{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]],"date-time":"2026-04-15T14:20:21Z","timestamp":1776262821795,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":143,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Trans. Comput.-Hum. Interact."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Video conferencing is essential for remote collaboration, but it often leads to fatigue, reduced social presence and ineffective communication. Traditional human facilitators can address these challenges but cannot scale to meet the demands of countless daily virtual meetings across organisations. To address these challenges, we introduce Cognitive Load and Affect Aware Agent (CLARA), an AI-mediated facilitator that enhances group decision-making by dynamically managing cognitive load and affective engagement. CLARA employs real-time multimodal assessment of group states, providing adaptive cognitive prompts to optimise task focus and affective cues to foster positive dynamics. In a controlled study (N\u2009=\u200948), we compared Baseline, Cognitive Feedback (CF), Affective Feedback (AF) and Combined Feedback (CAF) conditions. Results show CAF significantly improved task performance, reduced mental demand and enhanced social presence, outperforming all other conditions. Participants rated CAF as having the highest level of facilitator expertise and preference. These findings highlight the benefits of integrated AI-driven facilitation, offering design insights for human-centred, effective virtual collaboration tools that balance task efficiency with positive socio-emotional engagement.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3786325","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,2]],"date-time":"2026-03-02T13:10:19Z","timestamp":1772457019000},"page":"1-55","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["CLARA: AI-Mediated Facilitation for Enhancing Group Cognition and Cohesion in Remote Collaboration"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"33","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7008-5458","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tamil Selvan","family":"Gunasekaran","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Auckland Bioengineering Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-0131-0517","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maryam","family":"Doosti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Auckland Bioengineering Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3963-8856","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kunal","family":"Gupta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Auckland Bioengineering Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8252-1122","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Huidong","family":"Bai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Auckland Bioengineering Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6090-2837","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yun Suen","family":"Pai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4172-6759","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mark","family":"Billinghurst","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Empathic Computing Lab, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia and Auckland Bioengineering Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1163","DOI":"10.3390\/app13021163","article-title":"Prediction of emotional empathy in intelligent agents to facilitate precise social interaction","volume":"13","author":"Alanazi Saad Awadh","year":"2023","unstructured":"Saad Awadh Alanazi, Maryam Shabbir, Nasser Alshammari, Madallah Alruwaili, Iftikhar Hussain, and Fahad Ahmad. 2023. Prediction of emotional empathy in intelligent agents to facilitate precise social interaction. Applied Sciences 13, 2 (2023), 1163.","journal-title":"Applied Sciences"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the SIGGRAPH Asia 2022 Posters","author":"Ali Ghazanfar","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ghazanfar Ali and Jae-In Hwang. 2022. Improving co-speech gesture rule-map generation via wild pose matching with gesture units. In Proceedings of the SIGGRAPH Asia 2022 Posters, 1\u20132."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Extended Abstracts of the CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI EA \u201925)","volume":"654","author":"Arakawa Riku","year":"2025","unstructured":"Riku Arakawa, Hiromu Yakura, Kei Akuzawa, and Shizuma Kubo. 2025. AI for meeting minutes: Promises and challenges in designing human-AI collaboration on a production SaaS platform. In Proceedings of the Extended Abstracts of the CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI EA \u201925). ACM, New York, NY, 654:1\u2013654:6. DOI: 10.1145\/3706599.3706686"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3637395"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1160","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.01160","article-title":"Sharing emotions contributes to regulating collaborative intentions in group problem-solving","volume":"11","author":"Avry Sunny","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sunny Avry, Ga\u00eblle Molinari, Mireille B\u00e9trancourt, and Guillaume Chanel. 2020. Sharing emotions contributes to regulating collaborative intentions in group problem-solving. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020), 1160.","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","unstructured":"Ayca Aygun Thuan Nguyen and Matthias Scheutz. 2024. Assessing the Effects of Various Physiological Signal Modalities on Predicting Different Human Cognitive States. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.biorxiv.org\/content\/early\/2024\/03\/04\/2024.02.29.582708.full.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Farzana Farah Aziz. 2023. Multilevel Analysis of the Impact of Cognitive Styles on Group Performance: The Role of Group Cohesion Group Conflict and Conflict Handling Styles. Master thesis. DOI: 10.32920\/24156573.v1","DOI":"10.32920\/24156573.v1"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1037\/tmb0000030","article-title":"Nonverbal overload: A theoretical argument for the causes of zoom fatigue","volume":"2","author":"Bailenson Jeremy N.","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jeremy N. Bailenson. 2021. Nonverbal overload: A theoretical argument for the causes of zoom fatigue. Technology, Mind, and Behavior 2, 1 (2021), 1\u20136.","journal-title":"Technology, Mind, and Behavior"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1080\/1359432X.2010.546711","article-title":"Work engagement: Further reflections on the state of play","volume":"20","author":"Bakker Arnold B.","year":"2011","unstructured":"Arnold B. Bakker, Simon L. Albrecht, and Michael P. Leiter. 2011. Work engagement: Further reflections on the state of play. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology 20, 1 (2011), 74\u201388.","journal-title":"European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7091","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-90973-6","article-title":"Fighting zoom fatigue: Evidence-based approaches in university online education","volume":"15","author":"Basch Johannes M.","year":"2025","unstructured":"Johannes M. Basch, Patrick Albus, and Tina Seufert. 2025. Fighting zoom fatigue: Evidence-based approaches in university online education. Scientific Reports 15, 1 (2025), 7091.","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1718918.1718936"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","article-title":"The surprising science behind successful remote meetings","author":"Rogelberg Steven G.","year":"2020","unstructured":"Steven G. Rogelberg. 