F1hF9Zz2R4"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV.2017.324"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_19_2","unstructured":"Xiao Liu Qian He Chen Feng and Deqing Zou. 2021. Combining Graph Neural Networks with Expert Knowledge for Smart Contract Vulnerability Detection. IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security 16 (2021) 4046\u20134060."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2976749.2978309"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_21_2","unstructured":"Gabriele Morello Mojtaba Eshghie Sof\u00eda Bobadilla and Martin Monperrus. 2024. DISL: Fueling Research with a Large Dataset of Solidity Smart Contracts. (2024). arxiv:https:\/\/arXiv.org\/abs\/2403.16861DISL comprises over 514 000 Solidity contracts from Ethereum mainnet."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3597503.3639187"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_23_2","unstructured":"NCC Group. 2018. DASP Top 10 of Smart Contract Vulnerabilities. https:\/\/dasp.co\/. Accessed: 2025-08-24."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Severin Primbs Benedikt Fein and Gordon Fraser. 2025. AsserT5: Test Assertion Generation Using a Fine-Tuned Code Language Model. arxiv:https:\/\/arXiv.org\/abs\/2502.02708\u00a0[cs.SE]","DOI":"10.1109\/AST66626.2025.00008"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Heidelinde Rameder Monika di Angelo and Gernot Salzer. 2022. Review of Automated Vulnerability Analysis of Smart Contracts on Ethereum. Frontiers in Blockchain 5 (2022) 814977. 10.3389\/fbloc.2022.814977","DOI":"10.3389\/fbloc.2022.814977"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_26_2","first-page":"113","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 32nd USENIX Security Symposium (USENIX Security \u201923)","author":"Sun Zhipeng","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhipeng Sun, Yikun Hu, Tianwei Zhang, and Xiapu Luo. 2023. GPTScan: Detecting Logic Vulnerabilities in Smart Contracts by Combining GPT with Program Analysis. In Proceedings of the 32nd USENIX Security Symposium (USENIX Security \u201923). USENIX Association, 113\u2013130. https:\/\/www.usenix.org\/conference\/usenixsecurity23\/presentation\/sun-zhipeng"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_27_2","unstructured":"Chainalysis Team. 2021. Poly Network Attacker Stole $612 Million in One of the Largest DeFi Hacks. https:\/\/www.chainalysis.com\/blog\/poly-network-hack-august-2021\/. Accessed: 2025-08-23."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3243734.3243780"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anna Vacca Andrea Di\u00a0Sorbo Corrado\u00a0A Visaggio and Gerardo Canfora. 2021. A systematic literature review of blockchain and smart contract development: Techniques tools and open challenges. Journal of Systems and Software 174 (2021) 110891.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2020.110891"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yue Wang Xiaopeng Gu Shengyu Zhang Song Liu Shujie Wang Philip Yu and Yu Sun. 2023. CodeT5+: Open Code Large Language Models for Code Understanding and Generation. arxiv:https:\/\/arXiv.org\/abs\/2306.03384\u00a0[cs.CL] Pretraining was done on datasets such as CodeNet CodeSearchNet and BigCode (Python Java C C++ etc.) but not Solidity.","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2023.emnlp-main.68"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2021.emnlp-main.685"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2023.emnlp-main.68"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_33_2","first-page":"1371","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 28th USENIX Security Symposium (USENIX Security \u201919)","author":"Zhou Yiyu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yiyu Zhou, Soumya Kumar, Seungwon Chung, Adam Chandler, Kevin Chang, and Saurabh Bagchi. 2019. Erays: Reverse Engineering Ethereum\u2019s Opaque Smart Contracts. In Proceedings of the 28th USENIX Security Symposium (USENIX Security \u201919). USENIX Association, 1371\u20131385."}],"event":{"name":"ICSE '26: 2026 IEEE\/ACM 48th International Conference on Software Engineering","location":"Rio de Janeiro Brazil","acronym":"WETSEB '26","sponsor":["SIGSOFT ACM Special Interest Group on Software Engineering","IEEE CS","Faculty of Engineering of University of Porto"]},"container-title":["Proceedings of the 8th International Workshop on Emerging Trends in Software Engineering for Blockchain"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3786157.3788570","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,4]],"date-time":"2026-07-04T09:05:14Z","timestamp":1783155914000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3786157.3788570"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,12]]},"references-count":32,"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3786157.3788570","10.1145\/3786157"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3786157.3788570","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-07-04","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}