2020. The surprising science behind successful remote meetings. (May 21, 2020). MIT Sloan Management Review Retrieved March 23, 2026 from https:\/\/sloanreview.mit.edu\/article\/the-surprising-science-behind-successful-remote-meetings\/","journal-title":"MIT Sloan Management Review"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/9601630"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1162\/105474603322761270","article-title":"Toward a more robust theory and measure of social presence: Review and suggested criteria","volume":"12","author":"Biocca Frank","year":"2003","unstructured":"Frank Biocca, Chad Harms, and Judee K. Burgoon. 2003. Toward a more robust theory and measure of social presence: Review and suggested criteria. Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments 12, 5 (2003), 456\u2013480.","journal-title":"Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1046496420907157"},{"issue":"7908","key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-04643-y","article-title":"Virtual communication curbs creative idea generation","volume":"605","author":"Brucks Melanie S.","year":"2022","unstructured":"Melanie S. Brucks and Jonathan Levav. 2022. Virtual communication curbs creative idea generation. Nature 605, 7908 (2022), 108\u2013112.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Extended Abstracts of the CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems","author":"Cai Zhenyao","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhenyao Cai, Seehee Park, Nia Nixon, and Shayan Doroudi. 2024. Advancing knowledge together: Integrating large language model-based conversational AI in small group collaborative learning. In Proceedings of the Extended Abstracts of the CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, 1\u20139."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-47253-9_2","volume-title":"Advances in Social Simulation 2015","author":"Caillou Philippe","year":"2017","unstructured":"Philippe Caillou, Benoit Gaudou, Arnaud Grignard, Chi Quang Truong, and Patrick Taillandier. 2017. A simple-to-use BDI architecture for agent-based modeling and simulation. In Advances in Social Simulation 2015. Wander Jager, Rineke Verbrugge, Andreas Flache, Gert de Roo, Lex Hoogduin, and Charlotte Hemelrijk (Eds.), Springer, 15\u201328."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3610068"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","unstructured":"Edresson Casanova Julian Weber Christopher Shulby Arnaldo Candido Junior Eren G\u00f6lge and Moacir Antonelli Ponti. 2021. YourTTS: Towards zero-shot multi-speaker TTS and zero-shot voice conversion for everyone. In Proceedings of the 39th International Conference on Machine Learning."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/tpm-02-2022-0017"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2025 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems","author":"Chen Xinyue","year":"2025","unstructured":"Xinyue Chen, Lev Tankelevitch, Rishi Vanukuru, Ava Elizabeth Scott, Payod Panda, and Sean Rintel. 2025. AI-assisted active and passive goal reflection during meetings. In Proceedings of the 2025 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI \u201925). ACM, New York, NY, 1\u201322. DOI: 10.1145\/3706598.3714052"},{"issue":"9","key":"e_1_3_3_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1727","DOI":"10.1080\/10447318.2022.2050543","article-title":"Trust in AI and its role in the acceptance of AI technologies","volume":"39","author":"Choung Hyesun","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hyesun Choung, Prabu David, and Arun Ross. 2023. Trust in AI and its role in the acceptance of AI technologies. International Journal of Human\u2013Computer Interaction 39, 9 (2023), 1727\u20131739.","journal-title":"International Journal of Human\u2013Computer Interaction"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"758","DOI":"10.1145\/2971648.2971752","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2016 ACM International Joint Conference on Pervasive and Ubiquitous Computing","author":"Costa J.","year":"2016","unstructured":"J. Costa, A. T. Adams, M. Jung, F. Guimbreti\u00e8re, and T. Choudhury. 2016. Emotioncheck. In Proceedings of the 2016 ACM International Joint Conference on Pervasive and Ubiquitous Computing, 758\u2013769. DOI: 10.1145\/2971648.2971752"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_2","unstructured":"Maximilian Croissant. 2024. Affective Systems: Progressing Emotional Human-Computer Interactivity with Adaptive and Intelligent Game Systems. Ph.D. Dissertation. University of York."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10734-011-9462-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1559-1816.2010.00618.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.2307\/249008","article-title":"Perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and user acceptance of information technology","volume":"13","author":"Davis Fred D.","year":"1989","unstructured":"Fred D. Davis. 1989. Perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and user acceptance of information technology. MIS Quarterly 13 (1989), 319\u2013340.","journal-title":"MIS Quarterly"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"554706","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.554706","article-title":"Reducing cognitive load and improving war fighter problem solving with intelligent virtual assistants","volume":"11","author":"De Melo Celso M.","year":"2020","unstructured":"Celso M. De Melo, Kangsoo Kim, Nahal Norouzi, Gerd Bruder, and Gregory Welch. 2020. Reducing cognitive load and improving war fighter problem solving with intelligent virtual assistants. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020), 554706.","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_31_2","first-page":"1061","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2014 International Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems","author":"DeVault David","year":"2014","unstructured":"David DeVault, Ron Artstein, Grace Benn, Teresa Dey, Ed Fast, Alesia Gainer, Kallirroi Georgila, Jon Gratch, Arno Hartholt, Margaux Lhommet, et\u00a0al. 2014. SimSensei kiosk: A virtual human interviewer for healthcare decision support. In Proceedings of the 2014 International Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems, 1061\u20131068."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/jwl-02-2024-0049"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pchj.4"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_3_34_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"To err is AI: Imperfect interventions and repair in a conversational agent facilitating group chat discussions","volume":"7","author":"Do Hyo Jin","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hyo Jin Do, Ha-Kyung Kong, Pooja Tetali, Jaewook Lee, and Brian P. Bailey. 2023. To err is AI: Imperfect interventions and repair in a conversational agent facilitating group chat discussions. Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction 7, CSCW1 (2023), 1\u201323.","journal-title":"Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4757-6846-6_2","volume-title":"Time Pressure and Stress in Human Judgment and Decision Making","author":"Edland Anne","year":"1993","unstructured":"Anne Edland and Ola Svenson. 1993. Judgment and decision making under time pressure: Studies and findings. In Time Pressure and Stress in Human Judgment and Decision Making. Ola Svenson and John A. Maule (Eds.), Springer, 27\u201340."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1145\/3472306.3478361","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 21th ACM International Conference on Intelligent Virtual Agents","author":"Egede Joy O.","year":"2021","unstructured":"Joy O. Egede, Dominic Price, Deepa B. Krishnan, Shashank Jaiswal, Natasha Elliott, Richard Morriss, Maria J. Galvez Trigo, Neil Nixon, Peter Liddle, Christopher Greenhalgh, et\u00a0al. 2021. Design and evaluation of virtual human mediated tasks for assessment of depression and anxiety. In Proceedings of the 21th ACM International Conference on Intelligent Virtual Agents. ACM, New York, NY, 52\u201359. DOI: 10.1145\/3472306.3478361"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.entcs.2019.04.009","article-title":"Emotion recognition from physiological signal analysis: A review","volume":"343","author":"Egger Maria","year":"2019","unstructured":"Maria Egger, Matthias Ley, and Sten Hanke. 2019. Emotion recognition from physiological signal analysis: A review. Electronic Notes in Theoretical Computer Science 343 (2019), 35\u201355.","journal-title":"Electronic Notes in Theoretical Computer Science"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_38_2","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the ACM International Conference on Intelligent Virtual Agents","author":"Elfleet Morad","year":"2024","unstructured":"Morad Elfleet and Mathieu Chollet. 2024. Investigating the impact of multimodal feedback on user-perceived latency and immersion with LLM-powered embodied conversational agents in virtual reality. In Proceedings of the ACM International Conference on Intelligent Virtual Agents, 1\u20139."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_39_2","first-page":"754","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 34th Annual ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology","author":"Elkin Lisa A.","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lisa A. Elkin, Matthew Kay, James J. Higgins, and Jacob O. Wobbrock. 2021. An aligned rank transform procedure for multifactor contrast tests. In Proceedings of the 34th Annual ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology, 754\u2013768."},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_3_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1177\/1745691612460685","article-title":"Dual-process theories of higher cognition: Advancing the debate","volume":"8","author":"Evans Jonathan St B. T.","year":"2013","unstructured":"Jonathan St B. T. Evans and Keith E. Stanovich. 2013. Dual-process theories of higher cognition: Advancing the debate. Perspectives on Psychological Science 8, 3 (2013), 223\u2013241.","journal-title":"Perspectives on Psychological Science"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Moncef Farhani and Dalel Kanzari. 2024. Emotio-Intelligent: A New Adaptive Approach for Intelligent Evacuation in Crisis Situations Version 1. (March 2024). DOI: 10.21203\/rs.3.rs-4004592\/v1","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-4004592\/v1"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_3_3_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.3758\/BRM.41.4.1149","article-title":"Statistical power analyses using G* power 3.1: Tests for correlation and regression analyses","volume":"41","author":"Faul Franz","year":"2009","unstructured":"Franz Faul, Edgar Erdfelder, Axel Buchner, and Albert-Georg Lang. 2009. Statistical power analyses using G* power 3.1: Tests for correlation and regression analyses. Behavior Research Methods 41, 4 (2009), 1149\u20131160.","journal-title":"Behavior Research Methods"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chbr.2021.100119","article-title":"Zoom exhaustion & fatigue scale","volume":"4","author":"Fauville Geraldine","year":"2021","unstructured":"Geraldine Fauville, Mufan Luo, Anna C. M. Queiroz, Jeremy N. Bailenson, and Jeff Hancock. 2021. Zoom exhaustion & fatigue scale. Computers in Human Behavior Reports 4 (2021), 100119.","journal-title":"Computers in Human Behavior Reports"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chbr.2023.100271"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/10711813241274425"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_46_2","unstructured":"George Fragiadakis Christos Diou George Kousiouris and Mara Nikolaidou. 2024. Evaluating human-AI collaboration: A review and methodological framework. arXiv:2407.19098. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2407.19098"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_47_2","volume-title":"Remote Meeting Optimization: How Top Tech Teams Cut Meeting Time by 50%","author":"Full Scale","year":"2024","unstructured":"Full Scale. 2024. Remote Meeting Optimization: How Top Tech Teams Cut Meeting Time by 50%. Full Scale blog post. Retrieved from https:\/\/fullscale.io\/blog\/remote-meeting-optimization-engineering-productivity\/"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_3_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"870","DOI":"10.1177\/13607804221084341","article-title":"Exploring the promise and limitations of autonomous online timelines to understand experiences of the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"28","author":"Garcia-Iglesias Jaime","year":"2023","unstructured":"Jaime Garcia-Iglesias, Nigel Lloyd, Imogen Freethy, Nigel Smeeton, Amander Wellings, Julia Jones, Wendy Wills, and Katherine Brown. 2023. Exploring the promise and limitations of autonomous online timelines to understand experiences of the COVID-19 pandemic. Sociological Research Online 28, 3 (2023), 870\u2013883.","journal-title":"Sociological Research Online"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcomp.2024.1521066"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_50_2","article-title":"CoAffinity: A multimodal dataset for cognitive load and affect assessment in remote collaboration","author":"Gunasekaran Tamil Selvan","year":"2025","unstructured":"Tamil Selvan Gunasekaran, Kunal Gupta, Yun Suen Pai, Huidong Bai, and Mark Billinghurst. 2025. CoAffinity: A multimodal dataset for cognitive load and affect assessment in remote collaboration. IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing 16 (2025), 2410\u20132427.","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_51_2","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 25th ACM Symposium on Virtual Reality Software and Technology","author":"Gupta Kunal","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kunal Gupta, Ryo Hajika, Yun Suen Pai, Andreas Duenser, Martin Lochner, and Mark Billinghurst. 2019. AI we trust: Investigating the relationship between biosignals, trust and cognitive load in VR. In Proceedings of the 25th ACM Symposium on Virtual Reality Software and Technology, 1\u201310."},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_3_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1111\/tops.12679","article-title":"Fostering collective intelligence in human\u2013AI collaboration: Laying the groundwork for COHUMAIN","volume":"17","author":"Gupta Pranav","year":"2025","unstructured":"Pranav Gupta, Thuy Ngoc Nguyen, Cleotilde Gonzalez, and Anita Williams Woolley. 2025. Fostering collective intelligence in human\u2013AI collaboration: Laying the groundwork for COHUMAIN. Topics in Cognitive Science 17, 2 (2025), 189\u2013216.","journal-title":"Topics in Cognitive Science"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_53_2","unstructured":"Nikita Haduong and Noah A. Smith. 2024. Raising the stakes: Performance pressure improves AI-assisted decision making. arXiv:2410.16560. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2410.16560"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Erik Stefan van Haeringen Emmeke Anna Veltmeijer and Charlotte Gerritsen. 2024. Empirical validation of an agent-based model of emotion contagion. IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing 15 1 (2024) 273\u2013284. DOI: 10.1109\/TAFFC.2023.3272031","DOI":"10.1109\/TAFFC.2023.3272031"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jcmc\/zmz022"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_56_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 7th Annual International Workshop: Presence","volume":"2004","author":"Harms Chad","year":"2004","unstructured":"Chad Harms and Frank Biocca. 2004. Internal consistency and reliability of the networked minds measure of social presence. In Proceedings of the 7th Annual International Workshop: Presence, Vol. 2004. Universidad Politecnica de Valencia."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.712606"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_58_2","first-page":"222","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting","volume":"61","author":"Hertz Nicholas","year":"2017","unstructured":"Nicholas Hertz and Eva Wiese. 2017. Social facilitation with non-human agents: Possible or not? In Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, Vol. 61. SAGE, Los Angeles, CA, 222\u2013225."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/gdn0000207"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cgf.15107"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_3_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1177\/0146167296223009","article-title":"Cognition, affect, and behavior in the prediction of group attitudes","volume":"22","author":"Jackson Linda A.","year":"1996","unstructured":"Linda A. Jackson, Carole N. Hodge, Donna A. Gerard, Julie M. Ingram, Kelly S. Ervin, and Lori A. Sheppard. 1996. Cognition, affect, and behavior in the prediction of group attitudes. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 22, 3 (1996), 306\u2013316.","journal-title":"Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_62_2","first-page":"162","volume-title":"Affective Learning Together","author":"J\u00e4rvenoja Hanna","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hanna J\u00e4rvenoja and Sanna J\u00e4rvel\u00e4. 2013. Regulating emotions together for motivated collaboration. In Affective Learning Together. Routledge, 162\u2013181."},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_3_63_2","first-page":"380","article-title":"Remote work video meetings: Workers\u2019 emotional exhaustion and practices for greater well-being","volume":"36","author":"Johnson Betty J.","year":"2022","unstructured":"Betty J. Johnson and J. Beth Mabry. 2022. Remote work video meetings: Workers\u2019 emotional exhaustion and practices for greater well-being. German Journal of Human Resource Management: Zeitschrift F\u00fcr Personalforschung 36, 3 (2022), 380\u2013408.","journal-title":"German Journal of Human Resource Management: Zeitschrift F\u00fcr Personalforschung"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_64_2","volume-title":"Thinking, Fast and Slow","author":"Kahneman Daniel","year":"2011","unstructured":"Daniel Kahneman. 2011. Thinking, Fast and Slow. Allen Lane and Penguin Books, New York, NY."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_65_2","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 25th International Conference on Mobile Human-Computer Interaction","author":"Kim Daun","year":"2023","unstructured":"Daun Kim, Ji Yeon Oh, Jae-Yeop Jeong, and Jin-Woo Jeong. 2023. EmoFlow: Visualizing emotional changes in video chat-preliminary study. In Proceedings of the 25th International Conference on Mobile Human-Computer Interaction, 1\u20137."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_66_2","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems","author":"Kim Hanseob","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hanseob Kim, Bin Han, Jieun Kim, Muhammad Firdaus Syawaludin Lubis, Gerard Jounghyun Kim, and Jae-In Hwang. 2024. Engaged and affective virtual agents: Their impact on social presence, trustworthiness, and decision-making in the group discussion. In Proceedings of the CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, 1\u201317."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_67_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s43681-025-00686-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_68_2","first-page":"529","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2020 IEEE Conference on Virtual Reality and 3D User Interfaces (VR)","author":"Kim Kangsoo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kangsoo Kim, Celso M. de Melo, Nahal Norouzi, Gerd Bruder, and Gregory F. Welch. 2020. Reducing task load with an embodied intelligent virtual assistant for improved performance in collaborative decision making. In Proceedings of the 2020 IEEE Conference on Virtual Reality and 3D User Interfaces (VR). IEEE, 529\u2013538."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_69_2","first-page":"17","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2019 IEEE International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Virtual Reality (AIVR)","author":"Kim Kangsoo","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kangsoo Kim, Nahal Norouzi, Tiffany Losekamp, Gerd Bruder, Mindi Anderson, and Gregory Welch. 2019. Effects of patient care assistant embodiment and computer mediation on user experience. In Proceedings of the 2019 IEEE International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Virtual Reality (AIVR). IEEE, 17\u2013177."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_70_2","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2020 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems","author":"Kim Soomin","year":"2020","unstructured":"Soomin Kim, Jinsu Eun, Changhoon Oh, Bongwon Suh, and Joonhwan Lee. 2020. Bot in the bunch: Facilitating group chat discussion by improving efficiency and participation with a chatbot. In Proceedings of the 2020 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, 1\u201313."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_71_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 38th Annual Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems","author":"Kim Yubin","year":"2024","unstructured":"Yubin Kim, Chanwoo Park, Hyewon Jeong, Yik Siu Chan, Xuhai Xu, Daniel McDuff, Hyeonhoon Lee, Marzyeh Ghassemi, Cynthia Breazeal, and Hae Won Park. 2024. MDAgents: An adaptive collaboration of LLMs for medical decision-making. In Proceedings of the 38th Annual Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems. Retrieved from https:\/\/openreview.net\/forum?id=EKdk4vxKO4"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_3_72_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1007\/s11412-018-9277-y","article-title":"From cognitive load theory to collaborative cognitive load theory","volume":"13","author":"Kirschner Paul A.","year":"2018","unstructured":"Paul A. Kirschner, John Sweller, Femke Kirschner, and Jimmy Zambrano R. 2018. From cognitive load theory to collaborative cognitive load theory. International Journal of Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning 13, 2 (2018), 213\u2013233.","journal-title":"International Journal of Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning"},{"issue":"15","key":"e_1_3_3_73_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3696","DOI":"10.1080\/0144929X.2023.2286528","article-title":"Psychological insights into the research and practice of embodied conversational agents, chatbots and social assistive robots: A systematic meta-review","volume":"43","author":"Kiuchi Keita","year":"2024","unstructured":"Keita Kiuchi, Kouyou Otsu, and Yugo Hayashi. 2024. Psychological insights into the research and practice of embodied conversational agents, chatbots and social assistive robots: A systematic meta-review. Behaviour & Information Technology 43, 15 (2024), 3696\u20133736.","journal-title":"Behaviour & Information Technology"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_3_74_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1177\/00081256231211020","article-title":"Designing the intelligent organization: Six principles for human-AI collaboration","volume":"66","author":"Kolbj\u00f8rnsrud Vegard","year":"2024","unstructured":"Vegard Kolbj\u00f8rnsrud. 2024. Designing the intelligent organization: Six principles for human-AI collaboration. California Management Review 66, 2 (2024), 44\u201364.","journal-title":"California Management Review"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_75_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40070-014-0034-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_76_2","first-page":"999","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2018 ACM International Joint Conference and 2018 International Symposium on Pervasive and Ubiquitous Computing and Wearable Computers (UbiComp \u201918)","author":"Kosmyna Nataliya","year":"2018","unstructured":"Nataliya Kosmyna, Utkarsh Sarawgi, and Pattie Maes. 2018. AttentivU: Evaluating the feasibility of biofeedback glasses to monitor and improve attention. In Proceedings of the 2018 ACM International Joint Conference and 2018 International Symposium on Pervasive and Ubiquitous Computing and Wearable Computers (UbiComp \u201918). ACM, New York, NY, 999\u20131005. DOI: 10.1145\/3267305.3274124"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_3_3_77_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1002\/mde.2552","article-title":"The dynamics of emergence: Cognition and cohesion in work teams","volume":"33","author":"Kozlowski Steve W. J.","year":"2012","unstructured":"Steve W. J. Kozlowski and Georgia T. Chao. 2012. The dynamics of emergence: Cognition and cohesion in work teams. Managerial and Decision Economics 33, 5\u20136 (2012), 335\u2013354.","journal-title":"Managerial and Decision Economics"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_3_78_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1007\/s10115-024-02287-0","article-title":"A review on polyadic chatbots: Trends, challenges, and future research directions","volume":"67","author":"Kuhail Mohammad Amin","year":"2025","unstructured":"Mohammad Amin Kuhail, Imran Taj, Saifeddin Alimamy, and Bayan Abu Shawar. 2025. A review on polyadic chatbots: Trends, challenges, and future research directions. Knowledge and Information Systems 67, 1 (2025), 109\u2013165.","journal-title":"Knowledge and Information Systems"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_79_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14786\/flr.v7i2.403"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_80_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5465\/amr.2021.0458"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_81_2","first-page":"1638","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2024 ACM Designing Interactive Systems Conference","author":"Park Gun Woo (Warren)","year":"2024","unstructured":"Gun Woo (Warren) Park, Payod Panda, Lev Tankelevitch, and Sean Rintel. 2024. The CoExplorer technology probe: a generative AI-powered adaptive interface to support intentionality in planning and running video meetings. In Proceedings of the 2024 ACM Designing Interactive Systems Conference. ACM, New York, NY, 1638\u20131657. DOI: 10.1145\/3643834.3661507"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_3_3_82_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3205","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20043205","article-title":"Time pressure affects the risk preference and outcome evaluation","volume":"20","author":"Lin Chiuhsiang Joe","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chiuhsiang Joe Lin and Huiqiao Jia. 2023. Time pressure affects the risk preference and outcome evaluation. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, 4 (2023), 3205.","journal-title":"International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"},{"issue":"7989","key":"e_1_3_3_83_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-023-06767-1","article-title":"Remote collaboration fuses fewer breakthrough ideas","volume":"623","author":"Lin Yiling","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yiling Lin, Carl Benedikt Frey, and Lingfei Wu. 2023. Remote collaboration fuses fewer breakthrough ideas. Nature 623, 7989 (2023), 987\u2013991.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_84_2","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2021 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems","author":"Liu Fannie","year":"2021","unstructured":"Fannie Liu, Chunjong Park, Yu Jiang Tham, Tsung-Yu Tsai, Laura Dabbish, Geoff Kaufman, and Andr\u00e9s Monroy-Hern\u00e1ndez. 2021. Significant otter: Understanding the role of biosignals in communication. In Proceedings of the 2021 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, 1\u201315."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_85_2","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 37th Annual ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology","author":"Liu Tianjian","year":"2024","unstructured":"Tianjian Liu, Hongzheng Zhao, Yuheng Liu, Xingbo Wang, and Zhenhui Peng. 2024. Compeer: A generative conversational agent for proactive peer support. In Proceedings of the 37th Annual ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology, 1\u201322."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_86_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bowen Lou Tian Lu T. S. Raghu and Yingjie Zhang. 2025. Unraveling human-AI teaming: A review and outlook. arXiv:2504.05755. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2504.05755","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.5211067"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_87_2","first-page":"66:1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Pervasive Technologies Related to Assistive Environments (PETRA \u201913)","author":"MacLean Diana","year":"2013","unstructured":"Diana MacLean, Asta Roseway, and Mary Czerwinski. 2013. MoodWings: A wearable biofeedback device for real-time stress intervention. In Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Pervasive Technologies Related to Assistive Environments (PETRA \u201913). ACM, New York, NY, 66:1\u201366:8. DOI: 10.1145\/2504335.2504406"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_88_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101589","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijer.2020.101589","article-title":"Socio-emotional interaction in collaborative learning: Combining individual emotional experiences and group-level emotion regulation","volume":"102","author":"M\u00e4nty Kristiina","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kristiina M\u00e4nty, Hanna J\u00e4rvenoja, and Tiina T\u00f6rm\u00e4nen. 2020. Socio-emotional interaction in collaborative learning: Combining individual emotional experiences and group-level emotion regulation. International Journal of Educational Research 102 (2020), 101589.","journal-title":"International Journal of Educational Research"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_89_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cobeha.2016.06.004","article-title":"Cognitive emotion regulation: A review of theory and scientific findings","volume":"10","author":"McRae Kateri","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kateri McRae. 2016. Cognitive emotion regulation: A review of theory and scientific findings. Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences 10 (2016), 119\u2013124.","journal-title":"Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_90_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/medu.12732"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_91_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/07356331211035188"},{"issue":"9","key":"e_1_3_3_92_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1370","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2003.817122","article-title":"Toward an affect-sensitive multimodal human-computer interaction","volume":"91","author":"Pantic Maja","year":"2003","unstructured":"Maja Pantic and Leon J. M. Rothkrantz. 2003. Toward an affect-sensitive multimodal human-computer interaction. Proceedings of the IEEE 91, 9 (2003), 1370\u20131390.","journal-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_93_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10458-021-09539-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_94_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17439760.2017.1402076"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_95_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rosalind W. Picard. 1997. Affective Computing. MIT Press Cambridge MA.","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/1140.001.0001"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_96_2","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2024 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI \u201924)","volume":"909","author":"Qian Xun","year":"2024","unstructured":"Xun Qian, Feitong Tan, Yinda Zhang, Brian Moreno Collins, David Kim, Alex Olwal, Karthik Ramani, and Ruofei Du. 2024. ChatDirector: Enhancing video conferencing with space-aware scene rendering and speech-driven layout transition. In Proceedings of the 2024 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI \u201924). ACM, New York, NY, 909:1\u2013909:16. DOI: 10.1145\/3613904.3642110"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_97_2","unstructured":"Alec Radford Jong Wook Kim Tao Xu Greg Brockman Christine McLeavey and Ilya Sutskever. 2022. Robust speech recognition via large-scale weak supervision. arXiv:2212.04356. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2212.04356"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_98_2","first-page":"40:1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 37th Annual ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology (UIST \u201924)","author":"Rajaram Shwetha","year":"2024","unstructured":"Shwetha Rajaram, Nels Numan, Balasaravanan Thoravi Kumaravel, Nicolai Marquardt, and Andrew D. Wilson. 2024. BlendScape: Enabling end-user customization of video-conferencing environments through generative AI. In Proceedings of the 37th Annual ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology (UIST \u201924). ACM, New York, NY, 40:1\u201340:19. DOI: 10.1145\/3654777.3676326"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_99_2","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2nd Annual Meeting of the Symposium on Human-Computer Interaction for Work (CHIWORK \u201923)","author":"Nowak Kate","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kate Nowak, Lev Tankelevitch, John Tang, and Sean Rintel. 2023. Hear we are: Spatial audio benefits perceptions of turn-taking and social presence in video meetings. In Proceedings of the 2nd Annual Meeting of the Symposium on Human-Computer Interaction for Work (CHIWORK \u201923). ACM, New York, NY, Article 2, 1\u201310. DOI: 10.1145\/3596671.3598578"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_100_2","first-page":"1875","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2024 ACM Designing Interactive Systems Conference (DIS \u201924)","author":"Rashik Mashrur","year":"2024","unstructured":"Mashrur Rashik, Mahmood Jasim, Kostiantyn Kucher, Ali Sarvghad, and Narges Mahyar. 2024. Beyond text and speech in conversational agents: Mapping the design space of avatars. In Proceedings of the 2024 ACM Designing Interactive Systems Conference (DIS \u201924). ACM, New York, NY, 1875\u20131894. DOI: 10.1145\/3643834.3661563"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_101_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1204-5212"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_102_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2478\/ctra-2021-0011"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_103_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/0144929X.2023.2277909"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_104_2","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems Extended Abstracts","author":"Rojas Camilo","year":"2022","unstructured":"Camilo Rojas, Eugenio Zuccarelli, Alexandra Chin, Gaurav Patekar, David Esquivel, and Pattie Maes. 2022. Towards enhancing empathy through emotion augmented remote communication. In Proceedings of the CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems Extended Abstracts, 1\u20139."},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_3_105_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1007\/s11412-022-09362-0","article-title":"Integrating a collaboration script and group awareness to support group regulation and emotions towards collaborative problem solving","volume":"17","author":"Rojas Matias","year":"2022","unstructured":"Matias Rojas, Miguel Nussbaum, Orlando Guerrero, Pablo Chiuminatto, Samuel Greiff, Rodrigo Del Rio, and Danilo Alvares. 2022. Integrating a collaboration script and group awareness to support group regulation and emotions towards collaborative problem solving. International Journal of Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning 17, 1 (2022), 135\u2013168.","journal-title":"International Journal of Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_106_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.destud.2023.101230","article-title":"Co-designing conversational agents: A comprehensive review and recommendations for best practices","volume":"89","author":"Sadek Malak","year":"2023","unstructured":"Malak Sadek, Rafael A. Calvo, and C\u00e9line Mougenot. 2023. Co-designing conversational agents: A comprehensive review and recommendations for best practices. Design Studies 89 (2023), 101230.","journal-title":"Design Studies"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_107_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3492864"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_108_2","first-page":"252:1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2021 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI \u201921)","author":"Samrose Samiha","year":"2021","unstructured":"Samiha Samrose, Daniel McDuff, Robert Sim, Jina Suh, Kael Rowan, Javier Hernandez, Sean Rintel, Kevin Moynihan, and Mary Czerwinski. 2021. MeetingCoach: An intelligent dashboard for supporting effective & inclusive meetings. In Proceedings of the 2021 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI \u201921). ACM, New York, NY, 252:1\u2013252:13. DOI: 10.1145\/3411764.3445615"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_3_3_109_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1037\/a0022625","article-title":"Cognition-based and affect-based trust as mediators of leader behavior influences on team performance","volume":"96","author":"Schaubroeck John","year":"2011","unstructured":"John Schaubroeck, Simon S. K. Lam, and Ann Chunyan Peng. 2011. Cognition-based and affect-based trust as mediators of leader behavior influences on team performance. The Journal of Applied Psychology 96, 4 (2011), 863.","journal-title":"The Journal of Applied Psychology"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_110_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3415247"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_111_2","volume-title":"Conversational Agents for Automated Group Meeting Facilitation a Computational Framework for Facilitating Small Group Decision-Making Meetings","author":"Shamekhi Ameneh","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ameneh Shamekhi. 2020. Conversational Agents for Automated Group Meeting Facilitation a Computational Framework for Facilitating Small Group Decision-Making Meetings. Northeastern University."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_112_2","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2018 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems","author":"Shamekhi Ameneh","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ameneh Shamekhi, Q. Vera Liao, Dakuo Wang, Rachel Ke Bellamy, and Thomas Erickson. 2018. Face value? Exploring the effects of embodiment for a group facilitation agent. In Proceedings of the 2018 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, 1\u201313."},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_3_113_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1093\/biomet\/52.3-4.591","article-title":"An analysis of variance test for normality (complete samples)","volume":"52","author":"Shapiro Samuel Sanford","year":"1965","unstructured":"Samuel Sanford Shapiro and Martin B. Wilk. 1965. An analysis of variance test for normality (complete samples). Biometrika 52, 3\u20134 (1965), 591\u2013611.","journal-title":"Biometrika"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_114_2","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2023 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems","author":"Shin Donghoon","year":"2023","unstructured":"Donghoon Shin, Soomin Kim, Ruoxi Shang, Joonhwan Lee, and Gary Hsieh. 2023. IntroBot: Exploring the use of chatbot-assisted familiarization in online collaborative groups. In Proceedings of the 2023 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, 1\u201313."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_115_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/apps.12360"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_116_2","unstructured":"Katja Karhu Jussi Kasurinen and Kari Smolander. 2025. Expectations vs reality\u2014a secondary study on AI adoption in software testing. arXiv:2504.04921. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2504.04921"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_3_117_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/S0926-6410(00)00009-4","article-title":"Neurophysiological and behavioral indices of time pressure effects on visuomotor task performance","volume":"9","author":"Slobounov S. M.","year":"2000","unstructured":"S. M. Slobounov, K. Fukada, R. Simon, M. Rearick, and W. Ray. 2000. Neurophysiological and behavioral indices of time pressure effects on visuomotor task performance. Cognitive Brain Research 9, 3 (2000), 287\u2013298.","journal-title":"Cognitive Brain Research"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_118_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/3372.001.0001","volume-title":"Group Cognition: Computer Support for Building Collaborative Knowledge","author":"Stahl Gerry","year":"2006","unstructured":"Gerry Stahl. 2006. Group Cognition: Computer Support for Building Collaborative Knowledge. The MIT Press."},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_3_119_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103393","DOI":"10.1016\/j.im.2020.103393","article-title":"How shall we meet? Understanding the importance of meeting mode capabilities for different meeting objectives","volume":"58","author":"Standaert Willem","year":"2021","unstructured":"Willem Standaert, Steve Muylle, and Amit Basu. 2021. How shall we meet? Understanding the importance of meeting mode capabilities for different meeting objectives. Information & Management 58, 1 (2021), 103393.","journal-title":"Information & Management"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_120_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11412-021-09340-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_121_2","unstructured":"Rachel Freed Sussman. 2021. Feeling Rushed? The Impacts of Perceived Time Pressure Stress Negative Affect and Test Anxiety on Executive Functioning. Ph.D. Dissertation. Brandeis University."},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_3_122_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1207\/s15516709cog1202_4","article-title":"Cognitive load during problem-solving: Effects on learning","volume":"12","author":"Sweller John","year":"1988","unstructured":"John Sweller. 1988. Cognitive load during problem-solving: Effects on learning. Cognitive Science 12, 2 (1988), 257\u2013285.","journal-title":"Cognitive Science"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_123_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/s0269888919000122"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_124_2","first-page":"59","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 13th IEEE International Conference on Automatic Face & Gesture Recognition (FG 2018)","author":"Baltrusaitis Tadas","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tadas Baltrusaitis, Amir Zadeh, Yao Chong Lim, and Philippe Louis-Morency. 2018. Openface 2.0: Facial behavior analysis toolkit. In Proceedings of the 13th IEEE International Conference on Automatic Face & Gesture Recognition (FG 2018). Xi\u2019an, China, 59\u201366. DOI: 10.1109\/FG.2018.00019."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_125_2","first-page":"527:1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Extended Abstracts of the CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI EA \u201925)","author":"Teruyama Kosuke","year":"2025","unstructured":"Kosuke Teruyama, Fuko Hisada, Jacqueline Urakami, Masahiro Inagaki, Ryuta Harima, Tomoko Hachiya, Naoyuki Tamai, and Tomohiro Ogawa. 2025. The vision pit: Enhancing remote collaboration through simulated spatial co-presence. In Proceedings of the Extended Abstracts of the CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI EA \u201925). ACM, New York, NY, 527:1\u2013527:9. DOI: 10.1145\/3706599.3719840"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_126_2","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 12th ACM SIGGRAPH Conference on Motion, Interaction and Games","author":"Torre Ilaria","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ilaria Torre, Emma Carrigan, Rachel McDonnell, Katarina Domijan, Killian McCabe, and Naomi Harte. 2019. The effect of multimodal emotional expression and agent appearance on trust in human-agent interaction. In Proceedings of the 12th ACM SIGGRAPH Conference on Motion, Interaction and Games, 1\u20136."},{"issue":"12","key":"e_1_3_3_127_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2293","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-024-02024-1","article-title":"When combinations of humans and AI are useful: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"8","author":"Vaccaro Michelle","year":"2024","unstructured":"Michelle Vaccaro, Abdullah Almaatouq, and Thomas Malone. 2024. When combinations of humans and AI are useful: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Nature Human Behaviour 8, 12 (2024), 2293\u20132303.","journal-title":"Nature Human Behaviour"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_128_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10111-020-00641-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_129_2","first-page":"332","article-title":"Emotion, rationality, and decision-making: How to link affective and social neuroscience with social theory","volume":"9","author":"Verweij Marco","year":"2015","unstructured":"Marco Verweij, Timothy J. Senior, Juan F. Dom\u00ednguez D, and Robert Turner. 2015. Emotion, rationality, and decision-making: How to link affective and social neuroscience with social theory. Frontiers in Neuroscience 9 (2015), 332.","journal-title":"Frontiers in Neuroscience"},{"issue":"10","key":"e_1_3_3_130_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1734","DOI":"10.1080\/03075079.2019.1665314","article-title":"Positive emotions in student-led collaborative science activities: Relating types and sources of emotions to engagement in learning","volume":"44","author":"Volet Simone","year":"2019","unstructured":"Simone Volet, Cate Seghezzi, and Stephen Ritchie. 2019. Positive emotions in student-led collaborative science activities: Relating types and sources of emotions to engagement in learning. Studies in Higher Education 44, 10 (2019), 1734\u20131746.","journal-title":"Studies in Higher Education"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_131_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1109\/VR.2019.8798152","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2019 IEEE Conference on Virtual Reality and 3D User Interfaces (VR)","author":"Walker Michael E.","year":"2019","unstructured":"Michael E. Walker, Daniel Szafir, and Irene Rae. 2019. The influence of size in augmented reality telepresence avatars. In Proceedings of the 2019 IEEE Conference on Virtual Reality and 3D User Interfaces (VR). IEEE, 538\u2013546."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_132_2","first-page":"127","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 11th International Symposium of Chinese CHI","author":"Wang Liuping","year":"2023","unstructured":"Liuping Wang, Hongxin Li, Tong Wu, Fan Yang, Yang Yang, Jin Huang, and Feng Tian. 2023. Extrovert increases consensus? Exploring the effects of conversational agent personality for group decision support. In Proceedings of the 11th International Symposium of Chinese CHI, 127\u2013138."},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_3_133_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3512977","article-title":"Understanding the design space of AI-mediated social interaction in online learning: Challenges and opportunities","volume":"6","author":"Wang Qiaosi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Qiaosi Wang, Ida Camacho, Shan Jing, and Ashok K. Goel. 2022. Understanding the design space of AI-mediated social interaction in online learning: Challenges and opportunities. Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction 6, CSCW1 (2022), 1\u201326.","journal-title":"Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_134_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1145\/3688459.3688478","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2024 European Symposium on Usable Security (EuroUSEC \u201924)","author":"Weinberger Lydia","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lydia Weinberger, Christian Eichenm\u00fcller, Freya Gassmann, Gaston Pugliese, and Zinaida Benenson. 2024. Used, avoided, restricted? Perceptions, behavior, and changes in video conferencing of German-speaking users during and after the pandemic. In Proceedings of the 2024 European Symposium on Usable Security (EuroUSEC \u201924). ACM, New York, NY, 77\u201393. DOI: 10.1145\/3688459.3688478"},{"issue":"6004","key":"e_1_3_3_135_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1193147","article-title":"Evidence for a collective intelligence factor in the performance of human groups","volume":"330","author":"Woolley Anita Williams","year":"2010","unstructured":"Anita Williams Woolley, Christopher F. Chabris, Alex Pentland, Nada Hashmi, and Thomas W. Malone. 2010. Evidence for a collective intelligence factor in the performance of human groups. Science 330, 6004 (2010), 686\u2013688.","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_136_2","unstructured":"Lingling Xu Haoran Xie Si-Zhao Joe Qin Xiaohui Tao and Fu Lee Wang. 2023. Parameter-efficient fine-tuning methods for pretrained language models: A critical review and assessment. arXiv:2312.12148. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2312.12148"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_137_2","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2023 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems","author":"Xu Songlin","year":"2023","unstructured":"Songlin Xu and Xinyu Zhang. 2023. Augmenting human cognition with an AI-mediated intelligent visual feedback. In Proceedings of the 2023 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, 1\u201316."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_138_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.59400\/cai.v2i1.1388"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_139_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1198024","DOI":"10.3389\/frvir.2023.1198024","article-title":"Understanding the effect of a virtual moderator on people\u2019s perception in remote discussion using social VR","volume":"4","author":"Yang Chi-Lan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chi-Lan Yang, Keigo Matsumoto, Songping Yu, Leo Sawada, Kiyoaki Arakawa, Daisuke Yamada, and Hideaki Kuzuoka. 2023. Understanding the effect of a virtual moderator on people\u2019s perception in remote discussion using social VR. Frontiers in Virtual Reality 4 (2023), 1198024.","journal-title":"Frontiers in Virtual Reality"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_3_140_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-021-01196-4","article-title":"The effects of remote work on collaboration among information workers","volume":"6","author":"Yang Longqi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Longqi Yang, David Holtz, Sonia Jaffe, Siddharth Suri, Shilpi Sinha, Jeffrey Weston, Connor Joyce, Neha Shah, Kevin Sherman, Brent Hecht, et\u00a0al. 2022. The effects of remote work on collaboration among information workers. Nature Human Behaviour 6, 1 (2022), 43\u201354.","journal-title":"Nature Human Behaviour"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_141_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Anubhav Bhatti Prithila Angkan Behnam Behinaein Zunayed Mahmud Dirk Rodenburg Heather Braund P. James McLellan Aaron Ruberto Geoffery Harrison Daryl Wilson Adam Szulewski Dan Howes Ali Etemad and Paul Hungler. 2025. CLARE: Cognitive load assessment in real-time with multimodal data. IEEE Transactions on Cognitive and Developmental Systems 17 6 (Dec. 2025) 1337\u20131349. DOI: 10.1109\/TCDS.2025.3555517","DOI":"10.1109\/TCDS.2025.3555517"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_142_2","unstructured":"Shao Zhang Xihuai Wang Wenhao Zhang Chaoran Li Junru Song Tingyu Li Lin Qiu Xuezhi Cao Xunliang Cai Wen Yao et\u00a0al. 2025. Leveraging dual process theory in language agent framework for real-time simultaneous human-AI collaboration. arXiv:2502.11882. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2502.11882"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_143_2","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2024 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems","author":"Zhou Jiayi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Jiayi Zhou, Renzhong Li, Junxiu Tang, Tan Tang, Haotian Li, Weiwei Cui, and Yingcai Wu. 2024. Understanding nonlinear collaboration between human and AI agents: A co-design framework for creative design. In Proceedings of the 2024 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, 1\u201316."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_144_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/bs14020143"}],"container-title":["ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3786325","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]],"date-time":"2026-04-15T13:36:25Z","timestamp":1776260185000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3786325"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]]},"references-count":143,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3786325"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3786325","relation":{},"ISSN":["1073-0516","1557-7325"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1073-0516","type":"print"},{"value":"1557-7325","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-02-11","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-11-19","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-04-15","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}